动词的语气(陈述语气与虚拟语气、祈使语气)
动词的语气
-------陈述语气、祈使语气与虚拟语气
语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对说话内容的看法和态度。
一、语气的种类
1、陈述语气：表示说话人认为他说的话是事实
They went to visit the Great Wall Yesterday.
He likes chemistry.
What a clever boy he is!
2、祈使语气：表示说话人提出请求、命令、劝告、警告、号召等
Don’t leave today’s work for tomorrow.
Be more careful next time.
Work hard and you will succeed.
Be quick or you’ll be late.
3、虚拟语气：表示说话人认为他所说的话是和事实相反的主观设想或主观愿望。
If I were you, I would study hard.
I wish she had taken my advice.
试比较：
(陈述语气)
我希望他能来北京。（很可能来）
I wish he came to Beijing. (虚拟语气)
我真希望他能来北京。（不可能来，只是表示愿望）
I suggest he come to Beijing. (虚拟语气)
我建议他来北京。（可能来也可能不来，只表示建议）
（陈述语气，可能是候选人说）
（虚拟语气，可能是小学生说）
（陈述语气，得过第一名的人说）
If I won the race, I would buy a car. （虚拟语气，最后一名说）
在陈述语气中，主、从句时间一般要取得一致；而在虚拟语气中，主、从句时间经常不一致，不互相制约，因为表示愿望、假设等。如：
（时间一致，都表示将来）
如果明天下雨，我就不出门了。
（时间不一致，主句表示现在，从句表示过去）如果昨晚下雨的话，现在地上就会是湿的。
二、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
1、虚拟语气在if条件句中的使用。（表示根本不存在的情况或实现可能性很小的假设）
If the weather were fine, they would go for a swim. （would用于各种人称）
如果天气好，他们就去游泳了。（事实天气不好）
If we had time now, we should/ would read it again. （should主要用于第一人称）
要是现在我们有空，我们就把它再看一遍。（事实我们现在没空）
If I were rich, I would buy that car.
If I had a car , I should be very happy.
If you took his advice, you might be well soon. (might表示“或许”、“可能”之意) 2
如果我听了他的忠告，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实上当初我没有听他的忠告）
He wouldn’t have been able to write such a good novel if he hadn’t lived among the workers for so many years. 假如他不是和工人一起生活这么多年，他不可能写出这样好的小说。（事实上当时他和工人生活在一起了）
If I had known her telephone number, I could have called her. （could表示“能够”）
If you had told him that thing yesterday, he might have made some suggestions.
If I had had enough money, I should have bought that car.
If he had hurried, he could have caught the train.
(“should+ 动词原形”表示对将来的极大怀疑，意思是“万一”，表示可能性极小。)
万一她来的话，我就请她帮忙。（事实上她来的可能性很小）
If you should drop the glass, it would break. 杯子摔下来会打碎的。（事实上杯子没有摔下来）If I were to go to abroad, I would go to America.
If it should rain tomorrow, I might get lost.
[注意]如果说话人认为if条件句所表示的是事实（客观存在的情况或实现性很大的假设），全句就可以用陈述句语气。
If you do it once more, you will do it better.
如果你再做一遍，你就会做得更好。（事实上完全可以再做一遍）
4)混合虚拟语气
有时从句和主句分别表示发生在不同时间的动作或状态，这时，动词的形式根据它所表示的时间加以调整。
If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now.
他当时若是听从医生的话，现在就会痊愈了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在）
If you were to master English, you should have worked hard.
如果你要掌握英语，你本来应该下苦功的。（从句说明将来，主句说明过去）
You could answer most of the questions now if you had reviewed the lesson last night.
如果你昨晚复习功课，现在你就能回答大部分问题。
If he had died in the accident, he couldn’t stand in front of you now.
如果他在那次事故中死去，他现在就不会站在你面前了。
5）在if虚拟条件句句中，如果从句中含有should, had 或were，可以省去if，把should, had 或were移到主语之前。
Should it happen (=If it should happen), what would you do?
如果真发生这样的事，你怎么办呢？
Were I you (=If I were you), I would go. 如果我是你，我就去。
Had he recognized me (= If he had recognized me), he would have come over.
如果他认出了我，早就走过来了。
Were I to go home (=If I were to go home), I would do a lot of homework.
Had he hurried (=If he had hurried), he couldn’t have been late for school.
Should he fail(=If he should fail), he would leave school.
I would have called you had I known your telephone number (=If I had known your
telephone number) .
6) If it were not for + 短语….. 和If it had not been for + 短语…..也是一种条件虚拟
语气从句，意思是“如果不是……”。
If it were not for the guidance of the Party Committee, we should fail.
如果不是党委的指导，我们会失败的。（现在情况）
If it had not been for the help of our teacher, we should not have made so much
progress. 如果不是老师的帮助，我们就不会取得这么大的进步。（已发生的情况）
2、if only…..与only if…….
1) if only 作“只要”讲，引出真实条件句，谓语动词用陈述语气。
If only you work hard, you’ll learn English well.
If only it clear up, we’ll go for a picnic.
