语言学复习资料整理

Review materials for Introduction to Linguistics

Part I: Read each of the following statements carefully and decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement.

1. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A. prescriptive B. sociolinguistic

C. descriptive

D. psycholinguistic

2.Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.

A. mouth

B. lips

C. tongue

D. vocal cords

3.The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is an ___.

A. bound morpheme

B. bound form

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free morpheme

4.A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.

A. coordinator

B. particle

C. preposition

D. subordinator

5."Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."

A. is synonymous with

B. is inconsistent with

C. entails

D. presupposes

6.The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.

A. semantics

B. pragmatics

C. sociolinguistics

D. psycholinguistics

7.Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.

A. elaboration

B. simplification

C. external borrowing

D. internal borrowing

8.___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.

A. Lingua franca

B. Creole

C. Pidgin

D. Standard language

9.Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .

A. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus

B. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex

C. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons

D. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area

10.According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A. learning B. competence

C. performance

D. acquisition

11.The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.

A.gradable opposites

B.relational opposites

C.co-hyponyms

D.synonyms

12.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .

A.Jacob Grimm

B.Rasmus Rask

C.Franz Bopp

D.Sir William Jones

13.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.

A.unusual

B.something to be feared

C.abnormal

D.natural

14.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.

A.Broca's aphasic

B.The linguistic deprivation

C.The damage on the angular gyrus

D.Wernicke's aphasic

15.Some Southern lea rners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”.This shows: .

A.They cannot pronounce/n/

B.Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue

C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method

D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds

16.A word with several meanings is called __word.

A.a polysemous

B.a synonymous

C.an abnormal

D.a multiple

17.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?”is __.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b34200680.html,rmative

B.phatic

C.directive

D.performative

18.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b34200680.html,age

B.grammar

C.pronunciation

D.structure

19.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.

A.Linguistic geography

B.Lexicology

C.Lexicography

D.Sociolinguistics

20.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.

A.+animate,+male,+human,-adult

B.+animate,+male,+human,+adult

C.+animate,-male,+human,-adult

D.+animate,-male,+human,+adult

2 1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.

A. a particular language

B. the English language

C. human languages in general

D. the system of a particular language

22. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.

A. voiceless, bilabial, stop

B. voiceless, labiodental, 唇齿音fricative 摩擦音

C. voiced, bilabial, stop

D. voiced, labiodental, fricative

23. There are different types of affixes 词缀or morphemes词素. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as an __________.

A. derivational morpheme

B. free morpheme

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free form

24. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________.

A. is equal to

B. consists of

C. has

D. generates

25. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers".

A. entails

B. presupposes

C. is inconsistent with

D. is synonymous with

26. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.

X: Who was that you were with last night?

Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?

A. quality

B. quantity

C. relation

D. manner

27. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.

A. phrases

B. sentences

C. morphemes

D. utterances

28. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.

A. socially

B. linguistically

C. culturally

D. pragmatically

29. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? __________.

A. language and speech

B. visual and spatial skills

C. reading and writing

D. analytic reasoning

30. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.

A. babbling

B. one-word

C. two-word

D. multiword

31. The ____ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.

A. youngest

B. flexible

C. optimum

D. relevant

32. Linguistic ____ is the brain's neurological specialization for language.

A. fossilization

B. performance

C. competence

D. lateralization

33. Our linguistic ability is a ________ gift of the species' gene program.

A. chemical

B. physical

C. scientific

D. biological

34. “Wife”, which used to refer to any woman, stands for “ a married woman” in modern English. This phenomenon is known as ________.

A. semantic shift

B. semantic broadening

C. semantic elevation

D. semantic narrowing

35. English language belongs to _________.

A. Indo-European Family

B. Sino-Tibetan Family

C. Austronesian Family

D. Afroasiatic Family

36. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs _____________.

A. with much imitation

B. with little conscious instruction

C. with much correction from their parents

D. with little linguistic input

37. The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of ____ rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences.

A. cultural

B. grammatical

C. behavior

D. pragmatic

37. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.

A. the first element

B. the second element

C. either the first or the second element

D. both the first and the second elements.

39. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

A. Syntax

B.Grammar

C. Morphology

D. Morpheme

40．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.

A. identical

B. same

C. exactly alike

D. similar

41．The sound /f/ is _________________.

A. voiced palatal affricate

B. voiced alveolar stop

C. voiceless velar fricative

D. voiceless labiodental fricative

42. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.

A. reference

B. speech act

C. practical usage

D. context

43. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.

A. pragmatic

B. grammatical

C. mental

D. conceptual

44. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.

A. recursive

B. grammatical

C. social

D. functional

45. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.

A. how words and phrases form sentences.

B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words

C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences

D. All of the above.

46. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.

