中考英语专题复习 名词

中考英语专题复习  名词
中考英语专题复习  名词

中考英语名词专题

概括:

一、可数名词:

1.单数变复数的规则

2.某国人变复数

3.month和mouth变复数的形式

4.名词修饰名词的特殊用法(man,woman)

二、不可数名词:

1.概述

2.不可数名词的计量方式

三、名词所有格:

1.表示有生命的东西的所有格’s

2.表示无生命的东西的所有格“of”

3.双重所有格

四、名词词义辨析

1.family,house和home

2.job和work

3.problem和question

4.voice,noise和sound

考点详述:

一、可数名词及其单复数

1.一般情况(加s):

cake-cakes

day-days

student-students

bed-beds

2.以s,x,sh,ch等结尾的词(通常加es):

bus-buses

box-boxes

watch-watches

3.以辅音字母加y结尾的词(加s):

toy-toys

monkey-monkeys

key-keys

4.以f/fe结尾的词(通常把f/fe变为v再加es)Leaf-leaves

wolf-wolves

life-lives

knife-knives

5.以o结尾的词

①加es:

potato-potatoes

tomato-tomatoes

hero-heroes

②字母o前为元音字母加s:

zoo-zoos

radio-radios

kangaroo-kangaroos

bamboo-bamboos

③简写词加s:

photo-photos

④外来词加s:

piano-pianos

6.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词(加s):

face-faces

orange-oranges

7.不规则变化

①改变单数名词中的元音字母:

man-men

woman-women

foot-feet

tooth-teeth

②单复同形:

sheep-sheep

deer-deer

Chinese-Chinese

Japanese-Japanese

③词尾加en:

ox-oxen

二、某国人变复数

1.单复数相同

Chinese-Chinese中国人

Japanese-Japanese日本人

2.由man构成的复合名词

Englishman-Englishmen英国人

Frenchman- Frenchmen法国人

German Germans德国人(注意German不是合成词)

3.以(i)an结尾的名词

American-Americans美国人

Australian-Australians澳大利亚人

Egyptian-Egyptians埃及人

口诀:中日不变英法变,其余s加后面

4.month,mouth两个词变复数时,直接加s,不要误以为它们和以ch, sh结尾的单词是一类的,注意它们是以th结尾的。

5.名词修饰名词时,若前面的名词是man或woman,变复数时,前后两个名词全都要变成复数形式;如果是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。如:

man teacher-men teachers

boy student-boy students

6.有些以-f或-ef结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。如:

Roof-roofs 屋顶

belief-beliefs 信仰

三、不可数名词

1.概述:不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算,没有词形变化,这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。值得我们注意的是,英语名词的可数与不可数是个语法概念,与实际生活中某件事物的可数与不可数并不完全一致,因而不能单从意义上推测。

2.表示方法:不可数名词需要计量时,用“数词或冠词+表示计量单位的词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示。如:

a piece of paper 一张纸

a drop of water 一滴水

a piece of news 一则新闻

a piece of advice 一条建议

a piece/slice of bread 一块/片面包

a piece of work 一份工作

a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水

a basket of food 一篮子食物

a teaspoon of honey 一茶匙蜂蜜

a block of ice 一块冰

two cups of tea 两杯茶

易混易错点:

1.分辨可数名词和不可数名词的八句歌诀:

可数不可数好分辨,名词所示物分两半。

如每半不能叫原名,那该词可数最公平。

每半还能把原名叫,不可数名词就遇到。

有的名词是两面堵,意变不可数为可数。如:

bike(自行车),如果把一- 辆自行车分两半,每半只能叫自行车的一部分,不能再叫自行车,所以bike是可数名词。

water(水),如果把一杯水分成两杯装,每杯仍可叫水,因此water是不可数名词。

orange(橘汁),如果把一瓶橘汁分成两瓶.每瓶还可以叫橘汁,故orange(橘汁)为不可数名词;但意为“橘子”时,是可数名词。

2.同一名词可数与不可数意义的区别

有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。如:

不可数名词可数名词

fish 鱼肉 a fish 一条鱼

glass 玻璃 a glass 一个玻璃杯

paper 纸 a paper 一份报纸

tea 茶 a tea 一杯茶

wood 木头 a wood 一片树林

room 空间 a room 一个房间

time 时间 times 次数

work 工作 works 著作,作品

fruit 水果 fruits 多种水果

food 食物 foods 多种食物

四、名词所有格

名词所有格表示名词之间的所属关系,有两种表示形式:一种是's所有格,另一种是of所有格,有时还用双重所有格来表示所属关系。如:

一、表示有生命的东西的名词所有格

1.单数名词应加-'s

my son's football我儿子的足球

2.不以s结尾的复数名词后加's

the Children's Palace 少年宫

Women's Day妇女节

3.以s结尾的复数名词后加“”

the birds' nests 鸟窝

Teachers' Day 教师节

4.复合名词的所有格和短语所有格在最后的词后面加's

someone else's keys别人的钥匙

a grown-up's problem一个成人问题

5.用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加's。

This is Mary and her sister's bedroom.

