语言学试卷1-8汇总(考试)
语言学——词义真题
词义的真题汇总
基本词汇和一般词汇：
基本词汇一般词汇（8名解并比较）
举例说明什么是基本词汇,一般词汇,两者的关系及作用（5复试简答）
简述将词汇分成基本词汇和一般词汇两类所具有的作用和意义（5复试简答）基本词汇和一般词汇的关系（4简答）
基本词汇和一般词汇的划分及其意义（5复试问答）
常用语、非常用语，基本词、非基本词都是根据用法特点而分的类（9判断）
义素分析法：
义素分析法的过程和意义（8分析）
义素分析（名解）
什么是义素分析法？列出“踩、踢、踹”的矩阵图，并进行义素分析。
（9复试简答）
义素分析法（4复试名解）
语义场：
举例语义场的作用（9简答）
语义场（7复试名解）
隐喻和换喻：
隐喻换喻（8名解并比较）
词义演变的途径（3举例说明）
词义：
举例说明语言中词义的特点（7举例说明下列各题）
词义的民族性（9复试举例解释）
举例说明，词的本义和中心意义之间的关系。
（6分析）
下面是四种词典对“蚕食”、“鲸吞”的解释，以其中任何一词为例说明词义的构成，并评价各种释义的优劣。
（6复试问答）
词汇意义和语法意义的区别（5复试问答）
词义的核心是理性义和色彩义。
(8判断)
语义：
语义指向（6名解）
语法，语义，语用三个平面的区别和联系（4问答）
下面两句在现实表达中都不成立，为什么？但另一方面，一般人又觉得句（1）比句（2）的可接受程度似乎要高一些，这又为什么？请运用语言学理论作具体分析。
（12分）（5复试分析）
（1）小草在痛苦地欣赏着那只黄牛。
（2）痛苦那小草只在欣赏地黄牛着。
语言学纲要复习材料整理导言部分
《语言学纲要》复习题集汇总导言一,名词解释(20分,每小题4分)1.语言学：就是以语言为研究对象的科学,主要研究语言的本质、结构和发展规律，使人们懂得关于语言的理性知识，从而提高人们运用语言的能力和水平。
2.“小学”：指我国传统的语文学,包括文字学,音韵学,训诂学三方面的内容.3.专语语言学：也叫具体语言学,个别语言学,以一种(或几种有联系的)语言为研究对象,研究某一种语言的结构.它为普通语言学提供丰富的材料，要吸收应用普通语言学的研究成果，接受普通语言学的指导，与普通语言学相互促进，共同发展。
4.共时语言学：以同时的,静态分析的方法,研究语言相对静止的状态,描写分析语言在某一个时期,某一个阶段的状况,是从横向的方面研究语言.又可分为描写语言学和对比语言学两类。
其中描写语言学是我们最熟悉的，它对语言进行的是断代似的研究，对语言在某一个时代状况作客观的深入细致的描写分析，以期反映出这种语言的基本面貌。
对比语言学是在描写几种语言状况的基础上进行对比研究，找出二者的不同。
5.历时语言学：从历时的,动态的角度研究语言发展的历史,观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变,是从纵向的方面研究语言的历史.涉及到一种语言的，叫做历史语言学，如历史语音学、历史词汇学、历史语法学等；涉及到多种语言和方言的，叫做历史比较语言学。
6.普通语言学：以人类所有的语言为研究对象,探讨人类语言的共同规律,是在具体语言学基础上建立起来的,下面又分普通语音学,普通语法学,普通词汇学等分支学科.7.语文学：语文学又称传统语言学，用于指19世纪历史比较语言学产生之前的语言研究，这时的语言研究尚未确立，语言学作为其他学科的附庸而存在，语言研究的主要目的是为了阅读古籍和语言教学，从而为统治者治理国家或为其他学科的研究服务。
我国传统的语文学包括文字学、音韵学和训诂学。
二，填空题1 _中国_, __印度__, 古希腊-罗马,具有悠久的历史文化传统,是语言学的三大发源地.2 文字学, 音韵学,训诂学是我国传统的语文学3研究语言的结果,主要是研究语音, 词汇和语义, 语法三个部分4运用语言传递信息的过程,可以分为编码发送传递接收解码五个阶段5专语语言学可以从历时和共时研究语言,由于研究角度不同,所以又分为历史语言学和描写语言学6历史比较语言学的建立.标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路（19世纪初出现的）7布龙菲尔得的代表著作《语言论》是美国结构注意语言学的奠基性著作.对美国结构主义语言学的形成,发展有重要的作用和深远的影响8_索绪尔被称为现在语言学之父,其代表作<普通语言学教程>在语言学上与有十分重用的地位9、印度最早的经典所使用的是梵语10、西方和我国的语言研究基本上是在文艺复兴和五四运动这两个运动之后分别走上独立发展的道路的。
试题之现代汉语部分
语言学试题汇总现代汉语部分绪论 填空题1. “汉语拼音方案”由全国人民代表大会于“()”年正式颁布实行。
2. 1951年新的国家政权刚刚建立的百废待兴之际，《人民日报》发表了《为纯洁祖国语言而努力奋斗》的社论，并用了半年的时间连载有关正确使用现代汉语的文章。
这些文章的作者是( )、( )，连载文章第二年汇集出版，书名为( )。
3.《马氏文通》是我国现代语言学的奠基作，它的作者是( )，正式出版于（）年。
4. 40年代初，吕叔湘，高名凯先后分别写出了( ), ( ), ( )；这三部书标志我国现代语法研究进入了寻找汉语特点的独立研究新时期。
5. 罗常培撰写的( )一书，是我国现代语言学中语言与文化关系研究的一部先导性著作。
6. 中国现代修辞学史第一部开创性的，并对后来的修辞研究产生广泛影响的著作是出版于30年代的( )。
作者是( )。
(均厦大2000，文字)7. 汉语属于( )语系，它的附属语言分别属于( )语族、( )语族和( )语族。
(南开2001，语用、文字) 试题分析 【考点】绪论主要有两部分的内容:一是有关推广普通话，汉字改革和汉语规范化的一些政策文件、文章以及汉民族共同语言形成的历史；二是汉语研究的成果，著名语言学家及其代表著作等。
【难点】这些都是语言学的一些基本常识，而且为数不多，较容易掌握。
但有时反而在复习时容易疏忽、遗漏，因此也要予以足够的重视。
【重点】有关现代汉语研究的著名学者及其著作，理论主张是重点。
语音 名词解释1. 音位(吉大2000，文字)2. 齿头音3. 超音质音位(均复旦1997，语言学、现代汉语、汉语史)4. 语流音变(厦大2000，文字)5. 音位变体6. 注音字母(均厦大2001，文字)试题分析 【考点】语音的物质性，语音的记录(汉语拼音方案、国际音标、注音字母)，语音分析，音节结构的一些专有名词。
音变，音位，音调等。
【难点】音变(语流音变和历史音变)，音位，音位变体(音品，又分为必然音品、随意音品)。
语言学考试试卷2
Model 3I. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration if it is necessary.1.Phonology: __________________________2. Co-occurrence: ______________________3. Lingua franca: _______________________4. Language acquisition: _________________5. category: ________________________6. Domain: ____________________________7. Interlanguage: _______________________8. Acculturation: _______________________9. endocentric: ____________________________10.Narrow transcription:__________________II. Indicate the following statements true or false.1) . Print serves as a map of linguistic structure, readers use the clues to morphological structure that are embedded in orthography in reading the printed words.2) . Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.3). The long vowels are all lax vowels, and the short vowels are all tense vowels.4). Language is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situationalconstraints.5). It takes a baby about one year and half listening to its mother tongue before actually producing meaningful words.6). Modern linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written.7). An excessive use of euphemism may have negative effect.8). Language determines the ways we perceive the objective world.9). Chomsky classifies conceptual metaphors into three categories: ontological metaphors, structural metaphors and orientational metaphors.10). What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.III. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1）In addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left hemisphere are vital to language: B _____ area, W_____ and angular g_____.2）Language varieties other than the standard are called v______.3）Social d_____ are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular classes.4）Like sound and morphological changes, syntactic change in English involves l_____, g _____ and modification.5）The history of English lexical expansion is one that is characterized with heavy b ____ and word f _____.6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human c______.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of s_____ over writing.8. The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to c______; otherwise it would be impossible for them to go on with the talk. The general principle is called the C_____P____.9. The maxim of relation requires that what the conversation participants say must be r_____.10. The relationship between an embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a p____ to a whole.IV. Mark the choice that would best complete the statement.1. Predication analysis refers to the kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents: ______ and predicate.A. verbB. subjectC. objectD. arguments2. Language has at least seven basic functions: phatic, directive, informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative, and______.A. emotionalB.communicative C. performative D. interactive3. Black English is characterized by the followingExcept_______.A. omit auxiliary verbB. drop the final phoneme.C. the double negation constructionD. absence of the copula4. Langue refers to the abstract 1inguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and _______ refers to actualized language, or realization of langue.A. speechB. paroleC. wordD. lexeme5. Lin guistic potential is similar to Saussure’s “langue” and Chomsky’s “_____”.A. performanceB. abilityC. competenceD. structure6. The vocal ______ are similar to strings such as one on a violin or a piano.A. stringsB. bandsC. cordsD. sounds7. Through the ______ of La-La sound, Engla-land came to be pronounced England.A. elaborationB. simplificationC. assimilationD. internal borrowing8. The word “ zoo” was formed in the way of ______.A. shorteningB. clippingC.abbreviation D. blending9. By ______, we refer to word forms which differ from each other only by one sound, e. g., "pin" and "bin".A. complementary distributionB. minimal pairC. free variationD. adjacency pairl0. Jacob Grimm’s great contribution to historical linguistics is his discovery of___.A. the Great Vowel ShiftB.the Indo-European languagesC. the sound shiftD. the Universal grammarl1. Morphologically the______ is the smallest unit that cannot be further divided.A. phonemeB. morphemeC.lexeme D. sememe12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate?A. [ j ]B. [ t ]C. [ z ]D. [ ? ]l3. _____ is the study of the rules governing the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to form sentences in language.A. StructureB. SyntaxC. GrammarD. Linguistics14. ______ construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction.A. ExtralinguisticB.Exocentric B. Internal D. Externall5. Traditional grammarians began with ____ definition of the sentence and its components.