2) if only 作“如果……就好了”“要是……就好了”讲，引出虚拟条件句，用来表
示强烈的愿望或遗憾，谓语动词用虚拟语气。通常省略主句。
If only she had known where to find you!
If only I could speak several foreign languages!
If only I were you!
If only I were a bird!
If only you had known about it!
If only the alarm clock had rung!
If only I hadn’t lost it! 要是没丢掉它就好了！
[注意] 谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望。
谓语动词用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。
3）only if 表示“只有在……情况下才能……”，“只有在……条件下才能……”。
谓语动词用陈述语气。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
I told him he would succeed only if he tried hard.
[注意] only if从句如果放在主句前，则主句用倒装语序。
Only if my teacher helps me can I succeed.
三、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
1、在动词一个坚持宁愿怂恿打算安排（insist, prefer, urge, intend, arrange）；两个命令
（order, command）；四个建议（suggest, advise, propose, recommend）；五个要求（ask, require, request, demand, desire）等动词的宾语从句，谓语动词要用“（should）+ 动词原形”。
She insisted that we (should) help her.
He urged that we (should) leave.
Tom ordered that all the people (should) go to the front.
We suggest that the meeting (should) be put off.
The chairman proposed that we (should) not discuss the question.
I asked that he (should) come to my office.
The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised.
I required that the work be done tomorrow.
[注意]①suggest作“表明、暗示”“认为”讲时，从句不用虚拟语气。
Mr. Smith’s oral English suggests that he is from Canada.
Tom came home quickly, which suggested that she has passed the final exam.
Are you suggesting that I am too old for the job. （认为）
I suggest that he is lying.
②insist 作“坚持认为、坚持说”讲时，后面跟一种事实或客观情况，从句不
用虚拟语气。
He insisted that he had seen the film. (坚持认为)
The young man insisted that he had done nothing wrong and be set free.
③表示此类动词相关内容的从句（如主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句），也
使用“（should）+ 动词原形”。
It was suggested that we (should) put the match off.
His suggestion was that we (should) put the match off.
It is requested that Mr. Li (should) give a performance at the party.
2、动词wish 后的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气，表示不可能实现的愿望。其结构如下：
主语+过去式（表示与现在事实相反）
主语+wish+(that) + 主语+过去完成式或could have done（表示与过去事实相反）
主语+could / would /might+动词原形（表示将来不太可能实现的愿望）
I wish I were as strong as you.
I wish I had never met him before.
I wish I could help him.
I wished that I had known that earlier.
I wish now that I had known that yesterday
I wish I could have gone to the movies with you last night.
I wish you would go with us tomorrow.
3、would rather/had rather/ would sooner(宁愿)+从句时，从句须用虚拟语气。
表示现在和将来，用一般过去时I’d rather you came tomorrow.
表示过去，用过去完成时。I’d rather I hadn’t done that.
4、在“I am surprised /sorry + that从句”和“I regret + that从句”时，从句谓语动词要
用should，其中should不可省略，意思是“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失
望等情感。须用虚拟语气。
I am surprised that he should have been so rude to you.
四、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法
1、在“It is + adj. /n. + that 从句”中，that 从句常常用“(should)+动词原形”。这些形
容词或名词有：strange, surprising, amazing, astonishing, wrong, important, necessary, essential, natural, natural, possible, probable, ridiculous, desirable, advisable, preferable, urgent, insistent, better, funny, pitiful, eager(热切的)，anxious（急切的），unthinkable(不可想象的) ， a pity, a shame, a thousand pities，no wonder, no right等。
It is necessary that some immediate effort (should) be made. 必须立即采取行动。
It is necessary we (should) read English should every morning.
It is important that the program (should) be loaded into computer. 把程序输入计算机非常重要[注意] 在“It is strange (surprising, amazing, astonishing, wrong, a pity, a shame, a thousand pities) that从句”等结构后的that 从句谓语动词要用should，其中should不可省略，意思是“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。
It is quite wrong that the children should be given so much homework to do.
It is a pity that Henry should be so careless.
It is a shame that he should have done such a thing.
2、在It is + 过去分词+ that 从句”中，that 从句须用“(should)+动词原形”。这些
过去分词有：一个坚持宁愿怂恿打算安排（insist, prefer, urge, intend, arrange）；两
个命令（order, command）；四个建议（suggest, advise, propose, recommend）；五个
要求（ask, require, request, demand, desire）等动词的过去分词。
It is desired that we (should) arrive there before dark.
It was proposed that the matter (should) be discussed at the next meeting.
It was arranged that the party should be conducted in English.