这是玛丽和她姐姐的卧室。

Lily and Lucy's mother is a nurse.

莉莉和露西的妈妈是位护士。

用and连接两个或多个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加's表示所有关系。

These are Tom's and Mary's bags.

这些是汤姆的包和玛丽的包。

Wei Hua's and John's licenses are missing.

魏华的许可证和约翰的许可证都丢了。

6.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上's代表全称。如: at the doctor's在诊所里

二、表示无生命的东西的名词所有格

1.通常用“of+名词”的形式

the door of the room这个房间的门

2.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词所有格,也可以在词尾加“'s"或“”来构成所有格。

(1)用于时间

an hour's ride骑车一小时的路程

two weeks' time两个星期的时间

(2)用于度量

thirteen tons' weight 13吨的重量

five hundred meters' distance五百米的距离

(3)用于价值

a hundred yuan's order 一百元的订货单

a million pounds' note 一张百万英镑的支票

(4)用于天体

the earth's satellite地球的卫星

(5)用于国家

Belgium's capital比利时的首都

(6)用于城市

Changchun's agriculture 长春的农业

三、双重所有格有两种形式:①of+名词的's所有格;②of+名词性物主代词。He is a friend of my brother's. 他是我哥哥的--个朋友。

Is she a daughter of yours? 她是你的一个女儿吗?

易混易错点

双重所有格与of所有格的区别

a friend of his mother' s

他母亲的一位朋友(强调他母亲朋友中的一位)

a friend of his mother

他母亲的.位朋友(强调这位是他母亲的朋友)

五、名词词义辨析

1.family,house与home

family指“家,家庭,家人”,不指住房;home作“家”讲,指人们较长时间生活居住的地方,有家庭的环境和气氛;house有“住宅,家"之意,强调房屋和居住点。如:

My family are very kind我们全家都很友好。

He left home for Beijing他离家去北京了。

They lived in a small house.他们住在一个小房子里。

2.job与work

job是可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指“零工”或“短工”;work是不可数名词,指工作、劳动。如:

Selling newspapers is his part- time job.

卖报纸是他的兼职。

He has been out of work.他失业了。

3. problem与question

两个词都表示“问题”。一般来说,problem总是与“困难”相联系,它可以指社会问题、教学问题,这种“问题"是“有待解决的”,与之搭配的动词是solve; question总是与“疑问、质问询问"相联系,这种“问题"是“有待回答的”,常与动词answer,ask连用。如:

He asked me some questions.

他问了我些问题。

The problem first arose in 2003.

这个问题首次出现在2003年。

4.voice ,noise与sound

voice是“嗓音”;noise是“吵闹声”,指不悦耳、不利谐的嘈杂声;sound 是指人所听到的自然界的任何声音。如:

I recognized her voice at once.

我立刻听出了她的声音。

六、名词复数引起的词义辨析

英语中的许多词加上复数词尾就产生了词义变化。因此,我们在翻译此类句子时不能望文生义,只把这类词当做复数概念看待。下列黑体词一般用复数形式,请注意它们的词义。

(1)The girl was washing greens.

那个女孩(当时)正在洗菜。

green本义是“绿色”,此处greens变义为“绿色蔬菜”

(2)Our returns are not as good as before.

我们的利润不如以前那样可观。

return本义是“归还”.此处returns变义为“利润”

(3)Please hand in your papers at once

请你们立刻交卷。

paper本义是“纸”,此处papers变义为“试卷”。

(4)Mary lost her good looks when she was old,

玛丽已年老色衰:

look本义是“看“.此处looks变义为“容貌”。

(5)The dam lies in he middle reaches of the river.

大坝位于河流的中段。

reach本义为“范围”,此处reaches变义为“河段”。

(6)That is a goods train.

那是一列货物列车。

good本义是“好处”,此处goods变义为“货物”。

(7)He was in the blues because of the cold weather.

因为天气寒冷,他心情忧郁。

blue本义是“蓝色",此处blues变义为“忧郁,烦闷”。

(8)Here are the works of Shakespeare.

这些是莎士比亚的著作。

work本义是“工作”,此处works变义为“著作”。

(9)He always takes pains with his work.

他总是仔细用心地工作。

pain本义是“疼痛”,此处pains变义为“花大力气”。

(10) The species is found in coastal waters around the Indian Ocean.

在环印度洋的沿海水域有这一物种。

water本义是“水”,此处waters变义为“(河流的)水域”。

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