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC.notional D. structurall6. The semantic components of the word _____ are + Human, +Adult, +male, - Married.A. husbandB. manC. bachelorD. widow17. Dutch, English, Flemish, German, etc. are usually considered as West Germanic _______ Languages.A. ToneB. Indo-EuropeanC.Syllabic D. Agglutinative18. The view that language can be regarded as the dress of thought can be dated back to the time of ______.A. PlatoB. ShakespeareC. ChauD. Saussure19. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinism and linguistic _______.A. domainB. relativityC. performanceD. competence20. In sociolinguistics, ______ refers to a group of institutionalized social situations typically constrained by a common set of behavioral rules.A. domainB. situationC. societyD. communityV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.1. Decide the meaning of the following affixes and roots and give each affix two examples.re- un- anti- super- mis- audi- ge ne- semi- ~path ~wise ~ize ~age2. How can consonants be classified?3. Why do we say language is arbitrary?4. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups do the following：1). State whether it is headed or non-headed2). If headed, state its headword3). Name the type of constructionsEx. His son will be keenly competing.Answer: headed, headword 一competing; verbal group.( a ) Ducks quack.( b ) The ladder in the shed is long enough.( c ) I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.( d ) Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries.5. Explain the main characteristics of subjects in English.KeysI 1. The study of sound system---the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.2. It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. For instance , what can precede a noun ( dog ) is usually the determiners and adjectives , and what can follow it when it takes the position of subject will be predicators such as bark , bite , run , etc . In short, co-occurrence is the syntactic environment in which a construction, with its relevant elements, can appear grammatically and conventionally. Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.3. Lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a common speech for social contact among groups of people who speak different native languages or dialects.4. It is a general term used to refer to the development of a person’s first, second, or foreign language. That is, h ow he understands and to speak the language of his community.5. The term category in some approaches refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense ,e.g., noun , verb , subject , predicate , noun phrase , verb phrase , etc . More specifically, It refers to the defining properties of these general units: the categories of the noun, for example, include number, gender, case and countability; and of the verb, for example, tense, aspect , voice , and so on.6. Domain refers to a phenomenon that most bilingual communications have one thing in common, that is, a fairly clear functional differentiation of the two languages in respect of speech situations, for instance the Home Domain, Employment Domain etc.7. It refers to a separate linguistic system based on the observable out-put which results from a learner’s attempted production of a target language form. It is formed when he attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first and the second language but is neither.8. Acculturation refers to the process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language Community.9. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable Centre or Head. In the phrase two pretty girls, girls, is the Centre or Head of this phrase or word group.10. Narrow transcription —— diacritics are added to the one – letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds. Forexample, the sound [ l ] in the above mentioned words differ slightly. The [ l ] in leaf [ l:f ], occurring before a vowel is called a clear [ l ] and the [ l ] in feel [fi:l] , occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant is called a dark [ l ] and in narrow transcription the diacritic [ ~ ] is used to indicate it is a dark [ ? ]. Then in the sound combination [helθ] the sound is called a dental [l ] because it is followed by dental [θ ]II. 1.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TIII. 1. Broca’s; Wernicke’s; gyrus 2. vernacular; 3. dialect; 4. loss, gain; 5. borrowing, formation;6. communication;7.speech;8. communicate, Cooperative Principle;9.relative; 10. part;IV. 1.D 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.B 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.B 20.AV. 1. again; not or the opposite action; greater or more than usual; badly or wrong(ly); listening; life; heat; half; emotion; inthemanner of; disease of inflection of; to make of the statedtype or put into the stated condition; the process of an action;2.Consonants ca be classified in two ways:1) according to the manner of articulation;2) according to the place of articulation;3. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration the arbitrary nature of language. It is only our tacit agreement of utterance.4. ( a. ) ( nonheaded, independent clause )( b ) ( non-head , prepositional phrase )( c ) ( headed; headword 一damaged ; adjectival group ) ( d ) ( headed; headword 一singing ; gerundial phrase )5. The grammatical category “subject” in different language possesses different characteristics. In English, "subject" may have the following characteristics:A. Word order: Subject ordinarily precedes the verb in a statement such as "Sally collects stamps."B. Pronoun forms: The first and third person pronouns In English appear in a special form when the pronoun is a subject. This form is not used when the pronoun occurs in other positions:He loves me I love him. We threw stones at them. They threw stones at us.C. Agreement with verb: In the simple present tense, an -s is added to the verb when a third person subject is singular. However , the number and person of the object or any other element in the sentence have no effect at all on the form of theverb :She angers him．They anger him. She angers them.D. Content questions: if the subject, is replaced by a question word (who or what),the rest of the sentence remains unchanged, as in ( b ) But when any other element of the sentence is replaced by a question word , an auxiliary verb must appear before the subject . If the basic sentence does not contain an auxiliary verb, we must Insert did or do (es) immediately after the question word, as in (d, e).。
语言学概论在线考试1
C.文字
D.语音
☆考生答案：D
★考生得分：0.6分评语：
2.人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性____。（0.6分）A.理性思维
B.间接思维
C.直观思维
D.抽象思维
☆考生答案：C
★考生得分：0.6分评语：
3.语汇的普遍性使得各种语言的语汇能表达大量共同的概念，而则使得某种语言的语汇又能体现一些独特的认识。（0.6分）A.民族性
正确
☆考生答案：错误
★考生得分：0.6分评语：
9.地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（0.6分）错误
正确
☆考生答案：正确
★考生得分：0分评语：
10.语言具有自然属性，是自然现象。（0.6分）错误
正确
☆考生答案：错误
★考生得分：0.6分评语：
二.单选题（共10题,共6分）1.国际音标是由国际语音学会制定、用来标写世界上各种语言或方言的的标号。（0.6分）A.符号
正确
☆考生答案：错误
★考生得分：0.6分评语：
