四级语法讲义 %282%29

大学英语四级语法

主讲老师：田静导学部分

误区：

●四六级不考语法

●语法=单选题

语法？

●语言的规矩和法则

●连词成句

四六级语法学什么？

句子

句子的结构

一个句子多个句子的连接

（一件事）（多件事）

简单句并列句/复合句

第一章：简单句的核心

第一部分：简单句

第二章：简单句的补充

第二部分：并列句

基础语法

四六级语法第三部分：复合句

强调

第四部分：特殊用途的句子倒装

虚拟

真题应用长难句分析（全真题讲解）

第一部分：简单句

第一章：简单句的核心

一、简单句的核心构成

简单句一个句子（一件事）

世界是物质的，物质是运动的

n. +v.

主语+谓语

1 1

n. + 谓语v.

一主一谓，谓语动词的不同决定简单句的不同构成。

例子：

I swim.

I like English.

区分vt./vi.

1)意思

2)介词（prep.）

● I like English.

●The bride kissed the groom.

●Birds fly in the sky.

●We walked on the street yesterday.

●You look at me.

介宾结构

●

●

I find HongKong ???

I find HongKongvery beautiful.

I find HongKonga place for shopping.

●我非常高兴。

●I very happy. ???

I am very happy.

主系表

系动词

1.be动词（单独）

2.“变得” get become turn go grow

3.感官动词look sound smell taste feel

“看/ 听/ 闻/ 尝/ 感觉起来……”

4.keep remain / seem appear

1.I ask you a question. 主谓双宾

2.You answer. 主谓

3.I love you. 主谓宾

4.You make my life complete.主谓宾补

5.I am happy. 主系表

主语+ 谓语

二、简单句的核心变化

（一）谓语动词的变化：

1. 时态：

形式：V.过去式(did/was/were)

用法：过去的事、过去的动作（无关现在）例子：

He was a student.

He liked music.

She had a boyfriend.

变否定或疑问：

补充：

V．过去式V．过去分词looklooked looked

buybought bought

see saw seen

eatate eaten

V．过去式 V．过去分词

一般过去时完成时

被动语态

不作谓语

形式：V.原形/V.第三人称单数（do/does）

You like English.

He likes English.

用法：

1. 现在经常性习惯性的动作

We have the English class every day.

He often gets up late.

2. 现在的状态

I am a teacher.

We are in China.

3. 永恒

The earth is round.

The earth moves around the sun.

Knowledge is power.

Practice makes perfect.

变否定或疑问：

补充：

与频率连用(every, once a week, twice a month, three times a …) always

usually, often, frequently

sometimes, hardly

never

形式：will / am / is /are going to + V 原形

用法：将来的事（现成的将来）

I will make a new plan tomorrow.

We are going to study abroad next year.

变否定或疑问：

形式：would/ was / were /are going to + V 原形

用法：将来的事（过去的将来）

I said that Iwouldbecome a cook in the future.

Tony finished his work, and then he would leave for London.

At 10 o’clock yesterday some students were taking an exam in their classrooms. We are taking about the water pollution.

A great many candidates will be meeting here at this time tomorrow.

形式：have/has + done

用法：

现在全部完成He has left.

现成部分完成We have studied English for ten years.

形式：had + done

用法：过去的之前

When he got there, she had left. She was not there.

They _____ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we are still working on it as no good results _____ so far.

A. have been working; have come out

B. had worked; came out

C. had been working; have come out

D. have worked; are coming out

答案：C

2. 语态：

n. + v.

动词的时态

动词的语态

动词的情态

谓语动词的变化语态

被动语态

狗吃了那个蛋糕。

The dog ate the cake.

?吃了那个蛋糕。

蛋糕被吃了。

狗吃了那个蛋糕。

主语宾语

蛋糕被狗吃了。

被动语态适用范围1：及物动词。

2：不及物动词+介词。

被动语态

被动的时间被动的动作

备注：

1.be表示被动的时间（把be变成对应的各种形态），还表达主语单复数

2.done表示被动的动作

教室每天都打扫。

一座新的大楼去年建造的。

A new building was built (build)last year.

与时态相结合

被动语态be + done

他每天被打。He is beaten every day.

他昨天被打了。He was beaten yesterday.

他明天将要被打。He will be beaten tomorrow.

他现在正在被打。He is being beaten. (现在经行时的被动am/is/are+being done）

他现在已经被打了。He has been beaten.(现在完成时的被动have/has+been done)

与情态动词相结合

被动语态be + done

这封信必须马上寄出。

天气不能被人们所控制。

3. 情态：

用法：

1)情态动词＋动词原形

2)情态动词的人称变化无

3)情态动词的时态变化有限

4)情态动词变否定／疑问

四六级常用的情态动词有：

m ust“必须”can /could “能够，可以” will /would“愿意/将要”

may / might “可以，可能”should“应该”

We must finish the work within a week.

Air pollution must be taken seriously.

The government can solve the problem of water pollution.

Tony could walk when he was only one year old.

Will you marry me?

I will travel abroad with my family.

Potential buyers would cheer for lower interest rates.

To some extent, expressions may influence emotions.