五、虚拟语气在表语从句中和同位语从句中的用法
1、在insistence, order, command, advice, suggestion, proposal, recommendation, demand ,
desire, requirement, request, motion, plan, idea, decision等词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”。
The demand is that we (should) work hard. （表语从句）
The order is that the troops (should) withdraw at once. （表语从句）
The requirement is that we (should) keep the rules. （表语从句）
He gave me a suggestion that I (should) leave Chengdu for shanghai at once.（同位语从句）The professor gave orders that the test be finished before 5:30. （同位语从句）
He made the request that the problem should be settled at once （同位语从句）
2、as if / as though 引导的表语从句或方式状语从句所表达的内容如果与事实情况相反
或发生的可能性不大，则从句中需使用虚拟语气。
如从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时
如从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时
如从句表示将来发生的可能性不大，谓语动词用would/ might/ could +动词原形
She looks as though she were sick. （表语从句）
It looks as if it might rain. （表语从句）
He looks as if he had just met a ghost. （表语从句）
It seems as if it were winter already. （表语从句）
He talks as if he knew all about it. (方式状语从句)
She acts as though she were an expert. (方式状语从句)
He remained calm as if nothing had happened.(方式状语从句)
He talks about pyramids as though he had seen them himself.(方式状语从句)
She looks after him as if he were her own child.(方式状语从句)
但as if / as though后面的从句有时也可以用陈述语气，表示从句中的情况往往是可能发生的。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
It looks as if our side is going to win.
He walks as if he is drunk. (= He is probably drunk) （真实情况）
He walks as if he were drunk. ( but he is not drunk) （虚拟语气）
五、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
1、so that和in order that引导状语从句时谓语动词要用“can/could/may/might/will/would
等+ 动词原形”。
Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I can sign them.
I did this so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper.
I have come all the way here in order that you should understand me.
2、in case, for fear that 和lest引导的目的从句中谓语动词要用“(should) +动词原形”。
She took her raincoat with her in case / for fear that / lest she (should) be caught in the rain.
她带了雨衣，以免遭雨淋。
Remind me in case I (should) forget.
We rushed out of the house lest it should collapse.
Be quiet please in case you should wake the baby.
He handled the computer carefully for fear that it should be damaged.
[注意] in case 后也可用陈述语气（即一般现在时或一般过去时）。
You’d better take an umbrella in case it rains.
3、even if / even though引导的.让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气。
Even if he had much money now, he can’t save his wife’s life.
六、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法
在“It is (high, about) time (that)从句”中从句谓语动词用一般过去时或“should+动词原形”。其中should不能省略。
It is high time that we were off.
It is time that we went to bed.
It is time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.
It is about time we should go to bed.
七、用在由某些介词短语，连词，副词或上下文引起的含蓄条件句的主句中
有时假设的情况并不以条件句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语，连词，副词或上下文表现出来。这样的词常见的有：with, without, but for（要不是），but, in, under, or, or else, otherwise, in case of, what if, but that-clause等。
But for your help we couldn’t have succeed. 要不是你的帮助，我们是不会成功的。
They wouldn’t have reached the agreement so easily without that common ground.
没有共同立场，他们是不会那么容易达成协议的。
She wasn’t feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.
她感到不舒服，不然她不会那么早离开会场的。
I would do so in your place. 假如我处于你的位子，我会那样做的。
With better equipment, we could have done it better.
But for her guidance, we should fail. （同现在事实相反）
But for her guidance, we should have failed. （同过去事实相反）
I would have lost my head in that position.
But that you had helped me, I would not have succeeded.
Under the leadership of a less experienced person, the experiment would have failed.
[注意]分词短语，动词不定式，名词+and, 独立主格结构等都可以表示条件。
United, they wouldn’t have been defeated. (分词)
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. (分词)
It would be only partly right to answer in this way. (动词不定式)
One step further and you would be head. (名词+and)
All things considered, the price would be reasonable. (独立主格结构)
十一、虚拟语气常用于某些祝愿的句子中。
Long live the people! 人民万岁！
God bless you. 愿上帝保佑你。
God save me.
May you succeed! 祝你成功！
May you be happy.
虚拟语气练习题
1.Mike’s father, as well as his mother, insisted that he _________ home.
A. stayed
B. could stay
C. has stayed
D. stay
2.Mr. Smith insisted that he ________ the work all by himself, but nobody believed him.
A. had done
B. have done
C. did
D. so
3.Jane would never have gone to the party________ that Mary would come to see her.
A. has she known
B. had she known
C. if she know
D. if she has known
4.If you had enough money, what_________?
A. will you buy
B. would you buy
C. would you have bought
D. will you have bought
5.If you _________ that late film last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy.
A. didn’t see
B. haven’t seen
C. wouldn’t have seen
D. hadn’t seen
6.Our monitor requested that ______.
A.all the class studied more carefully the problem
B.the problem was more carefully studied
C.with great care the problem could be studied
D.all the class study the problem more carefully
7.“Would you have called her up had it been possible?”
“Yes, but I ________busy doing my homework.”
A. was
B. were
C. had been
D. would be
8.His tired face suggested that he ________ really tired after the long walk.
A. had been
B. was
C. be
D. should be
9.It is important that we ___________.
A.shall close the window before we leave
B.will close the window before we leave
C.must close the window before we leave
D.close the window before we leave
10.I didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise I ________ him.
A. had telephoned
B. would telephone
C. would have telephoned
D. telephone
11.How I wish I _______ that to him last night!
A. didn’t say
B. hadn’t said
C. wouldn’t say
D. couldn’t say
12.“ Why didn’t you buy the book?”
“ I _______, but mother ________ allow me.”
A. would, didn’t
B. would have, didn’t
C. had had, wouldn’t
D. had bought, hadn’t
13.________I would go there myself.
A. Were I you
B. I were you
C. If I had been you
D. Had I been you
14.“Do you mind if I leave the window open?”
