经贸英语阅读教程Text 3(3)
新编经贸英语核心教程上册参考答案
新编经贸英语和新教程（上册）参考答案Unit 1Warm-up practice2 Match the words in Column A with the corresponding definitions in ColumnB.1) b2) g3) c4) i5) j6) h7) d8) f9) a10) e3 Pre-text Listening Activities1) G rowth rate: 2% per annumRate of inflation: about 20%Corporation tax: 10%Tax holiday: two yearsLocal participation: about 35%Antitrust laws: no2) N orth America－a three percent increase in total salesEurope－a seven percent market shareMiddle East－two billion dollar profitSouth-East Asia－16 million dollar salesLatin America－a 12 percent lead over competitorsAfrica－overtake current market leadersAustralia－4.000 units per monthText IComprehension Questions1.The disciplines related to international business include economics, anthropology, geography,history, language, jurisprudence, statistics, and demography and so on.2. Economic isolationism will lead to declining economic influence and a deteriorating standardof living for citizens.3. Successful participation in international business holds the promise of improved quality oflife and a better society, even leading to a more peaceful world. International business offers companies new markets, presents more opportunities for expansion, growth, and income than does domestic business alone. It causes the flow of ideas, services, and capital across the world. As a result, innovations can be developed and disseminated more rapidly, human capital can be used better, and financing can take place more quickly. International business also offers consumers new choices. It can permit the acquisition of a wider variety of products, both in terms of quantity and quality, and do so at prices that are reduced through international competition. Therefore, both as an opportunity and a challenge, international business is important to countries, companies, and individuals.4. According to the text, international business consists of transactions that are devised andcarried out across national borders to satisfy the objectives of individuals and organizations.5.As contrasted with domestic business, international transactions are across national borders.6. Doing business internationally is an activity. Subject to constant change, internationalbusiness is as much an art as a science. Yet success in the art depends on a firm grounding in the scientific aspects. Individual consumers, policy-makers, and business executives with an understanding of both aspects will be able to incorporate international business considerations into their thinking and planning.7. There are many questions which should be considered if one wants to succeed in internationalbusiness, including:How will my idea, product, or service fit into the international market?What adjustments are or will be necessary?What threats from global competition should I expect?How can these threats be counteracted?What are my strategic global alternatives?8. Refer to Para. 6.9. Refer to Para. 5.10. Independent nations should welcome increasing economic interdependence and take anactive stance in doing international business. At the same time, nations should try to reach more agreements on important legal issues and .work together to provide a stable and consistent legal environment for firms operating on a global scale.Paraphrasing1.If any nation practices economic isolationism, it is certain that its economic influence willlessen and the living standard of its citizens will get worse.2.But successful cooperation of nations in doing international business will lead to improvedquality of life and a better society. Some believe it is even conducive to a more peaceful world.3.Constant change occurs in international business, which makes international business not onlya science but also an art.4.