Such bodily reaction might helpmoderate the work stress.

Students should work hard to pass the exams.

Those sick people should seek help from doctors.

The details may be unknowable.

Such searches must take years.

The loss of patience can potentially have a damaging impact on our professional and personal wellbeing.

The peculiar way of saying those things may have led to misunderstanding.

Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.

练习：

1)In order to be a good salesclerk, you ____________ (must not / will not) be rude to a

customer.

2)This pie is very good. You ____________ (should / must) try a piece.

3)Rice ____________ (should / must / may) have water in order to grow.

4)Don’t be nervous. I think you ____________ (can / must) make it.

5)I am not sure. Probably he ____________ (may / should) come later.

答案：1. must not 2. should 3. must/ should 4. can 5. may

（二）主语／宾语／表语的变化：

1. 名词／代词

Most graduates always want a big-firm job.

She is the leader of the organization.

They gave usa good impression.

2. doing／to do

Laughing probably has great influence on health.

To laugh probably has great influence on health.

It probably has great influence on health to laugh.

Having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.

It is no use to talk about dreams without trying.

We enjoy reading books in the library.

The members of the board decide to vote against the new plan.

Our main goal is to finish the task on time.

3. 多个并列

Science and technology will develop the process of society.

Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, and psychology.

That doesn't mean sitting down and doing nothing at all.

n. + v.

名词/ 代词动词的时态

doing 动词的语态

to do 动词的情态

多个并列动词的否定

第二章简单句的补充

一、限定词／形容词副词／介词短语

常用介词：in on at / from to / into onto / with without / of / by / for / about 其他介词：between among / across through / against / like as

二、非谓语动词

Passing planes can be heard night and day.

The teacher came into the classroom, holding a book in his hand.

He bought a used car.

The teacher came into the classroom, followed by five students.

I have a lot of homework to do.

I am coming to see you.

练习：

1. ________, you need to give all you have and try your best.

A. Being a winner

B. To be a winner

C. Be a winner

D. Having been a winner

2.________ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.

A. Translating

B. Translated

C. To translate

D. Having translated

3. Peter received a letter just now ________his grandma would come to see him soon.

A. said

B. says

C. saying

D. to say

4. _________ an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.

A. Offer

B. Offering

C. Offered

D. To offer

5. The island, ________ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.

A. joining

B. to join

C. joined

D. having joined 请以讲义为准，答案选C。逗号之间的是一个定语从句，主语和从句之间是被动关系，故选C。

答案1. B 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. C

三、同位语／插入语

同位语，解释说明前面名词，与名词相同，说的是一件事。

My teacher, Mr. Lee, is coming to the meeting.

插入语，插入的补充说明，与前后无关。

My teacher, together with his colleagues, is coming to the meeting.

All their lives, today's young women have been pushed to embrace both perfection and passion to pursue science and sports, math and theater and do it all as well as they possibly can.

2014 06 CET4

Confronted with such facts, some Swedish activists and legislators are demanding more extreme and far-reaching measures, such as replacing male and female pronouns with a neutral alternative and monitoring children more closely to correct them when they gravitate toward gendered play.

2014 06 CET6

第二部分：并列句

一、并列句的构成

多件事（多个简单句）之间同等重要，用并列连词连接起来。

四六级常用的并列连词有：

1)表示顺接：... and ...; both ... and ...;

not only ...,but ... as well / but also ...

2)表示转折：but; yet; while

3)表示选择：... or ...; either ... or ...; neither ... nor ...

4)表示因果：... for ... (原因); ... so ...(结果)

二、并列句的省略

I am a teacher and I like English.

I am a teacher and like English.

I am lying in bed and I am reading a book.

I am lying in bed and reading a book.

I want to leave and I want to go abroad.

I want to leave and to go abroad.

and（平行结构）

练习：

1) You can _________ stay at home _________ go out to play. It doesn’t matter.

A. either, or

B. neither, nor

C. both, and

D. not only, but also

2) We bought her a birthday present, _________ she likes it very much.

A. so

B. or

C. and

D. but

3) _________ you _________ he is able to ski, but I am.

A. both, and

B. either, or

C. neither, nor

D. between, and

4) The doctor tried their best to save the patient’s life, _________ failed.

A. or

B. so

C. but

D. because

5) I could speak _________ Japanese _________ Chinese, so I had to talk with him in English.

A. not only, but also

B. both, and

C. neither, nor

D. either, or

6) I like pop music, but _________ my father _________ my mother likes it.

A. both, and

B. either, or

C. neither, nor

D. not only, but also

7) Tom, keep away from the fire, _________ you will get burnt.

A. and

B. so

C. or

D. but

8) I thought we’d be late for the concert, _________ we ended up getting there ahead of time.

A. but

B. or

C. so

D. for 答案1. A 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. C 8. A

第三部分：复合句

第一章名词性从句

一、宾语从句

1.宾语从句的含义：

一个句子作宾语，放在另一个句子（主句）里。

2.宾语从句的写法：

总结：宾语从句的写法__________ + __________________

（词+陈述句）

练习：填入宾语从句的连接词

1) 我承诺我会帮助你。

I promise ________ I will help you.