A. the conceptualist view

B. contexutalism

C. the naming theory

D.behaviourism

47. “alive” and “dead” are ______________.

A. gradable antonyms

B. relational opposites

C. complementary antonyms

D. None of the above

48. _________ in a person's speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.

A. Regional variation

B. Changes in emotions

C. Variation in connotations

D. Stylistic variation

49. A linguistic ____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" society from general use.

A. slang

B. euphemism

C. jargon

D. taboo

50.Chomsky uses the term ____ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.

A. langue

B. competence

C. parole

D. performance

51.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ____.

A. palatal

B. alveolar 齿槽音

C. bilabial

D. dental

52.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ____in 1957.

A. L. Bloomfield

B. F. Saussure

C. N. Chomsky

D.M. A. K. Halliday

53. The illocutionary point of ____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.

A. representatives

B. commissives

C. expressives

D. declaratives

54. ____ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.

A. Instrumental

B. Functional

C. Integrative

D. Social

55. According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b34200680.html,misives

B.directives

C.expressives

D.declaratives

56. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.

A. large

B. small

C. finite

D. infinite

57. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.

A. prescriptive

B. analytic

C. descriptive

D. linguistic

58. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.

A. sense

B. sounds

C. objects

D. ideas

60. What the element ‘-es’ indicates is third person singular,present tense,

the element ‘-ed’ past tense, and ‘-ing’ p rogressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also_________.

A. phonemes

B. morphemes

C. allophones

D. phones

Part II: Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue.

1. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral c__cortex_______, which is the decision-making organ of the body.

2. The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h____hemisphere ____, one on the right and one on the left.

3. By identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages, historical linguists reconstruct the proto form in the common ancestral language. This process is called c__comparative______ reconstruction.

4. The m _morphosyntactic __ rule of adjective agreement has been lost from English. 词素的

5. B____Behaviorist_____ learning theory suggested that a child's verbal behaviour was conditioned through association between a stimulus and the following response.

6. According to a n_____nativist_____ view of language acquisition, humans are quipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use, just as birds are biologically prewired to learn the songs of their species.

7. A s__suffix____ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.

8. In terms of morphemic analysis, d______derivation_________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.

9. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p___place____ of articulation.

10. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out

again is called a s_stop_______.

11. P__Performatives______ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.

12. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_quantity______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.

13. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_predicate________.

14. Major lexical categories are o_open__ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.

15. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d__direct____ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.

16. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h____homophones______.

17. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a d_dialectal__ variety of a language.

18. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or o__official______ language of a country.

19. Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.

20.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all bilabials.

21. Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

22.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.

23.Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called complete synonyms.

24.The illocutionary point of representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.

25.Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word coinage .

26.Wherever the standar d language can use a contraction he+is→he's, Black Engli sh can delete the form of "be".

27. The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the critical period for first language acquisition.

28.As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning,interlanguage is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.

29.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement,

30. The original form of a language family that has ceased to exist is called the p__protolanguage__.

31. Sound change as a result of sound movement, known as m_metathesis______, involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.

32. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis___.

33.Consonant sounds can be either voiced__or voiceless__,while all vowel sounds are voiced________.

34. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic facts\ evidence before they can do anything else.

35. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.

36. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a free___________ morpheme.

37. A compound sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".

38. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called semantics .

39. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the Cooperative principle proposed by J. Grice.

40. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural transmission across generations.

41. The three sets of consonant shifts that Grimm discovered became known collectively as Grimm s Law ____.

42. The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called hemisphere_________, one on the right and one on the left.

43. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s emantics_________.

44. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the cooperative_________ principle proposed by J. Grice.

45. Historical________ linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.

46. Semantic broadening________ refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation.

47. Backformation________ is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the supposed suffixes of existing words.

48. Assimilation________ is a process in which the influence of one segment on another, resulting in a sound becoming more like a nearby sound in terms of one or more of its phonetic characteristics.

49. The notion of context_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.

50. A commissive_is commit the speaker himself to some future course of

action.

51. Eponyms_名字被用于命名地方的人_ refer to words created from names.

52. Diacritics refer to marks added to a phonetic symbol to alter its value in some way

53. Duality is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.

54. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.

55. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation_

56.Polysemy________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.

57. Clear ［l］and dark［l ］are allophones 语位变体of the same one phoneme /l/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in complementary________ distribution.

58. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an utterance___ is concrete and context-dependent..

59. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes ——creole 60. In Austin’s early speech act theory, constatives _________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.

part III. Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.

答案：

1-10 T F T F T T T T F F

11-20 F F F T T F F F F F

21-30 F F F T T F F T T F

31-40 F F F F T T F F T F

41-50 F T F T F T T F F T

51-55 T F F F T