(personification) There happens a steady movement toward economic integration and thedevelopment of free trade areas and ―common markets‖ among nations in the world.IV Exercises1 Note-taking & Gap-filling1) difficult2) within3) shifting4) disbandment5) accurate6) domestic7) diversify8) factors9) technology10) facilitate2 VocabularyA Blank Filling1) transactions2) interdependent3) Know-how4) attributed5) Global6) patent7) incorporate8) capital9) grounding10) repercussions11) Protectionism12) r ange13) assure14) subject15) scaleB Fill in the blanks with an appropriate choice.1) A2) C3) C4) B5) D6) B7) B8) D9) D10) C3 GrammarA Error Correction1) youth---youths2) damages---damage3) feet---foot4) a large number of---a good deal of5) editor‘s-in-chief‘s---editor-in-chief‘s6) worker--- worker‘s7) teacher---teachers‘8) shoes---shoe9) grown-up---grown-ups10) a re---isB Fill in the blanks with an appropriate choice.1) C2) B3) B4) D5) A6) C7) D8) A9) B10) C11) A12) D13) C14) A15) DC Translation1) Is there any other means to solve the problem?2) The scientists tried hard to obtain accurate data, but finally in vain.3) At least we are required to write five theses every year.4) They have developed five photos.5) He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on hiswages.6) We hope that our government should pay more attention to the livelihood of the poor.7) The Nazi kept those prisoners-of-war in their concentration camp.8) All the women doctors got a rise last month.9) The police put the criminal in irons.10) T he man in blue is John and Mary‘s father.4Cloze1. C2. A3. A4. C5. D6. B7.B8. C9. A10. C11. C12. D13. B14. A15. D16. D17. A18. B19. C20. C5Translation1)The importance of international business and trade has been recognized since the days ofAdam Smith.2)From the moment that people needed commodities that were not conveniently accessible, thefunction of trading begun.3)The recent decades after World War II have witnessed a complex network of businessinstitutions operating in different parts of the world.4)Powerful competitors have pre-empted the United States in manufacturing and agriculturalareas.5)The dimensions of international business are more numerous and present a greater varietythan those associated with domestic business.6)国际贸易提供货物和服务的历史和人类的历史一样悠久。
经贸专业英语报刊阅读教程 第一课 Good policy, and bad
Good policy, and badSome mitigation policies are effective,some are efficient, and some are neitherDec 3rd 2009 | from the print editionGREENHOUSE-GAS emissions targets can be implemented through three sorts ofpolicy instruments—regulation, carbon-pricing and subsidies. Governmentsgenerally like regulation (because it appears to be cost-free), economists likecarbon prices (because they are efficient) and businesses like subsidies (becausethey get the handouts).Regulation can be useful where the market is not working well. Buildings are rarelydesigned to save energy, because those who put them up do not usually pay thebills and those who occupy them choose them for their views or their