“Well, I’d rather you ________”
A. don’t
B. didn’t
C. won’t
D. mustn’t
15.It’s time that you_______ the whole book.
A. must go over
B. can go over
C. went over
D. have gone over
16.If only my grandpa _________ this together with us now!
A. had seen
B. could see
C. must see
D. should see
17.Our chairman hasn’t come yet. If he ________ on time, we would have to put off the meeting.
A. should come
B. would come
C. shouldn’t come
D. doesn’t come
18.But for Mr. Dong, we ________ such a happy life now.
A. wouldn’t be living
B. won’t be living
C. couldn’t live
D. are not able to
19.If there were no homework to do, we should have ________.
A. much happier time
B. a much happier time
C. a more happier time
D. much happy time
20.His new job required that he _______ at the office before 7:00.
A. be
B. was
C. is
D. would be
21.He remained very calm, otherwise he ________.
A. would be found out
B. would have be found out
C. would find out
D. would have found out
22.________ today, he would get to Beijing in three days.
A. If he was leaving
B. Were he to leave
C. If he leaves
D. If he is leaving
23.If Della hadn’t sold her hair, she ________ the gold watch chain for Jim.
A. wouldn’t buy
B. would have bought
C. shouldn’t have bought
D. couldn’t have bought
24.If your uncle _______ fixing the radio, he would have brought it back to you.
A. was able to finish
B. could finish
C. had been able to finish
D. would be able to finish
25.“I’m going to Paris for my holidays.”
“I _________ a good time.”
A. hope you enjoy
B. wish you will have
C. hope you will have
D. wish you would have
26.I wish I ________busy yesterday and ________ with the recorder.
A. wasn’t, could finish
B. hadn’t been, could finish
C. hadn’t been, could have finished
D. wasn’t, could have finished
27.He insisted that he ______ really very tired and that he ________ to have a rest.
A. was, be allowed
B. was, must be allowed
C. should be, must be allowed
D. should be, be allowed
28.I should very much like_________ but you didn’t invited me.
A. to go to the party
B. to have gone to the party
C. going to the party
D. having gone to the party
29.I _________ have gone with them, but I _______ not finish my homework in time.
A. should, could
B. should, would
C. might, could
D. could, might
30.His suggestion that you ________ once more sounds reasonable.
A. try
B. tries
C. must try
D. can try
31.I would pay you if I ________.
A. can
B. could
C. may
D. would
32.Without your help, we ________ such rapid progress.
A. couldn’t make
B. wouldn’t make
C. will not have made
D. wouldn’t have made
33.It is strange that he _________ you this.
A. would tell
B. should tell
C. has told
D. had told
34.“Did you go with them?”
“ No, I was very busy, but I would have gone if I _________.”
A. had been
B. hadn’t
C. wasn’t
D. was
35.How I wish I _______ that! Everybody present was angry with me.
A. didn’t do
B. hadn’t done
C. wouldn’t do
D. wasn’t doing
36.What would you do if you ________ to meet with had weather?
A. were
B. are going
C. have
D. are
37.I’m glad we had a map. I’m sure we ________ if we _______ one.
A.would have got lost, hadn’t had
B.would get lost, hadn’t
C.couldn’t have lost, had had
D.may get lost, don’t have
38.I would have come earlier but I _______ that you were waiting.
A. wouldn’t know
B. hadn’t known
C. didn’t know
D. haven’t know
39. He _______ there, lost in thought, as if he _________ for ever his power of judgement.
A. sat, had lost
B. was sitting, lost
C. was sitting, had lost
D. had done, be
40. He insisted that he _________ his best and _________ rewarded.
A. had done, must be
B. did, must be
C. do, should be
D. had done, be
真实条件句,虚拟语气.
当我们陈述了一个事实，而又不是很有把握，就可以在陈述句后加一个简短问句，称为反意疑问句。首先看以下例句：（1） You like calssical music, don't you? 你也喜欢古典音乐，对吗？(2 He lived in Vienna, too,didn't he? 他也住在维也纳，对吗？（3）Your parents can swim, can't they? 你父母会游泳，是吗？（4） Tony doesn't like classical music,does he? 托尼不喜欢古典音乐，对吗？（5） This music isn't very popular, is it? 这音乐并非十分流行，对吗？从以上句子可以看出，反意疑问句是由“助动词/ 系动词be（肯定或否定）+主语（代词）” 构成的。在反意疑问句的构成中要注意以下几点： 1.前面当陈述句如果是肯定的，反意疑问句就要用否定形式，如（1）、（2）、（3）；前面的陈述句如果是否定的，反意疑问句就要用肯定形式，如（4）、（5）； 2.反意疑问句的主语必须是代替前面主语的代词； 3.翻译疑问句的谓语动词在时态和人称上要与前面陈述句谓语动词保持一致。陈述句部分如果有标识否定意义的词，反意疑问句要用肯定式。如：They have never visited his home, have they? 他们从来没有到他家玩过，是吧？在回答反意疑问句时，要特别注意英、汉两种语言习惯的差别。试看下面当例句：——Mr Smith isn't American, is he? 史密斯先生不是美国人，对吧？——Oh yes, he is.不对，他是美国人。可以看出，在英语中，无论问题是怎样问的，只要答语的事实是肯定句，就要用YES；只要答语的事实是否定的，就要用NO. 编辑本段英语18种特殊的反意疑问句介绍 1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或won't you构成反意疑问句，用will you 多表示“请求”，用won't you 多表示提醒对方注意。例如：Look at the blackboard, will you/ won't you?看黑板，好吗？Let引导的祈使句有两种情况：1Let's...,后的反意疑问句用shall we或shan't we。例如：Let's go home, shall we/ shan't we? 回家吧，好吗？还可以用may I来表示征求对方的同意或许可。2Let us/me...后的反意疑问句用will you或won't you。例如： Let me have a try, will you/won't you? 让我试一试，行吗？ 2.感叹句。感叹句后加反意疑问句时，其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式。例如：What fine weather, isn't it? 多好的天气啊，是吧？ 3. 当陈述部分谓语动词是need, dare, used to，且这些词被用作实义动词时，其反意疑问句需用do的适当形
情态动词与虚拟语气
情态动词与虚拟语气 【语法要点】 情态动词 所谓情态动词是指它含有一定的含义，可以表达某种感情和说话的语气，但是它不可以单独使用 作谓语动词。学习情态动词主要学习英语国家的语言习惯和表达法，特别是在口语中不要过分追求原理，更不要不根据说话场合而进行推理，编造出一些语法结构正确的中文式英语。 一、情态动词的类型 1.只作情态动词的有：must、can、could、may、might、ought to 2.既可作情态动词又可作实义动词的有：need、dare 3.既可作情态动词又可作助动词的有：shall、should、will、would 二、情态动词的特征 1.表示说话人的情感态度，不能单独作谓语，与行为动词或连系动词一起作谓语。 2.情态动词没有人称和数的变化，后接动词原形。 3.具有助动词的特征：可用来构成否定句、疑问句或简短答语。 三、情态动词的用法 1.表示能力 （1）表示现在的能力，用can 或be able to。表示一般的能力时多用can，表示“经过努力成功 的做成某事”用be able to。 （2）表示过去的能力，用could或was/were be able to。区别同上。 （3）表示将来的能力，用will be able to。 2.表示推测、可能性 （1）can 用在肯定句中表示客观的可能性，而不表示具体事情实际发生的可能性。 例如：Accidents can happy on such rainy days. （2）表示具体事情实际发生的可能性的情态动词，其表示可能性的层次如下表： 情态动词肯定式否定式疑问式 must 必定、必然、一定 will 很可能、大概不会、不该会,,吗？ would 可能性较will 小不会、不该（较won’t 弱）会,,吗？（较will 弱） should 应该会、理应（表示合乎理想的情况或结果） ought to 与should 同义 can 一定不会、不可能（否定推测）有可能吗？ could 可疑的可能不可能（与can’t 同义）有可能吗？（较can 弱）may 或许、可能、说不定可能不 might 或许、可能（较may 弱）可能不（较may not 弱） 注意→（1）may，must 常用于肯定句，一般不用于否定句和疑问句。 （2）can 常用于否定句，疑问句和感叹句中，表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等意思。could 既可用于肯定句，又可用于否定句、疑问句中。
虚拟语气时态
⒈用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件，是虚拟条件最普通的方式。 ①虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形，例如：If I were in your position I would marry her. ②虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had＋过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis. ③大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种，但并不排除存在条件和后果中，一个和现在情况相反，另一个和过去情况相反，例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。 ④但是，如果后果用了虚拟语气，而条件却用陈述语气，这种用法是错的。 ⒉除了表示虚假条件外，if从句还可以表示对将来的推测，由于是将来还没有发生的，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下，可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测，这个事实是完全可能发生的。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形，例如：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四级第44题） ⒊有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构,这时候，如果出现not等否定词，否定词需放在主语后面。这种结构在口语中很少使用，但频频出现在各类考试中出现，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis. ⒋大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达，但在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达，副词otherwise等表达出来。例如：We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.（1995年6月四级第46题）值得注意的是，包含but for的句子，谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式，但包含without等短语的句子，谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气。 ⒌有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来，而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里，于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句，例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里，如果主句没有用虚拟语气，或者从句用了虚拟语气，都是错的。 Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气 ⒈在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中，需用虚拟语气。（wish后的that 常省略），根据主句时态，从句谓语时态相应退后一位，例如：How she wished his family could go with him. ⒉在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。值得注意的是，如果宾语从句的动词是否定的，否定词not的位置应在动词之前，而不是动词之后。例如：The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外，如suggest表达“暗示”，insist表示“坚持某种说法”时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气，例如：Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy. 除此之外，上述动词也要求用虚拟式 ①在It is+上述动词的过去分词，其后所跟的主语从句中，如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms. ②在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词，其后的表语从句中，例如His suggestion
陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气的分类
一、语气的分类 英语的动词一般可带三种不同的语气: 陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。不同的语气用 动词的不同形式来表示。 陈述语气I went to the theatre yesterday.Jack hadn’t come back home yet. 祈使语气Let’s go.Don’t touch anything on the table until the bell rings. 虚拟语气If I were you, I would not leave her alone. Our teacher suggested that we go to the library this afternoon. 一、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法 条件从句If 从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式 现在V+ ed (were) would/could/should/might +V (原) 过去had done would/could/should/might+hav e+p.p. 将来 1. V. + ed.2. should+ V.(原)3. were to do would/could/should/might +V.(原) 如果现在不下雨的话, 我们就出去野餐了。If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic. 如果他来这儿, 他就能够帮助你了。If he came here, he might be able to help you. 要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。She would have gone to the party if she had been invited. 今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。If she hadn’t called me, I would have overslept this morning. 明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French. 要是失败了，我会再试一次。If it should fail, I would try again. 1. 如果你早来5分钟,你就赶上这趟车了。If you __had got_____ here five minutes earlier, you ____would have caught_____ the bus. 2.如果我现在不忙,我就来帮你了。If I __were__ not busy, I ______would help____ you now. 3. 如果明天下雪了,我们怎么办？What __should____ we do if it ___were to snow_________omorrow? 二、虚拟语气特殊句型: 1. wish 的宾语从句现在: 过去时(were) 过去: 过去完成时(had done) 未来: would/could/might +V.(原) should 我现在要是年轻十岁就好了。I wish I were ten years younger now. 我昨天要是遇见他 就好了。I wish I had met him yesterday. 我希望成为一名科学家。I wish I would be a scientist. 2. would rather that 现在:过去时过去:过去完成时未来:过去时 I would rather you paid me now. I would rather I hadn’t come yesterday. I would rather you came tomorrow. 3. as if /though + 从句现在：过去时过去：过去完成时 She loves the baby as if it were her own son. I remember the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday. 他们就像多年的朋友一样交谈。They talked as if they had been friends for years.
2018年高考英语真题分类汇编 专题06 情态动词和虚拟语气 含答案
专题六情态动词和虚拟语气 1.【2015·北京】29．—Can’t you stay a little longer? —It’s getting late. I really _____go now, My daughter is home alone. A .may B .can C . must D .dare 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：句意：——你不能再多待会儿吗?——很晚了，我必须得走了.我女儿一个人在家.A. may可能，可以，也许；B. can能，会；C. must必须，必然要，必定会；D. dare敢，胆敢.结合句意，故选C. 【考点定位】考查情态动词辨析 【名师点睛】本题是考查情态动词，这里考查的是语气的强度，在这里结合语境是“一定”的意思，所以要做好此类辨析题需掌握情态动词选项的语气并结合语境. 2.【2015·北京】34. If I _____it with my own eyes ,I wouldn’t have believed it. A . didn’t see B. weren’t seeing C. wouldn’t see D. hadn’t seen 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：句意：如果不是我亲眼看到，我不会相信.根据后半句wouldn’t have believed 可以判断是对过去的虚拟.所以从句是if+主语+ had+done的形式.故选D. 【考点定位】虚拟语气 【名师点睛】条件句中有if引导时,首先要根据句意和句子结构判断是真实条件句还是虚拟条件句,如果符合虚拟的结构,就可以根据句子中的时间和语意判断应该用哪种虚拟语气. 3.【2015·重庆】7. Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway____ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms. A.d idn’t write B. hadn’t written C. wouldn’t write D. wouldn’t have written 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：句意：没有他战时的经验，海明威就不可能写出著名的小说永别了武器.根据without his wartime experience没有战时的经历，可知表示对于过去的否定猜测，故主句
虚拟语气用法及动词形式
用法及动词形式 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况： 从句：If 主语+过去时(Be动词用were) 主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do eg： 1．If I were you,I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你） 2．If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道） 3．If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 4．If I had any money with me,I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没有带钱） 5．If he studied harder,he might pass the exam. 如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力） 6．she looked at me as if I had been a stranger. 她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。（事实：我并非陌生人） 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 从句：If 主语+had+done 主句：主语+should/would/could/might+have done eg： 1． If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。 （事实：去晚了） 2．If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。 （事实：没有听我的话） 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 从句：①if+主语+were to do 主句：①主语 +should/would/could/might+do ②if+主语+did/were ②主语+should/would/could/might+do ③if+主语+should+do ③主语+should/would/could/might+do eg： 1．If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him. 如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小）
从语言的人际功能看虚拟语气与陈述语气的差异
摘要：从语用学的角度看，虚拟语气具有陈述语气无法企及的“附愿”功能，从语言的这一人际功能研究语气的变异能够揭示虚拟语气“以言附愿”的微妙性。 关键词：虚拟语气；语气隐喻；人际功能 中图分类号：h08文献标识码：a文章编号：1671―1580（2014）02―0115―02 在英语中，通常用以下三种方式来表现语气的变化：第一，通过不同词汇的选择；第二，通过动词形式的变化；第三，通过语调的变化。在陈述语气和虚拟语气中，动词的形式是不一样的，那么不一样的动词形态在表达的意义上是否有着微妙的变化？陈述语气能否完全取代虚拟语气？ 《大学英语语法手册》第三章《虚拟语气》中有这样的陈述：“正式文体中，在表示建议、命令或请求的动词后，that从句的动词常常用虚拟形式……”此种表述本身是正确的，问题在于例句的选择全部局限在虚拟的用法上，这可能会让初学者误以为虚拟形式的表达是唯一的。《剑桥高级英语语法》对此加以补充说明：在非正式的语言环境中可以用陈述语气替代虚拟语气，例如： （1）i suggest he apply for the job. （subjunctive） （2）i suggest he applies for the job. （indicative） （3）i suggested they drive along the coast. （subjunctive） （4）i suggested they drove along the coast. （indicative） （5）it is important that i study grammar， that you study grammar， and （believe it or not） that she study grammar. （subjunctive） （6）it is important for me＼you＼him to study grammar. （indicative） 以上的例句（2）、例句（4）和例句（6）分别以陈述语气替代了虚拟语气，传达着同样的意义，但是有必要呈现出来让初学者明白，在某种程度上“虚拟”的表达形式并非是“必须”的；只是在一定的语境下，虚拟在表达上更正式一些，在语气上更强烈一些；有时在没有前提语境的情况下，虚拟还是非虚拟是很难区分的： 在此例句中，虽然虚拟和陈述的表达在语言形式上是一样的，但未必表示完全等同的含义，功能语言学认为形式和意义之间并不存在着一对一的关系。陈述语气向虚拟语气的转变与其说是语言形式的变化，不如说是意义上的重大变化。我们把这种语气变异现象，即从一种语气域向另一种语气域的转移，称为语气隐喻。语气隐喻是人际语法隐喻的体现。语言具有表达讲话者态度、动机和对事物判断等功能，按照不同的意愿选择不同的语气就是人际语法隐喻。一种言语功能可以由不同的语气来体现；反之，一种语气也可以体现一种以上的语言功能。 既然虚拟式可以用陈述式来替代，那么是否意味着虚拟的表达形式没有深入探讨的必要呢？有的研究者认为“表面上纷繁复杂的虚拟用法其实完全可以归入陈述语气和祈使语气之下。取消虚拟语气理据充分，有助于结束学界在虚拟语气问题上的尴尬。”基于这种论调，多数人为了规避风险有意绕开虚拟的表达形式从而使得本来就很难运用得当的虚拟语气处于一种临界消失的边缘状态。下面我们从虚拟语气的几种常用表达上阐述虚拟语气与陈述语气的细微差别，从而揭示虚拟语气在表达意义和传递情感上的独到之处。 一、虚拟式表示一种愿望，陈述式表示一种事实 （8）god bless us. （subjunctive） （9）god blesses us.（indicative） 二、虚拟式表示难于或无法实现的愿望，陈述式表示可实现的愿望 （11）i hope she is happy. （indicative） 四、虚拟式表示一种怀疑或无法证实的猜测，陈述式表示有据可依的猜测
情态动词与虚拟语气
一．情态动词 1.---Could I borrow your dictionary? ----Yes,of course you_____. A.might B. will C. can D. should 2.---Shall we go skating or stay at home? ----Which _____do yourself? A.do you rather B.would you rather C.will you rather D.should you rather 3.It’s nearly seven o’clock.Jack ___be here at any moment. A. must B need C should D can 4.A computer __think for itself ,it must be told what to do. A. can’t B couldn’t C may not D might 5. Johnny,you ___play with the knife.You ___hurt yourself. A.won’t ;can’t B. mustn’t; may C. shouldn’t; must D. can’t; shouldn’t 6.—Shall I tell John about it? -----No,you _____.I’ve told him already. A. needn’t B.wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t 7.---Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. ----______. A.I don’t B.I won’t C.I can’t D.I haven’t 8.He ____you more help,even though he was busy. A.might have given B.might give C.may have given D.may give 9.----There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. ---It ___a comfortbable journey. A.can’t be B.shouldn’t be C.mustn’t have been D.couldn’t have been 10.I told Sally how to get there ,but perhaps I ___for her. A.had to write it out B.must to have written it out C.should have written it out D.ought to write it out 11.---When can I come for photos?I need them tomorrow afternoon. ---They ___be ready by 12:00. A.can B. should C might D need 12.---I stayed at a hotel while in New York. ----Oh,did you?You ____with Barbara. A.could have stayed B.could stay C.would stay D.must have stayed 13.-----Alice, you feed the bird today.____? -----But I fed it yesterday. A.do you B.will you C.didn’t you D.don’t you 14.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ____get out. A.had to B.would C.was able to D.could
情态动词虚拟语气练习及答案
@ 情态动词和虚拟语气 1. Jack descried his father, who ________a brave boy many years ago, as a strong-wiled man A. would be B. would have been C. must be D. must have been ） 2. —Good morning. I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department. —Ah, good morning. You _______ be Mrs. Peters. A. might B. must C. would D. can recommend parents _______ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. ~ A. not allow B. do not allow C. mustn’t allow D. couldn’t allow 4. You_______ buy a gift, but you can if you want to. A. must B. mustn't C. have to D. don't have to 5. —I haven’t got the reference book yet, but I’ll have a test on the subject next month. —Don’t worry. You________ have it by Friday. A. could B. shall C. must D. may w_w w. k#s 6. I have told you the truth I keep repeating it A. Must B. Can C. May D. Will ~ 7. Doctors say that exercise is important for health, but it _______ be regular exercise. A. can B. will C. must D. may 8. Just be patient. You ________ expect the world to change so soon. A. can’t B. needn’t C. may not D. will not 9. I’m afraid Mr. Harding ________ see you now. He’s busy. A. can’t B. mustn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t 10. I _______ have watched that movie—it’ll give me horrible dreams. A. shouldn’t B. needn’t C. couldn’t D. mustn’t < 11. –May I take this book out of the reading room –No, you . You read it in here. A. mightn’t B. won’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t 12. —Sorry, Professor Smith. I didn't finish the assignment yesterday. — Oh, you _________ have done it as yesterday was the deadline. A. must B. mustn't C. should D. shouldn't 13. — _______ I take the book out —I'm afraid not. *
虚拟语气用法总结及详细解析
虚拟语气用法 英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类。 1、表示动作或状态是客观存在的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中。 China is an Asian country. (肯定句) How interesting my stay in China has been! (感叹句) 2、祈使句表示说话人对对方的请求、警告，建议或命令。如: Please come over here. 请到这边来。 Watch your steps! 当心!(走路) 3、虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设而非事实，或难以实现的情况，甚至表达彻底相反的概念。此外，如需表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时，也可用虚拟语气。虚拟语气是由句中的谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来的。如: If I were a bird，I would be able to fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish I could pass the examination. 我希望我能通过考试。
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。 If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。 4、有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。 ①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。 ②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。 If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。 5、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were, should, had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。 Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。 Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。 【注意】 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were，should，had 等缩略成Weren't，Shouldn't，Hadn't而置于句首。 Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。 ②有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词: Had I time，I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time…) 6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。 ①将条件会暗含在介词短语中，如without…, but for…,otherwise（要不是因为）等 But for his help, we would be working now. (要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
2018年专四真题虚拟语气和情态动词 章振邦语法书页数标注
Subjunctive mood (P122, p. 129. P 143 动词过去完成体P181-190, 395)条件句 14. “I wondered if I could have a word with you.” The past tense in the sentence refers to a __B___. (p128) 2017 A. past event for exact time reference B. present event for tentativeness C. present event for uncertainty D. past event for politeness V. in specific contexts, the simple past can also denote the present or the future time. There are two uses. One is known as the attitudinal past (属于“表态性过去时” (attitudinal past), 即表示说话人当前的试探性态度, 而非过去时间, 多用于表示意愿或心理状态的动词) , that is , the past tense is associated with the present time in independent clauses expressing a question, request or suggestion. Its effect is to make the question/request/suggestion less direct, implying a polite, somewhat tentative attitude试探性态度，婉转语气on the part of the speaker. A: Did you want me? B.Yes, I wondered if you could give me some help . Want, wonder, think, hope
虚拟语气的构成及其用法
语气 (mood)是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。 直陈语气(indicative mood),表示所说的话是事实。 祈使语气 (imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。 虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。 一. 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用 学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。 如： If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。 Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。 虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。 1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式 (be的过去式用were), 主句的谓语用should （would, might，could）+动词原形。 如： If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。 （事实是：天在下雨，我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。） If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。 （事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。） 2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词，主句的谓语用should （ would, might， could）+ have ＋过去分词。
情态动词和虚拟语气
要点一情态动词的基本用法 ,could 【温馨提示】 can有时也用于肯定句,表示理论上的可能性或一时的情况。常译为“有时会”。 ,might 【温馨提示】 may表示请求许可时,其否定回答一般用mustn’t。may not意为“可能不”,而can’t意为“不可能”。 ,would 【温馨提示】 would表示过去的习惯时仅指动作,而且不与现在作对比;used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,而且与现在作对比,说明现在这种动作或状态已经不存在。
,should,ought to ,have to 【温馨提示】 (1)在回答must的问句时,否定回答通常用needn’t或don’t have to。(2) mustn’t表示“禁止;不许”;而don’t have to表示“不必”。(3) must只有一种形式,而have to有人称、时态的变化。 的用法 的用法
【温馨提示】 (1)dare用作情态动词有dare,dared两种形式。 (2)dare用作实义动词,后接不定式,不定式符号to可省去,但dare以动词-ing形式出现时,不定式符号to不能省略。 要点二“情态动词+have done ”的用法 have done表示对过去已发生的事情进行肯定的推断,只用于肯定句中,意为“一定,必定”,其否定形式为:can’t/cannot have done。 It must have rained last night,for the road was quite wet. 昨晚肯定下雨了,因为路面十分潮湿。 I saw Mr Wang just can’t have gone abroad. 刚刚我还看见王先生了,他不可能已经出国了。 have done意为“本来可以……,本来能够……”,表示虚拟语气。 You could have made greater progress,but you didn’t try your best. 你本来可以取得更大的进步,但是你没有努力。 might have done表示对过去已发生的事情进行推断,意为“可能/或许已经……”。其否定形式为: may/might not have done意为“可能没有做……”。 It’s no use going to his may not have gone may have gone somewhere else. 去他家没用。他可能没有回家,可能已经去了别的地方。 ought to have done表示本应该做某事,却没有做,含有责备或后悔之意。其否定形式为should not/ought not to