2) 你从来没告诉过我，你对我的电脑做了什么。

You never told me ________ you had done to my computer.

3)我想知道什么时候我们将会出发。

I wonder ________ we will set out.

4)他们不知道他们是否会按时完成工作。

They don’t know ________ they will finish the work on time.

5)你能告诉我什么时候我们将会出发吗?

Can you tell me _____________________?

答案1. that 2. what 3. when 4. whether 5. when we’ll set out

3.宾语从句的位置：

1)I don’t know when you will finish the work.

No one tells me when you will finish the work.

2)I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.

Are you positive(that) you’ve never seen that man before?

二、表语从句

My concern is that people don’t care about others.

The question remains whether people will buy it.

三、同位语从句

一个句子作同位语，解释说明n。

位置：需要解释的抽象n后。（fact, idea, news, dream, suggestion, advice, report …）最常用的是：“that+陈述句”这种（注意：that不作成分，但不能省略）

我不怀疑他将会帮我的忙。

I have no doubt that he will help me.

我们支持这种论据，校车问题必须被严肃对待。

I support the argument that the problems of school buses must be taken seriously.

我们是否将会去露营取决于天气。

位置1: 句首

Whether we will go camping depends on the weather.

位置2: 句尾(句首用形式主语it)

It depends on the weather whether we will go camping.

注意：两种位置，意思相同。但更常用的是位于句尾的主语从句。

练习：填入连接词，并判断是哪种名词性从句。

1)________ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.

A. Which

B. What

C. That

D. Whom

2) We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know________ she’ll accept it.

A. where

B. what

C. whether

D. which

3)Our teachers always tell us to believe in ________we do and who we are if we want to

succeed.

A. why

B. how

C. what

D. which

4)Modern science has given clear evidence ________smoking can lead to many diseases.

A. what

B. which

C. that

D. where

5)It was never clear ________ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.

A. that

B. how

C. when

D. why

6)It is still under discussion ________the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.

A. whether

B. when

C. which

D. where

7)I am afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is ________he never finishes anything.

A. that

B. when

C. where

D. why

8) These wild flowers are so special that I would do ________ I can to save them.

A. whatever

B. which

C. that

D. whichever

答案1. B 主语从句2. C 宾语从句3. C 宾语从句4. C 同位语从句5. D 主语从句 6. A 主语从句7. D 表语从句8. A 宾语从句

This is the job. I have dreamed of the job for years.

关系词如何选择？看先行词！

练习关系词的选择：

1)I have a class ________ begins at 8:00 am.

2)The lawyer ________ my brother called didn’t answer the phone.

3)My daughter asked me a question ________ I couldn’t answer.

4)The people ________ sat in the stadium cheered for the home team.

5)Leo is the student ________ bike was stolen.

6)Australia is one of the few countries ________ people drive on the left.

7)Sunday is the day ________ people usually don’t go to work.

8)Is there any particular reason ________ you can’t come?

答案1. which / that 2. 不填/ whom / that 3. 不填/ that / which 4. who 5. whose 6. where 7. when 8. why

练习写定语从句

1)I lost the book __________________________________.

我弄丢了上周从图书馆借的书。

2)The woman _____________________ was feeding pigeons.

我在公园看见的那位女士正在喂鸽子。

3)The bus ______________________ is usually very crowded.

我每天上学坐的那辆公交车总是很拥挤。

答案1. which / that / 不填I borrowed from the library 2. who / that / whom /不填I saw in the park 3. which / that / 不填I take every day to school

定语从句的分类：

I met your friend who is staying in Paris. 限定性定语从句

I met your mother, who is staying in Paris. 非限定性定语从句

This is the wall which they built last week.

This is the Great Wall, which is world-famous.

练习（填入逗号和关系词）：

1)He came from Beijing ________ is the capital of China. (, which)

2)He came from a city ________ is in the north of China. (which / that)

3)This is the businessman ________ we are cooperating with. (who / whom / that / 不填)

4)This is Bill Gates ________ many people know as the richest man.(, whom)

注意：非限定性定语从句不仅可以修饰前面的名词，还可以修饰前面整句话。

The company will get back to you in three days, which is one of the typical rules.

补充：介词提前的定语从句

This is the job which/that/X I have dreamed of for years.

This is the job of which I have dreamed for years.

三、状语从句

状语从句写法

地点状语从句

Stay where you are.

Where there is a will, there is a way.

结果状语从句

The problem is so complicated that we cannot solve it.

It is such a complicated problem that we cannot solve it.

让步状语从句

Although it is summer, it is very cold.

It is summer, but it is very cold.

比较状语从句

I am as tall as you.

I am as tall as you (are).

方式状语从句

Do it as I told you yesterday.

When in Rome, do as Romans do.

状语从句的时态：

时间／条件状语从句中表示将来，要换成一般现在时。

If it rains tomorrow, we will not go for a picnic.

I will let him know, when he comes home later.

改错练习：

1)The boss will review your work after she will return from vacation next week.(returns)

2)I’ll give you a call on my cell phone as soon as my plane will land. (lands)