looks, not theirenergy-efficiency. The same goes for appliances, most of which do not use enoughenergy to affect consumers' choices. Small regulatory changes (see box, next page)can cut energy consumption without distorting the market much. According toMcKinsey, around one-third of the required greenhouse-gas reductions will actuallysave money.In this special reportGetting warmerIs it worth it?The green slump»Good policy, and badVampires on a dietCap and tiradeWho cares?A long gameClosing the gapsWhat needs to changeUnpacking the problemSources & acknowledgementsReprintsRelated topics ChinaSolar energyEuropean UnionAlternative energyEuropeThe European Union's Emissions-Trading Scheme, which started up in 2005, is theonly large-scale attempt so far to set a carbon price. Under the ETS, EU countriesget national allocations which they then parcel out to over 11,500 factories in fivedirty industries. Companies can buy and sell allocations amongst themselves, andcan also buy “certified emission reductions” from developing countries to meet theircaps through Kyoto's “clean development mechanism”.Europe's flagshipThe ETS makes up the vast bulk of the global carbon market, which will be wortharound $122 billion this year. It is the principal way of financing the shift from high-to low-carbon power and industrial processes in the developing world. A wind farmin India; a methane-capture scheme for pig farms in Brazil; a forestry project inIndonesia; equipment to capture industrial gases in China—the ETS can financethem all.Although it is still young, the ETS has had some impact on emissions. According toa 2008 study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in its first three years itprobably reduced them by 120m-300m tonnes, or 2-5% a year, below what theywould otherwise have been.2000.This sort of energy is expensive. The best indication of that is the carbon price thatwould be required to make investment in renewables worthwhile without subsidy.According to New Energy Finance, onshore wind energy needs a carbon price of $38,offshore of $136 and solar cells of $196. Europe's target for generating 20% of itsenergy from renewable sources therefore looks pricey. According to Richard Green,director of the Institute for Energy Research and Policy at Birmingham University,the implied marginal cost of carbon would be €129 a tonne—which suggests thatallocating such large resources to renewable-energy subsidies is, as Mr Green says,“seriously sub-optimal”.The worst example of a wasteful subsidy is America's support programme forhome-grown corn ethanol, which is coupled with tariffs on cheaper sugar-caneethanol from Brazil. The programme has raised global food prices (and thusincreased malnutrition among the world's poorest); lined the pockets of America'sfarmers; given policies to cut carbon a bad name; and cut little, if any, carbon.Solar flareThe resulting boom benefited manufacturers not just in Spain but also in Germanyand China, the biggest producers of solar cells. Last year Spain accounted for 40%of world demand. The government had planned for 400MW of solar capacity to bebuilt by2008. “There were all sorts of abuses,” says Jenny Cha se, solaranalyst at New Energy Finance. “If you connected a single module to the grid beforeSeptember 29th, your whole project got financed. So modules were changing handsfor vast sums of money.” After the deadline the market collapsed.Mr Clover is con cerned about the likely effect. “We're expecting a stampede inGlobally, New Energy Finance reckons that only $24 billion of green-stimulus moneywill be disbursed this year, with another $58 billion to follow in 2010 and a further$56 billion in。
