英语名词知识点讲解

英语名词知识点讲解
英语名词知识点讲解

Lesson 1 名词

定义:名词(noun),缩写为n. 是人和事物的名称,如pen(钢笔),English(英语),life(生活)。

1、名词的分类

名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:

1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。

2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。

3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。

4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:

3、名词复数的不规则变化

1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth

mouse---mice man---men woman---women

注意:与man 和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women。

如:an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。

2)单复同形如:

deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese

li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin

但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:

a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters

3)集体名词

只在动词使用时区分,如果将名词所表示的集体是为一个整体,则位于动词用单数;

如果将名词表示的集体是为分散的个体,位于动词则用复数。如:

The class is small. 这是小班。

The whole class are working very hard at English. 这个班上的学生学习英语很刻苦。

4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:

a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。

b. news 是不可数名词。

c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。

The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。

d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。

"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.

<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。

5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,永远以复数形式出现如:glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes

若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,且只能在表示不同种类时采

用复数,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼

4、不可数名词量的表示

1)物质名词

a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。

比较:Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)

These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)

b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。

This factory produces steel.(不可数)

We need various steels.(可数)

2)抽象名词有时也可数。

four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四个现代化

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。

如:

a glass of water 一杯水

a piece of advice一条建议

5、名词所有格

名词所有格(possessive case)表示人或物的所属关系。主要有三种形式:’s形式,of +名词形式和双重所有格形式

1)’s形式所有格

即:表示有生命的东西的名词的所有格

表示有生命的东西的名词(人或动物)的末尾,加上's,即构成所有格,可放在另一名词之前,作定语用。如:

John's friend约翰的朋友

Xiao Wang's notebook小王的笔记本

children's books儿童读物

my father's room我父亲的房间

注意形式1)单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所,children’s book 儿童读物。

2)若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加"'",如:the workers' struggle工人的斗争。

2)of +名词形式

常用于没有生命的事物:the title of the song 歌的名字

3)双重所有格形式

即结合上述两种形式"of+名词所有格" ,表示部分观念或感情色彩。

(1)表示部分观念:

a friend of my sister's (= one of my sister's friends)我妹妹的一个朋友;

a picture of Mr. Wu's吴先生(具有的照片中)的一张照片(比较:a picture of Mr. Wu 吴先生本人的照片,即照片上是吴先生的像)。

(2)表示感情色彩:

this lovely child of your aunt's你婶母的这个可爱的孩子

名词所有格所修饰的词的省略

名词所有格所修饰的词,如果前面已经提到,往往可以省略,以免重复。如:

The dictionary is not mine, but Xiao Wang's.这本词典不是我的,是小王的。

名词所有格后面指地点等的名词,有的习惯上可省去不用。如:

I met him at the Johnson's (shop).我在约翰逊商店遇见了他。

I went to my uncle's (house) yesterday.我昨天到我叔叔家去

初中英语名词知识点

名词的分类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词。 1、专有名词:个人,地方,机构等专有名称,如:China,Shanghai,Lilei等。专有名词的首字母通常要大写。具体说来,它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如:Jim吉姆China中国July七Friday星期五Christmas圣诞节English 英语 2、普通名词:指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。 1)个体名词:某类人或东西中的个体,如fighter,gun,country,cup,desk,student等。一般可数,有单复数形式。 2)集体名词:若干个体组成的集合体,如family,team,police,class等。一般可数,有单复数形式 3)物质名词:无法分为个体的实物,如cotton,tea,air等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。 4)抽象名词:动作,状态,品质,感情等抽象概念。如health,happiness,love,work,life 等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。

名词的所有格: 1、's 所有格: 1)构成: A. 一般词尾+ 's.:the teacher's office, Xiao Li's sister's husband's mother. B. 以s 结尾的复数名词只+"' ": workers' rest room. C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加's: children's toys. D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加's:my sister-in-law's brother. E. 表示共同所有的几个名词,只在最后一个词的后面加's:This is Tom, James and Dick's room. F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词,在每个名词后分别加's: Jenny's, Jean's and Mary's rooms face to the south. G. 名词短语只在最后一个词后加's:a quarter of an hour's talk. 2)用法: A. 名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词,表示所属关系:Lei Feng's dairy. B. 用于表示时间的名词:today's paper. an hour's drive. Friday's work. C. 用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词:the country's plan. the farm's fruit. China's population. D. 用于表示由人组成的集体名词: our party's stand E. 用于表示度量、价值的名词: two dollars' worth of books. a pound's weight. 2、of所有格: 1)凡不能用's 属格的情况可用of 属格表示所属关系: the City of New York. a map of China.

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1. ( ) 1 She was very happy. She in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake ( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( ) 3 _____are____for cutting things. A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using ( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes ( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 6 -Can we have some ___? -Yes, please. A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear

( ) 7 On the table there are five____. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 2 ( ) 1 They got much ___ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us____ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice ( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news ( ) 4 What___ lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a 3 ( ) 1 -Would you like___tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange

英语名词知识点讲解

Less on 1 名词 定义:名词(noun),缩写为n.是人和事物的名称,如pen(钢笔),English(英语),life(生活)。1名词的分类 名词可以分为专有名词( Proper Nou ns)和普通名词(Com mon Nou ns ),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beiji ng. Ch ina等。普通名词是一类人或东西或 是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1) 个体名词(In dividual Nou ns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2) 集体名词 (Collective Nou ns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3) 物质名词(Material Nou ns ):表示无法分为个体的实物,如: air。 4) 抽象名词(Abstract Nou ns):表 示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,女口:work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词( Cou ntable Nou ns ),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词( Uncoun table Nou ns )。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:

3、名词复数的不规则变化 1)c hild---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---me n woma n---wome n 注意:与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。 女口:an En glishma n, two En glishme n. 但Germa n 不是合成词,故复数形式为Germa ns ;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。 2 )单复同形女口: deer,sheep,fish,Chinese, Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。女口: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3 )集体名词 只在动词使用时区分,如果将名词所表示的集体是为一个整体,则位于动词用单数; 如果将名词表示的集体是为分散的个体,位于动词则用复数。如: The class is small.这是小班。 The whole class are working very hard at English.这个班上的学生学习英语很刻苦。 4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b. news是不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 The Uni ted Natio ns was orga nized in 1945.联合国是1945 年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。

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二、名词的数 名词按照其可数性可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是指可以直接计算数目的名词。个体名词和集体名词多数是可数名词;不可数名词是指无法直接用数目计算的词。物质名词和抽象名词多数是不可数名词。 1.可数名词的数 在英语中,可以直接用数字进行计算的名词是可数名词,不能直接用数字进行计算的名词是不可数名词。通常个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,视为可数名词;物质名词和抽象名词往往指泛指的物质或者抽象的概念,不能用具体的数字来表示,视为不可数名词。专有名词往往只指一个人或物,因此没有必要再用具体的数字来修饰,一般也视为不可数名词。

eg: I was having dinner at a restaurant. eg: The two children are playing table tennis in the school. eg: Mr.Black gave us some advice on how to learn English well. eg: Paris is the capital of France. ①规则复数变化形式 可数名词在表示两个或两个以上的概念时需要用复数形式。可数名词单数形式变成复数形式的一般规则如下表:

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all adj. & pron. allow v. almost adv. alone adj. along adv. & prep aloud adv. already adv. 第 1 页共 48 页 also adv. although conj. always adv. America / the USA American adj. among prep. and conj. angry adj. animal n. another adj. & pron. answer n. & v. ant n. any pron. & adj. anybody pron. anyone pron. anything pron. anyway adv. anywhere adv. appear v. apple n. April n. area arm n. army n. around prep. arrive v. art n. article n.

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