4.语言是一种特殊的社会现象。（0.6分）错误
正确
☆考生答案：正确
★考生得分：0.6分评语：
5.汉语中语素大多数是单音节形式，书面上用一个汉字记录，语素、词和字三者是一一对应关系。（0.6分）错误
正确
☆考生答案：错误
★考生得分：0.6分评语：
6.词根语素简称词根，是词的主干部分，词的主要词汇意义由它体现出来。（0.6分）错误
正确
☆考生答案：错误
★考生得分：0.6分评语：
7.语音的社会属性首先体现为，语音与语义的结合由社会约定俗成，离开了社会的约定俗成，就没有语言的产生，也就没有语音的存在。（0.6分）错误
英语语言学练习题(8页)
Linguistics supplementary exercisesChapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not inisolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics. 29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language froma ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45.Psycholinguistics46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49. Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58. Performance 59. Langue 60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 PhonologyⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness 双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。
社会语言学考试题及答案
社会语言学考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 社会语言学研究的主要对象是：A. 语言结构B. 语言使用C. 语言演变D. 语言起源答案：B2. 以下哪个术语不是社会语言学的范畴？A. 语域B. 语码转换C. 语音学D. 语言变异答案：C3. 社会语言学中，语域指的是：A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的社会功能C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的词汇组成答案：B4. 语言变异通常与以下哪个因素有关？A. 年龄B. 性别C. 教育水平D. 所有以上因素答案：D5. 语码转换是指：A. 语言的转换B. 语言的混合C. 语言的借用D. 语言的替换答案：B6. 在社会语言学中，性别差异对语言使用的影响主要表现在：A. 发音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 以上都是答案：D7. 以下哪个选项不是社会语言学研究的方法？A. 问卷调查B. 观察法C. 实验法D. 计算法答案：D8. 社会语言学研究中，社会阶层对语言的影响主要体现在：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的词汇C. 语言的语法D. 语言的风格答案：D9. 以下哪个术语与社会语言学无关？A. 社会方言B. 地域方言C. 语言接触D. 语言习得答案：D10. 社会语言学研究的主要目的是：A. 描述语言现象B. 解释语言现象C. 预测语言现象D. 以上都是答案：D二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述社会语言学的定义。
答案：社会语言学是研究语言与社会之间关系的一个语言学分支，它探讨语言如何反映和影响社会结构、文化和社会身份。
2. 描述社会语言学中的“语码转换”现象。
答案：语码转换是指在不同的社会情境或与不同的社会群体交流时，人们会根据需要在不同语言或方言之间进行切换。
3. 社会语言学研究中，如何理解“语言变异”？答案：语言变异是指在不同的社会群体中，由于社会、文化、地域等因素影响，语言的发音、词汇、语法等方面表现出的差异。
4. 社会语言学研究有哪些主要方法？答案：社会语言学研究的主要方法包括问卷调查、观察法、访谈、语料库分析等。
语言学概论 复习题汇总
语言学概论一、术语解释1.语言学：语言学就是专门以语言为研究对象的一门独立的科学。
语言学的任务就是研究语言的性质、功能、结构及其运用等问题，揭示语言存在和发展的规律，使人们理解并掌握语言的理性知识。
2.2.索绪尔：现代语言学的历史，是从瑞士语言学家费尔迪南·德·索绪尔开始的。
索绪尔的代表作是《普通语言学教程》。
索绪尔被誉为“现代语言学之父”，《普通语言学教程》是现代语言学的奠基之作。
索绪尔的语言学思想和19世纪以前的语文学最根本的区别在于：把语言看成是由各个符号之间的关系组成的有价值的结构系统。
3.布龙菲尔德：是美国描写语言学派的核心人物。
他们注重语言行为的描写，而不注重语言能力的解释；眼于语言间的差异，而不重视语言的普遍性。
其著作有《语言论》4乔姆斯基：1957年美国语言学家诺姆·乔姆斯基《句法结构》的出版，标志着“转换生成语法”的诞生。
这一理论是建立在理性主义的哲学基础之上的，它完全不同于建立在经验主义基础之上的美国结构主义，因此，它的出现是对当时居于主流地位的美国结构主义语言学的一大挑战，被人称作“乔姆斯基革命”。
5.普通语言学：也叫“一般语言学”，它的研究对象从理论上讲应该是全世界所有的语言。
普通语言学探究人类语言的共同规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同点和一般原理。
“语言学概论”课是普通语言学的入门课程。
普通语言学还可以根据研究的不同侧面再分为语音学、语义学、词汇学、语法学、语用学、风格学、修辞学等各门学科。
6.任意性:[概]：符号虽然是由形式和内容构成的结合体，但形式和内容之间没有必然的联系，它们关系是任意的，是不可论证的，完全是使用语言符号的社会长期以来约定俗成的习惯决定的。
[纲]：语言符号的任意性是指，作为符号系统的成员，单个语言符号的语音形式和意义之间没有自然属性的必然联系只有社会约定的关系。
7.理据性:指的是语义形成的可释性，也就是某一语音形式表示某一意义内容的原因或根据。
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Translate the following terms from English into Chinese.把下列术语翻译成中文1.duality of structure _________结构的二元性_______________2.General Linguistics ________普通语言学________________3.voiceless consonant _________清辅音_______________plementary distribution ________互补分布________________5.free morpheme ________自由词素________________6.immediate constituent ________直接成份________________ponential Analysis ________成份分析________________8.American Structuralism ________美国结构主义________________9.zero morph _________零语子_______________10.structural ambiguity _________结构歧义_______________11.productivity _________多产性______________12.linguistic competence __________语言能力______________13.manner of articulation _________发音方法_______________14.intonation language _________语调语言_______________15.allophone __________音位变体______________16.inflectional morpheme _________曲折语素_______________17.phrase marker __________短语标记______________18.denotation __________指示______________19.Systemic-Functional Grammar __________系统功能语法______________20.bound morpheme __________粘着语素______________21.cultural transmission __________文化传播______________22.Descriptive Linguistics __________描写语言学______________23.derivational morpheme ___________派生词素_____________24.consonant ___________辅音_____________25.tone language ___________声调语言_____________26.empty morph ___________虚语子_____________27.syntax ___________语法_____________plementary antonym ___________互补反义词_____________29.mode of discourse ____________话语方式____________30.free variation _______自有变异_________________31.displacement __________取代______________32.paradigmatic relation __________集合体关系______________33.voiced consonant __________浊辅音______________34.minimal pair __________极小对______________35.phoneme __________音位______________36.lexical ambiguity __________词法的歧义性______________37.connotation __________内涵______________nguage acquisition device __________语言习得机制______________39.constituency __________选区______________40.alien __________相异______________41.design feature __________设计特点______________42.Theoretical Linguistics __________理论语言学______________43.diphthong __________双元音______________44.contrastive distribution __________对立分布______________45.translation-loan __________借译词______________46.ultimate constituent __________主要成分______________47.relational opposite __________关系对立词______________48.genre __________类型______________49.dependency __________从属______________50.denizen __________居民______________51.arbitrariness __________任意______________52.linguistic performance ___________语言行为_____________53.vowel ___________元音_____________54.free variation ___________自由变异_____________55.derivational morpheme _________派生词素_______________56.surface structure __________表层结构______________57.mode of discourse ___________话语方式_____________58.gradable antonym __________分级反义词______________59.Innateness Hypothesis __________天赋假说______________plementary antonym __________互补反义词______________61.interchangeability _______可交换性_________________62.syntagmatic relation ________结构关系________________63.pure vowel _________纯元音_______________64.intonation language _________语调语言_______________65.bound morpheme __________粘着语素______________66.linguistic competence __________语言能力______________67.deep structure __________深层结构______________68.semantic field __________语义场_____________69.context of situation ___________情境语境_____________70.manner of articulation ___________发音方法_____________71.discreteness ___________组件_____________72.Applied Linguistics _________应用语言学_______________73.immediate constituent __________直接成分______________74.place of articulation __________发音部位______________75.phoneme ___________音位；音素_____________76.zero morph _________零语子_______________77.structural ambiguity __________结构歧义______________78.hyponymy __________上下位关系______________79.tenor of discourse ___________语旨_____________ponential Analysis __________成分分析______________Answer the following questions.回答一下问题1.What are the differences between grammatical competence and pragmatic competence2.What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes Illustrate it with examples.3.What are the three syntactic relations Illustrate them with examples.4.What does it mean to say that language is arbitrary Illustrate it with examples.5.What is the difference between tone languages and intonation languages Illustrate it with examples.6.Explain the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes in terms of both function and position.7.What does it mean to say that language is a system Illustrate it with examples.8.What is the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph Illustrate it with examples.9.What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure Illustrate them with examples.10.What does it mean to say that language is symbolic Illustrate it with examples.11.What is a morpheme Illustrate the relationship between morphemes, morphs, and allomorphs with examples.12.What are the three general types of antonyms And how do they differ from each other13.What are the three sub-branches of phonetics How do they differ from each other14.What does Semantic Filed Theory mainly propose Illustrate it with examples.15.What is the difference between segmental features and supra-segmental features What are the supra-segmentalfeatures in English16.What are the design features of languages17.How does denotation differ from connotation Illustrate their difference with examples.18.Why do we say “absolute synonyms are rare or even non-existent” Illustrate it with examples.19.What does it mean to say that language is dual-structured20.What does compounding mean Illustrate with examples the differences between hyphenated compounds, solidcompounds and open compounds21.What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning Illustrate them with examples.22.How does a diachronic description of a language differ from a synchronic description of a language Illustrate theirdifference with examples.23.What are the three conditions for forming a minimal pair Illustrate it with examples.24.What does clipping mean in morphology Illustrate with examples the difference between back clipping, frontclipping, front and back clipping, and phrase clipping.Practical work.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions：写对应于每一个下面语音描述的符号Example: a voiceless velar plosive [k]1) a voiced bilabial plosive __ [b] ____2) a voiceless labiodental fricative __ [f] ____3) a voiced bilabial nasal __ [ m ] ____4) a high front unrounded vowel __[ i ]___5) a voiced bilabial glide __[w]____6) a voiceless dental fricative __[θ]____7) a voiced labiodental nasal __ [?] ____8) a mid central unroudned vowel ___[ ?:] ___9) a voiced velar plosive __ /g/ ____10) a voiceless alveolar fricative _[θ:]_____11) a voiced alveolar liquid __ ____12) a mid back rounded vowel __[?:] ____13) a voiced dental fricative __[ e ] ____14) a voiceless alveo-palatal affricative __ / ? /____15) a voiced post-alveolar liquid __ /?/ ____16) a high back rounded vowel __ [u] ____17) a voiceless bilabial plosive ___[p]___18) a voiced alveolar fricative __[s]____19) a voiceless post-alveolar affricate __ [t??] ____20) a low front unrounded vowel __[a]____21) a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative __t____22) a voiced post-alveolar affricate __[z]____23) a voiceless palatal plosive __[c]____24) a mid front unrounded vowel _[ε]___25) a voiceless alveolar plosive __ [t] ____26) a voiced alveolar nasal ______27) a voiced palatal glide ______28) a low central unrounded vowel __Λ____29) a voiced alveo-palatal fricative __x____30) a voiceless dental fricative __[θ]____31) a voiced alveo-palatal affricate ______32) a low back rounded vowel _[ ?]_____Divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:Example: bookshelf = book + shelf1)manly = man+ly2)encourage = en+cour+age3)placement = place+ment4)agreement = agree+ment5)affixes =6)footprint = foot+print7)underestimation= under+estimation8)disapproval = dis+approval9)gentleman = gentle+man10)entertainment = enter+tain+ment11)entitle = en+title12)reread =re+read13)unfit = un+fit14)waterbed = water+bed15)disorderly = dis+order+ly16)unsuccessful = un+success+ful17)structural = structural18)sweeten = sweet+en19)marker = mark+er20)decided = decid+ed21)exciting = excit+ing22)greenhouse = green+house23)disgraceful = dis+grace+ful24)enlargement = en+large+ment25)informed =inform+ed26)amazing = amaz+ing27)advanced =advance+ed28)enrich =en+rich29)deafen =deaf+en30)undergo = un+dergo31)irregularly = ir+regular+ly32)decoded = decod+ed33)incorrect = in+correct34)undo = un+do35)weekly = week+ly36)functional =func+tion+al37)illiterate = ill+iterate38)sleepwalk = sleep+walk39)unmanly = un+man+ly40)befriended = be+friend+ed41)disobey = dis+oney42)rewrite = re+write43)yearly = year+ly44)troublesome = trouble+some45)talented = talent+ed46)lookout = look+out47)boyishness = boy+ish+ness48)disappearance = dis+appear+ance49)supervise = super+vise50)costly = cost+ly51)inspiring = inspire+ing52)prescription =pre+scrip+tion53)threaten = threat+en54)overlook = over+look55)undesirable = un+desir+able56)irreplaceable = ir+re+place+able57)eatable = eat+able58)amusement = amuse+ment59)monthly = month+ly60)generalize =generalize61)logical =logic+al62)grandfather = grand+father63)incorruptible = in+corrupt+ible64)reenactment =re+enact+mentMatch the names of linguistic figures in column A with the schools or theories or works of linguistics in column B:Column A Column B1)Saussure ( d ) a. Systemic-Functional Grammar2)Halliday ( a ) b. The London School3)Firth ( b ) c.Transformational-Generative Grammar4)Chomsky ( c ) d. The Founder of Structuralism系统功能语法（Systemic-functional Grammar）由英国语言学家韩礼德（Halliday）伦敦学派是以长期在伦敦大学的东方与非洲研究学院教授语音学与语言学并于1944 年成为英国第一任语言学教授弗斯(Firth)为首的语言学派换-生成语法（Transformational-generative grammar，简称TG）是美国语言学家乔姆斯基Column A Column B5)Chomsky ( c ) a. American Structuralism6)Bloomfield ( a ) b. Relational Grammar7)Lamb ( b ) c. Syntactic Structures8)Perlmutter and Postal ( d ) d. Stratificational GrammarColumn A Column B9)Chomsky ( b ) a. The Prague School10)Mathesius ( a ) b. Aspects of The Theory of Syntax11)Malinowski ( d ) c. Case Grammar12)Fillmore ( c ) d. Coral Gardens and Their MagicColumn A Column B13)Chomsky ( b ) a. American Structuralism14)Firth ( d ) b. The Minimalist Program15)Bloomfield ( a ) c. The Distinctive Feature Theory16)Jakobson ( c ) d. The Founder of the London SchoolColumn A Column B17)Chomsky ( c ) a. Montague Grammar18)Hjelmslev ( d ) b. Lexical-Functional Grammar19)Montague ( a ) c. The Innateness Hypothesis20)Brasnan & Kaplan ( b ) d. The Copenhagen SchoolColumn A Column B21)Chomsky ( b ) a. The Copenhagen School22)Jakobson ( d ) b. Language Acquisition Device23)Mathesius ( c ) c. Communicative Dynamism24)Hjelmslev ( a ) d. The Distinctive Feature TheoryColumn A Column B25)Chomsky ( d ) a. The Founder of the London School26)Halliday ( c ) b. The Founder of Structuralism27)Firth ( a ) c. Systemic-Functional Grammar28)Saussure ( b ) d. The Extended Standard TheoryColumn A Column B29)Chomsky ( b ) a. Coral Gardens and Their Magic30)Hjelmslev ( d ) b. The Classical Theory31)Jakobson ( c ) c. The Distinctive Feature Theory32)Malinowski ( a ) d. The Copenhagen SchoolDraw the deep structure phrase markers for the following two sentences:1)John is attending the class.2)Mary could have seen the film.3)Mary is chasing the dog.4)John could have read the book.5)Tom is eating an orange.6)Nancy could have done her homework.7)Johnson is reading a book.8)David could have finished his homework.9)David is singing a song.10)Tim could have told the truth.11)Tim is playing the piano.12)Johnson could have stolen the wallet.13)Nancy is playing the badminton.14)Mary could have seen the poster.15)George is doing his homework.16)David could have read the novel.。