全新版大学英语综合教程3课文原文及翻译
unit 1 Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream LifeIn America many people have a romantic idea of life in the countryside. Many living in towns dream of starting up their own farm, of living off the land. Few get round to putting their dreams into practice. This is perhaps just as well, as the life of a farmer is far from easy, as Jim Doherty discovered when he set out to combine being a writer with running a farm. Nevertheless, as he explains, he has no regrets and remains enthusiastic about his decision to change his way of life.在美国，不少人对乡村生活怀有浪漫的情感。
许多居住在城镇的人梦想着自己办个农场，梦想着靠土地为生。
很少有人真去把梦想变为现实。
或许这也没有什么不好，因为，正如吉姆·多尔蒂当初开始其写作和农场经营双重生涯时所体验到的那样，农耕生活远非轻松自在。
但他写道，自己并不后悔，对自己作出的改变生活方式的决定仍热情不减。
Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream LifeJim Doherty1 There are two things I have always wanted to do -- write and live on a farm. Today I'm doing both. I am not in E. B. White's class as a writer or in my neighbors' league as a farmer, but I'm getting by. And after years of frustration with city and suburban living, my wife Sandy and I have finally found contentment here in the country.多尔蒂先生创建自己的理想生活吉姆·多尔蒂有两件事是我一直想做的――写作与务农。
英语泛读教程3第三版 课文翻译(Text1--1-7单元)
UNIT 1 创造性思维的艺术约翰·阿代尔创造性对人类发展至美重要。
下面的文章里，约翰·阿代尔为求实的创造性思维者提供了一些颇有见地的见解和技巧。
创造性思维在今天的重要性不需要强调。
在你的职业中或工作领域,如果你能够发展提出新思想的能力,你就有竞争优势。
在你的个人生活中，创造性思维也能将你带上创新活动之路。
它可以丰富你的人生,尽管并非总是以你期待的方式。
人类创造力人类不可能凭空创造东西。
有一次，一位来宾极为仔细地参观了亨利·福特的汽车公司，然后见到了福特。
来宾心中充满了惊奇和崇敬，他对这位实业家说:“福特先生，25年前起家时几乎一无所有的人，不可能实现这一切。
”福特回答说，“这个说法可不太对。
每个人都是靠所有拥有的东西来起家。
这里什么都有——所需要的一切,它们的基本点和实质性的东西都已存在。
”潜在的材料，也就是可以做成或建构成某种东西的元素之成分或者实质的材料，都已存在于我们的宇宙。
你可能已经注意到,我们倾向于将创造性这个词用在与使用的原材料很不一样的产品上。
鲁宾斯的一幅名作，就是蓝色、红色、黄色和绿色的蠕虫般颜料在艺术家画板上的集合。
物质材料，对艺术家来说是颜料和画布;对作家来说是纸和笔——完全是次要的。
这里的创造，更多的是在大脑之中。
感知、思想和感觉都在一种观念或想象中结合起来。
当然，艺术家、作家或作曲家还需要使用技巧和技术，在画布或纸上把头脑中构想出来的东西塑造成型。
和普通意义上的创造性一样，创造性思维遵循同样的原则。
我们的创造性想象必须有可以加工的对象。
我们不能凭空产生新的思想。
如上面福特所说的那样，原材料都在那里。
有创造力的大脑在原材料中看到可能性和相关性,而创造力不强的大脑却看不到。
这一结论让我们大大地松了一口气。
你不用凭空构想新的想法。
作为创造性思维者,你的任务是将已经存在的想法或元素组合在一起。
如果最终把人们从未想过可以联系起来的想法或事物，用看似不可能却很有价值的方式组合起来，那人们就会认为你是创造性思维者。
大学英语阅读教程3中文翻译
1待走读生好点克里斯托夫·M·贝利托你也许可以列出往宿家中，每天赫家和学校之间的大学走读生所享受的种森!} l}越之处。
_但在下面的文章中，作者试图揭示事‘清的另一面，认为走读生的生活并不如人}l !}们想像中的那般轻松。
走读生过着一种矛盾的生活，他去学校是为了能体会一种自我探}l l}索的生活，而实际上与父母在一起是绝对无法保持“我独立的。
你也许认为我们这些人住在家中、每天往返学校的日子很惬意。
不用等洗衣机，牙膏用完了橱拒里有新的，更重要的是，冰箱里塞满了食物，也不用自己付款。
不仅如此，通常还有人付电话费，即使再晚，微波炉里也还热着食物。
你会嗤之以弃—那不是大学生活，那只是永远长不大的孩子。
也许表面上看起来我们像被惯坏了的孩子，但事情远没有那么简单。
住在家里的大学生过着一种矛盾的生活。
跟你们一样，我们来到大学探索自我;自我探索和有机化学一样是我们所受教育的一部分。
然而，鉴于父母监督子女的本能不会减弱，我们要保持自我独立可就不容易了。
再者，家庭的责任也在所难免。
比方说，当父母的结婚周年纪念日正好在我们期末考试的前一天，我们该怎么办?事实上，做一个无法脱离家庭约束的学生简直与努力跟一个你不喜欢的室友相处一样困难。
我们的问题很复杂。
在一定程度上，我们是这个社会的二等公民。
由于你不得不开车回家或赶最后一班车，你很难享受俱乐部、大学生联谊会和舞会的乐趣。
同样不幸的是，你意识到你不能参加仅有一次的商法复习课，因为它结束得太晚。
但这还不是问题的关健:毕竟，每个人都可以随时在朋友的宿舍里借宿。
’真正的问题在于，我们错过了那些活动，错过了由此产生的一种友好的情嗦，这种情嗦来自于一同突击恶补工业心理学的漫漫长夜，来自于谁跟谁上了床的瞎扯闲铆，来自于关于“乔治·威尔”和“亲爱的艾比”的热门话题，以及在这之后彼此对于毕业临近的真切感受的交流。
诚然，我们走读生也可以偶尔参与这些活动，但我们跟不上大学学术生活的日夜节奏。
金融英语阅读
《金融英语阅读》课程建设报告对外经济贸易大学英语学院商务英语系开设的《金融英语阅读》课程，为专业基础课，是面向全校本科生的课程。
采用全英文授课，以课堂讲授为主，结合课堂讨论、提问、报告以及作业等方式进行教学。
金融英语作为专门用途英语（ESP）的一个新的分支，其课程的设置及教学的方法近些年来有着其独特的发展轨迹。
伴随着大学金融专业课程的开设，其在近十年的发展过程中在学科建设上占有十分重要的地位。
该课程独辟蹊径、与时俱进，倡导厚积薄发、具有鲜明的特色，因此在学科建设上占据了绝对优势。
作为一门专业基础语言课程，《金融英语阅读》无论从知识、语言或教法上都适应了时代的发展和社会的需要，具有基础性、时代性、实用性和复合性。
一、 课程开设的历史背景及社会价值《金融英语阅读》课程源于上个世纪90年代后期，是原中国金融学院外语系的最主要的特色课程。
20世纪90年代初，我国开始探索性地建立有中国特色社会主义的市场经济体系，经过近10年的不懈努力，在实践中初步建立了市场化的经济制度，并由此带动了理论上的发展。
与此同时，经济制度的转变必然导致金融领域的革新，在90年代后期，对于金融体制的改革随之呼之欲出、应运而生。
为了配合当时的经济及金融改革，培养一批精通外语的高级金融人才，沈素萍教授等教师开始酝酿在全国首开一门能够适应当下改革需求的金融英语课程。
为了详细、具体地了解开设该课程的科学价值，从1997年起，本课程主持人沈素萍教授作了详尽的调查，走访了一些学生以了解在完成普通英语（EGP）两年课程之后是否能够直接进入专业教师用英语讲授专业课阶段的学习。
从原中国金融学院1997级学生由外教讲授的中央银行学课程来看，其结果是课程未上完，学生能坚持听课者所剩无几，学生在EGP(English for General Purpose)阶段未接触任何专业英语词汇，所以在听外教的专业课时，他们既听不懂英语又学不懂专业。
这样，由于对英语语言掌握的缺陷影响了学生对专业课的理解。
2015年对外经济贸易大学商务英语(MA)考研参考书
2015年对外经济贸易大学商务英语（MA)考研参考书Part1：题型部分英语篇（基英&综英）词汇：词汇是所有的基础，非常重要。
没有最基础的东西，那也只能是空中楼阁。
积累的时候不能光查查，然后抄抄就了事，要及时复习，反复刺激，形成长期记忆。
记忆的时候不要死记单词和中文意思，要结合相关的句子结合语境记忆，尤其是一些固定搭配、固定用法要积累。
当然不是把单词的每一条都记下来，要剔除不重要的和太生僻的部分。
记忆之后就是运用，除了做词汇题，这些固定搭配有的可以直接运用到作文中使用，会起到很大的作用。
平常要结合阅读来积累单词，精读的文章需要每一句都弄得明明白白，经典的词汇和句型也要积累下来，反复复习。
可以在自己抄句子的时候，空出单词或者词组部分，把他们写在一旁，然后复习的时候，试着填入，看看自己是否已经掌握，不掌握的勾出来，重点复习。
这样不会的就会越来越少。
复习的时候不需要拿专门的时间，用平常零碎的时间即可。
还有就是积累的时候注意词汇的词根词缀等，养成分析词根词缀的习惯，万一遇到生词不会可以进行合理的猜测。
但是不需要对词根词缀进行专门的复习，可以看看常用的词根词缀了解大意即可。
积累的词汇要拿专门的本子，方便集中复习。
或者用卡片也行，最好大小一致。
卡片就是容易丢失弄乱，也有不好的地方，如果有专业的记忆卡可以尝试。
关于是否需要专门的记忆词汇，依照个人情况而定。
基英选择题词汇部分：主要是考察用词，词组，语法，难度不是很大，一般是高英中的普通词汇以及和商务结合的词汇，还有一些商务的常用词汇。
考的语法也很少也不难。
对语法的直接考察不是很多，但是也绝对不能忽视，虚拟语气、倒装、让步和独立主格结构重点复习。
'题目给出的句子多与经济相关，以后句子可能会越来越复杂，要学会分析句子结构，抓住考点，从容应对。
12年选择题部分出自九几年的大六真题。
关于这部分，大家可以先拿冲击波《专四语法与词汇》看看，然后多做做英语专业基础英语真题的词汇部分，可以参照星火基础英语单词部分（ps：参考书的答案可能有错，大家自己注意）。
2017叶兴国商务英语阅读教程1第二版课件Unit3
1.使用古语词：常以here, there, where为词
根，加上一个或几个介词构成的合成副词。 如：thereof（由此），whereas（鉴于）， hereinafter（以下），herein（在此，于…… 之中），hereby（因此）等。
2. 词项重复：商务英语中常会出现同义词或近 义词的词项重复，尤其是在协议、单证、合同 等法律性文件中。如：controversies and differences（争端），terms and conditions（条 款），losses and damages（损失），provisions and stipulations（规定），agents and representatives（代表），alter and change（变 更），blind and obligate（承担），null and void（无效的），sole and exclusive（唯一的）， under and by （根据），等等。这些词汇相互 补充，在很大程度上保证了准确性和严密性。
商务英语词汇主要包括名词、形容词和动词，其最显著
的一个特征就是许多普通词汇染上了商务色彩。如：
This bill of exchange shall be accepted first and then can be honored by the acceptor.（该汇票应先承兑，然后由承兑 方进行支付。）accept 在一般情况下表示“接受”，而 honor表示“尊重”。但在这句话中，accept表示“承 兑”，honor则表示“支付”。Cover一词，基本意义是
Translation: 有些妈妈会把这笔钱用于日托 服务，立马重新回到工作岗位上去。
Note：这里的staight指“立即，马上”。如： I fell into bed and went straight to sleep.我倒 在床上立刻就睡着了。
大学英语精读3课文(第三版)_中英文对照
课文翻译Unit 1TextA young man finds that strolling along the streets without an obvious purpose can lead to trouble with the law. One misunderstanding leads to another until eventually he must appear in court for trial……一个青年发现，在大街上毫无明显目的地游逛会招致警方的责罚。
误会一个接一个发生，最终他只得出庭受审……A Brush with the Law与警察的一场小冲突I have only once been in trouble with the law. 我平生只有一次跟警方发生纠葛。
The whole process of being arrested and taken to court was a rather unpleasant experience at the time, but it makes a good story now. 被捕和出庭的整个过程在当时是一件非常不愉快的事，但现在倒成了一篇很好的故事。
What makes it rather disturbing was the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court. 这次经历令人可恼之处在于围绕着我的被捕以及随后庭上审讯而出现的种种武断专横的情况。
It happened in February about twelve years ago. 事情发生在大约12年前，其时正是2月。
I had left school a couple of months before that and was not due to go touniversity until the following October. 几个月前我中学毕业了，但上大学要等到10月。
Unit 13 Economic Crisis经贸英语文章选读ppt(董晓波主编)
Cause 3, there are various heterodox
theories.
• Downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists. For example, some new classical macroeconomists have argued that various labor market policies imposed at the start caused the length and severity of the Great Depression. The Austrian school of economics focuses on the macroeconomic effects of money supply, and how central banking decisions can lead to over-investment (economic bubble). The Marxist critique of political economy emphasizes the tendency of capitalism to create unbalanced accumulations of wealth, leading to over-accumulations of capital and a repeating cycle of devaluations through economic crises.
Text A
The Great Depression
Questions:
• How much information do you know about the Great Depression? • Do you know the causes of the Great Depression? • Do you know the great people or events during the Great Depression?
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
4. unemployment the number of people in a particular country or area who cannot get a job 失业；失业率；失业人数 unemployment可以构成如下相关短语： high/low unemployment rising/falling unemployment rise/increase/growth in unemployment fall/decrease in unemployment level of unemployment/unemployment level unemployment rate unemployment figures/statistics
6. beggar-thy-neighbour policy 以邻为壑政 策 In economics, a beggar-thy-neighbour policy is an economic policy through which one country attempts to remedy its economic problems by means that tend to worsen the economic problems of other countries.
2. the Great Depression 大萧条
A dramatic, worldwide economic downturn beginning in some countries as early as 1928. The beginning of the Great Depression in the United States is associated with the stock market crash on October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday, and the end is associated with the onset of the war economy of World War II, beginning around 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world.
Economic policy refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field. It covers the systems for setting interest rates and government budget as well as the labor market, national ownership, and many other areas of government interventions into the economy. Almost any aspect of government has an economic aspect and so many terms are used. A few example of types of economic policy include: (1) macroeconomic stabilization policy; (2) trade policy; (3) policies designed to create economic growth and policies related to development economic; (4) redistribution of income, property, or wealth; (5) regulation; (6) industrial policy.
5. Global Trade Alert “全球贸易预警”组织 Global Trade Alert (GTA) is co-ordinated by the Centre for Economic Policy Research, an independent academic and policy research thinktank based in London, UK. GTA draws upon expertise and analysis from 7 independent research institutions around the world. Global Trade Alert provides information in real time on state measures taken during the current global economic downturn that are likely to discriminate against foreign commerce. It goes beyond other monitor initiatives by identifying the trading partners likely to be harmed by these measures.
Text 3 Protectionist Fears
I. Related Words and Expressions beggar-thy-neighbour policy antidumping countervailing duty litigator Brics group appreciation sluggish II. Notes to the Text 1. economic policy 经济政策
7. G20 20国集团
The Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (also known as the G-20, G20, and Group of Twenty) is a group of finance ministers and central bank governors from 20 major economies: 19 countries plus the European Union, which is represented by the President of the European Council and by the European Central Bank. The G-20 heads of government or heads of state have also periodically conferred at summits since their initial meeting in 2008. Collectively, the G-20 economies account for more than 80 percent of the gross world product (GWP), 80 percent of world trade (including EU intra-trade), and two-thirds of the world population. They furthermore account for 84.1 percent and 82.2 percent of the world's economic growth by nominal GDP and GDP (PPP) respectively from the years 2010 to 2016, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
“全球贸易预警”组织由总部位于英国伦敦 的经济政策研究中心发起，由世界银行、国际发 展研究中心等共同支持成立。该组织是一个专门 提供当前经济危机下各国采取贸易保护主义措施 信息的独立机构，其致力于总结并分析自2008年 11月匹兹堡峰会后各国采取的贸易保护主义措施。 至2012年5月，“全球贸易预警”组织共发布了11 份全球贸易保护主义警告报告。
3. the global financial crisis 全球金融危机 The global financial crisis is also known as 2008 financial crisis. It is considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. It resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008–2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis.