语言学试题分类汇编
1 第一章 语言与语言学简介 I. Definition 1. sound symbolism 2. anthropological linguistics (北航2004年) 3. competence (北交大2003年) 4．a diachronic view of language (北交大2003年) 5. duality 6. langue and parole 7. distinctive features (北交大2003年) 8. displacement (北科大) 9. cultural transmission (人大2002年) 10. diachronic linguistics 11. parole （首师大，2001年） 12. definition of language (either Hockett’s or Chomsky’s) 13. general linguistics 14. duality (首师大，2003年)
II. Choose the correct answers. (1 point or 2 points) 1. The phatic function of language constitutes part of ____. （对外经贸大学 2003年） A) its informative function B) its interpersonal function C) its emotive function D) its recreational function 2. The word for “书” is “book” in English and “livre” in French. Which design feature of language does this illustrate? (对外经贸大学 2004年) A) Duality B) Creativity C) Displacement D) Arbitrariness 3. What function do the greetings “How are you?” and “你吃了吗？” perform? (对外经贸大学2004年) A) phatic communion B) emotive function C) metalingual function D) poetic function 4．When language is used to get information from others, it serves an ____ function. (北二外，2003年) A) informative B) directive C) interrogative 5．Language is ___.(multiple choice) A) a means of verbal communication B) a purposeful act C) social and conventional D) true of both human beings and animals 6. A linguistic study is ____ if it describes and analyses facts observed. A) prescriptive B) synchronic C) diachronic D) descriptive (北京林业大学，2004年)
III. Completion 1. The defining properties of human language are __(2)__, ___(3)__, __(4)___, _(5)___ and ___(6)__ . （人大2005年） 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the _____ study of language. （北二外2003年） 3. The branch of general linguistics which is named ____ studies the internal structure of sentences. (同上) 4. An approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is ____. (北二外2004年) 5. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over ____. (北二外，2005年) 6. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is ____ function. (北二外，2005年) 7. In Saussure’s view, the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signified (concept) is _____. (北二外，2005年)
IV. Tell if each of the following statements is true or false. If you think it false, correct it. (2 points for each question) 1. The most important sociological use of language is the performative function, by which people establish and maintain their status in society. (北二外2003年) 2. “Competence” and “performance” are two distinctive terms proposed by Saussure. (北二外，2005年) 2
3. The description of a language at some point in time is called diachronic study. Bei（北二外，2005年） 4. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary. (北京林业大学，2004年)
V. Answer the following questions briefly. 1. Describe the differences between each pair of terms: synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics. (4 points) (北航 2004年) 2. What are the major functions of language? (5 points) (北交大 2004年) 3. Give an example to explain synchronic linguistics. (5 points) (人大2005年) 4. Why is it difficult to define language? (北二外，2004年) 5. How do you understand “displacement”, a design feature of language? (北二外，2004年) 6. (1) Please tell who gave the following definitions of language: a. “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.” B. “From now on I will consider language as a set of sentences (finite or infinite), each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.” (1 point) (2) What differences are there between the two definitions? (4 points) (首师大，2004年) 7．Explain what is linguistics? (6 points) (首师大，2005年) 8． Define and describe design features, a term used by Charles Hockett, an American linguist. （首师大，2005年）
VI. Essay questions. 1. Displacement, arbitrariness, productivity, cultural transmission, discreteness and duality are sometimes listed as the 6 core features of human language. Choose 3 out of the 6 and explain with examples what they mean. (12 points) (北京外国语大学 2002年) 2. One of the main features of our human languages is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what this feature refers to? Give examples if necessary. (10 points) (北京师范大学2003年) 3. Discuss and exemplify the statement that “language is a symbolic system”. (10 points) (北航2005年) 4．Compare Saussure’s pair of langue and parole with Chomsky’s competence and performance. (北交大 2003年) 5． Make comments on the following topic: communicative competence is the only criterion for the measure of language use abilities. (10 points) （北交大，2005年） 6． Explain the differences between performance and competence. (6 points) (首师大，2002年)
语言学试题11套
第一部份选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、 prescriptiveB、 sociolinguisticC、 descriptiveD、 psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、 mouthB、 lipsC、 tongueD、 vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、 bound morphemeB、 bound formC、 inflectional morphemeD、 free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、 coordinatorB、 particleC、 prepositionD、 subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、 is synonymous withB、 is inconsistent withC、 entailsD、 presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the wayspeakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、 semanticsB、 pragmaticsC、 sociolinguisticsD、 psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、 elaborationB、 simplificationC、 external borrowingD、 internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、 Lingua francaB、 CreoleC、 PidginD、 Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally indaily communicative situations.A、 learningB、 competenceC、 performanceD、 acquisition第二部份非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note thatyou are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, ,they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure ofwords and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's),Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is givenmore emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish. ()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer t he following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（1）参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判定改错题（本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, . one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词说明题（本大题共10小题，每题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, . between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, /fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：总分值为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
语言学试题集
语言学试题集英语语言学往年试题集锦语言学的资料很少，看完书后想找些习题或往年试题做做，可以起到练兵，巩固所看书本知识的作用。
我收集了一些高校语言学的往年试题供大家参考，讨论，交流一下做题的感受，也希望大家可以把自己所考学校的往年试题发表在上面，给大家一起讨论。
1 One of the main features of our human language is arbitrariness .Can you briefly expla in what is this feature refers to ? Give examples if necessary(10 points). <北师大2003年试题）2 In english we can describe a story as "a successful story" or "a success story ".Do yo u think they mean the same ? Please explain and give your reasons(10 points) ,<同上》3 Expain the following terms ,giving examples where necessary.(50 points) <中山2003》 de sign feature macrolinguistics vowel minimal pair folk etymology aspect anopho r error ana lysisr metaphor4 Language can change through blending ,metanalysis ,back-formation, analogical creation and borrowing.Give two english words for each of them (5 points) 清华2000年试题5 Answer the following question briefly.clearly,grammatically and correctly.(10 Points )湖南师大2003年What is it wrong to assume that the meaning of a sentence is the sum of the meaning of t he words which compose it ?7 Define the following terms.(10 points) 中国海洋大学1999Phoneme ,consonant,morpheme,lexicon,syntax,endocentric construction,semantics,hyponymy , language ,design feature8 Define the following terms .(20 points) 苏州大学1997 allophone morpheme assimilation i nternal authority interlanguage phatic communionclosed-class word government semantica triangic lingua francaWhat is the main grammatical difference between a sentence and a clause ? 同上6 Translate into chinese and exemplify each of the following.(10 points )Example : dialectal synonymsAnswer , 方言同义词， Fall and autumn are dialectal synonyms .homography homophony gradable opposites endocentric constuctionexocentric construction9 大连外国语学院1992年语言学全部试题 100 POINTSList the six important characteristics of human language .What are the types of morphemes ?Illustrate the deep and surface structures .What do u know about the semantic features ?How does language change ?10 Words in our mental lexicon are known to be related to one another .Discuss the relat ionships between words ,using examples from the english language .(15 points ) 北外2003年试题11 What do you think are the similarities and dissimilarities between learning a first a nd a second language? ( 30 points) 同上04年10月自考现代语言学试题Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10= 20%)1.Chomsky uses the ter m ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowled ge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feat ure of ( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular v alues.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement5. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong i s called ( ) synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utt erance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).A. Middle EnglishB. Old EnglishC. FrenchD. Norman French8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relat ionship with the L-variety.A. geneticB. socialC. directD. close9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are i mpaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. Werniker’sB. visualC. motorD. Broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to co mmunicate with native speakers of the target language.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. SocialⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the fir st letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, a nd you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed .12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are the refore consonants.13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. A is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relations hip between form and the reality.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, a nd were thus verifiable.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adul t language.18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a s ingle language variety.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial expressio ns, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative com munication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, yo u must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not wri tt en.22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occ urring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air wi thheld to some extent.23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of t he situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of per formative verbs.27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or i rregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “bo rrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differe nces most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the lef t hemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of y ears to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called sup rasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples h ow they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the an alysis of phonemes into distinctive features.2002年10月份全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题第一部分选择题Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fou r choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×1 0=20%)1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof t hat human language is ______.A. arbitraryB. non-arbitraryC. logicalD. non-productive2.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips,i.e. rounded, EXCEPT _____ _.3.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the ______.A. phrase structureB. surface structureC. syntactic structureD. deep structure4.The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and ob ject positions.A. Case ConditionB. Adjacent ConditionC. parameterD. Adjacent parameters5.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______.A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. antonymyD. homonymy6.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week." obviously violate s the maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7.In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear.A. useB. acceptC. generalizeD. reconstruct8.Standardization known as ______ is necessary in order to facilitate communications.A. language interpretationB. language identificationC. language choiceD. language planning9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisit ion?______.A. Cerebral cortexB. NeuronsC. EyesD. Angular gyrus10.Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.A. the copula verb "be"B. inflectional morphemesC. function wordsD. content words第二部分非选择题Ⅱ.Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the fir st letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some p oint of time is called a _s_______ study of language.12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from t he lungs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morpheme s to form words are called _b________ morphemes.14.XP may contain more than just X.For example, the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consist s of Det,N and S,with Det being the _s________,N the head and S the complement.15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,"to suggest that someone should see the doctor" should fall into the category of _d________.16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.The word that is more general in meaning is called _s________.17.Vowels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rule,which,for the m ost part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.18.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and expressi ons, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.19.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called _h________, one on the r ight and one on the left.20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and _t________ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literatur e.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement i s false, you must explain why you think so a nd give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on t he production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds dist inguish meaning.23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.24.( )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, "female" occ urs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and so on but not in other part s of speech.26.( )According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advisi ng, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus "peddle" was derived fr om "peddler" on the mistaken assumption that the "-er" was the agentive suffix.28.( )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive t o the social significance of certain linguistic variables.29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human degenerates a fter the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.30.( )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and there fore an immediate guidance for actual performance.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the followin g terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31.narrow transcription32.stem33.derivational affixes34.grammatical relation35.predication36.semantic narrowing37.nonstandard languages38.linguistic taboo39.angular gyrus40.interlanguageⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how the y are related.42.Explain what is sense and what is reference with examples.语言学试题第一部分选择题一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
语言学纲要试题库及答案
语言学纲要试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它主要研究语言的哪些方面？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 所有选项答案：D2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 社会语言学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音节B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C二、填空题4. 语言学家诺姆·乔姆斯基认为，人类语言能力的基础是____。
答案：普遍语法5. 语言的三种基本功能包括表达功能、指称功能和____。
答案：交际功能6. 语言的两种主要类型是______和______。
答案：口语、书面语三、简答题7. 简述语言和言语的区别。
答案：语言是指一个社会群体共同使用的语言系统，它包括语音、语法、词汇等规则；言语则是个人使用语言进行交流的行为，它具有创造性和多样性。
8. 描述语言的任意性特征。
答案：语言的任意性指的是语言符号的音义关系是任意的，即符号的音形和它所代表的意义之间没有必然的联系，这种关系是由社会约定俗成的。
四、论述题9. 论述语言的演变过程。
答案：语言的演变是一个复杂的过程，它受到多种因素的影响，如社会变迁、文化交流、技术进步等。
语言演变可以分为语音演变、词汇演变、语法演变等方面。
随着时间的推移，语言会不断吸收新词汇，淘汰旧词汇，语音和语法结构也会发生变化，以适应社会和文化的需要。
五、翻译题10. 将以下句子从英语翻译成中文。
"Language is a tool for communication, but it is also a mirror of culture."答案：语言是一种交流工具，但它也是文化的镜子。
六、案例分析题11. 分析以下句子的语用含义。
“你今天真漂亮。
”答案：这句话可能在多种情境下使用，其语用含义可能包括赞美、恭维、讽刺等。
具体含义取决于说话人的语气、表情、语境以及与听话者的关系。
七、综合应用题12. 根据所学语言学知识，设计一个简单的语言学习计划。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编2
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编2(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the 1it is associated with.（人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：meaning）解析：解析：（语言具有任意性，其所指与其形式没有逻辑或内在的联系。
)2.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as 1.（北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：displacement）解析：解析：（移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。
)3.By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the 1level are composed of elements of the 2level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：primary）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：secondary）解析：解析：（双重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。
语言学试题及答案
语言学试题及答案1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 文学作品B. 语言C. 社会文化D. 人类行为答案：B2. 以下哪个选项不属于语音学的研究范畴？A. 音素B. 音节C. 语法D. 音调答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 词汇B. 语素C. 句子D. 篇章答案：B4. 以下哪个选项不是语言的交际功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会认同D. 文学创作答案：D5. 语言的演变主要受哪些因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 科技发展C. 地理环境D. 所有以上答案：D6. 以下哪个选项不属于句法学的研究内容？A. 句子结构B. 词类C. 语音变化D. 句型答案：C7. 语言的同义现象指的是什么？A. 同音异义词B. 同形异义词C. 同义异形词D. 反义词答案：C8. 以下哪个选项不是语言的变异现象？A. 地域方言B. 社会方言C. 个人语言风格D. 语言的标准化答案：D9. 语言的符号性特征主要体现在哪个方面？A. 声音的物理性质B. 符号与意义的关系C. 符号的书写形式D. 符号的使用频率答案：B10. 以下哪个选项不是语言接触的结果？A. 借用B. 语言融合C. 语言分化D. 语言灭绝答案：D1. 语言是一种______的社会现象，它是人类最重要的______工具。
答案：社会性；交际2. 语言的任意性是指语言的______和______之间没有必然的、逻辑的联系。
答案：形式；意义3. 语言的双轨制指的是______和______。
答案：语言；言语4. 语言的层级结构包括______、______、______等。
答案：音系层；词汇层；句法层5. 语言的同化现象是指外来词在______语言中逐渐失去原有的______特征。
答案：借入；语音6. 语言的规范化是指通过______、______等手段，使语言的使用更加______和______。
答案：立法；教育；统一；规范7. 语言的交际功能包括______、______、______等。
语言学纲要试题与答案
语言学纲要试题与答案第一篇：语言学纲要试题与答案语言学概论第一部分选择题一、单项选择题1．关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是A．语言是一种社会现象 B．语言就是人们说出来的话C．语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言 D．语言是一个符号系统[ ] 2．关于“言语活动”、“语言”和“言语”三者之间的关系，下列说法不正确的一项是A．“语言”等于“言语活动”减去“言语” B．“语言”是主要的，而“言语”是次要的C．“言语”是“言语活动”中的社会部分 D．“语言”是从“言语活动”抽象出来的一个均质的系统[ ] 3．索绪尔创立的语言学可以称为 A．传统语言学 B．历史比较语言学 C．结构主义语言学 D．社会语言学[ ] 4．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是A．音渡B．音素 C．音位 D．音节 [ ] 5．[p‘]的发音特征是A．双唇送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音D．舌尖前不送气清塞音 [ ] 6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是A． [i，u] B． [e，o] C． [A，y] D． [?，a] [ ] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是 A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音D．强调重音 [ ] 8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是 A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位C．语汇是固定词组和熟语的总汇D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和 [ ] 9．从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于A.单纯词B．派生词C．复合词D．简缩词[ ] 10．下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是A．笼子B．鸽子C．瓜子 D．日子 [ ] 11．下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是A．语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则B．语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则D．语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象 [ ] 12．在“这些书我看过了”这个语言片段中，“这些书”和“我看过了”的性质是A．既是成分也是组合 B．是成分，不是组合C．是组合，不是成分 D．不是成分也不是组合 [ ] 13．下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是A．词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确B．词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊C．词义所指范围边缘区域、中心区域都模糊D．词义所指范围边缘区域可能模糊[ ] 14．“哈巴狗”和“狮子狗”指的是同一种狗，二者在词义上的主要差别是 A．理性意义不同 B．语体色彩不同 C．形象色彩不同 D．语气意义不同 [ ] 15．下列各项中，含有降级述谓结构的是 A．他申请去北京进修 B．你去请他比较好C．他取下了挂在墙上的地图 D．他害怕老师批评他 [ ] 16．下列各项中，甲和乙之间是预设关系的是A．(甲)他有一件西服——(乙)他有一件衣服B．(甲)他的西服破了——(乙)他有一件西服C．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个人借给他一本《红楼梦》D．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个学生借给他一本书17．1956年我国推行汉字简化方案，将繁体字改成简体字，这属于 A．正字法改革 B．字符类型改革C．文字类型改革 D．字符类型和文字类型改革 [ ] 18．汉语中的“基因”来自英语的gene，从该词产生的方式看，“基因”属于A．纯粹音译词 B．音译兼意译词C．意译词 D．仿译词 [ ] 19.从语言的发展演变来看，语汇系统中最不易发生变化的是A．通用语汇B.常用语汇C．基本语汇D．专用语汇 [ ] 20．关于社会方言的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的B．社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的C．一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言D．一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言 [ ] 21．关于共同语的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是A.并不意味着方言分歧已经消失B．并不意味着方言分歧将会扩大C.并不意味着方言最终将被取代D．并不意味着语言已经实现统一[ ] 22．关于语言规范化的推行，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．主要由权威机构提出具体的规范意见B．主要由权威机构强制推行C．主要通过教育机构、大众传媒等渠道向社会推行 D．主要是一个积极引导社会公众自觉遵守的过程 [ ] 23．关于语言获得的原因，下列学说中偏重于内部条件解释的是 A．模仿说 B．天赋说C．强化说 D．刺激反应说 [ ] 24．基本上不能说话，但仍能听懂别人说话，这种症状的失语症是 A．失读症 B.布洛卡失语症C．失名症 D．维尔尼克失语症 [ ] 25．关于“中介语”现象，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．“中介语”既不同于母语又不同于外语B．“中介语”是不断地从母语向外语靠近的语言形式c．即使是较高级的“中介语”也不能用于交际D．“中介语”越到外语学习后期发展就越慢 [ ] 26．词典最常见的分类是A．语言词典和历史词典 B．描写词典和历史词典 C．百科词典和历史词典 D．百科词典和语言词典 [ ]二、多项选择题27．语流中有些音在发音上变弱，这种现象叫弱化。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编25
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25(总分：72.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.There has been a maxim in 1which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：quantity）解析：解析：格莱斯的数量准则指1．使你的话语如(交谈的当前目的)所要求的那样信息充分；2．不要使你的话语比要求的信息更充分。
即说你该说的。
2.The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grice）解析：解析：格赖斯认为一定存在一些管理话语产生和理解的机制。
他把这种机制称为合作原则，在这个大原则下有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。
3. 1were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. （分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Performatives）解析：解析：施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
4.In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the 1principle proposed by J. Grice.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Cooperative）解析：解析：通常在对话中，所有的参与者都被希望能够遵守由格莱斯提出的合作原则，这样就不会有会话含义的产生。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编25
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25(总分：72.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.There has been a maxim in 1which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：quantity）解析：解析：格莱斯的数量准则指1．使你的话语如(交谈的当前目的)所要求的那样信息充分；2．不要使你的话语比要求的信息更充分。
即说你该说的。
2.The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grice）解析：解析：格赖斯认为一定存在一些管理话语产生和理解的机制。
他把这种机制称为合作原则，在这个大原则下有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。
3. 1were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. （分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Performatives）解析：解析：施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
4.In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the 1principle proposed by J. Grice.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Cooperative）解析：解析：通常在对话中，所有的参与者都被希望能够遵守由格莱斯提出的合作原则，这样就不会有会话含义的产生。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编13
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编13(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.Such errors as "teached" and "womans" are caused by 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：second language learners）解析：解析：（这些错误一般是第二语言习得者犯的。
)2. 1is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grammar-translation Method）解析：解析：（语法翻译法即在外语教学中主要运用翻译和语法学习为教学活动的方法。
)3. 1 is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Situational language teaching）解析：解析：（情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。
) 4.There are three principles of language testing: 1, 2and 3.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Validity：reliability；practicality）解析：解析：（语言测试的三个原则：效度原则、信度原则及实用性原则。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编19
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编19(总分：158.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：17，分数：34.00)1.The sound /p/can be described with " 1, bilabial, stop". (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：voiceless）解析：解析：／p／是双唇音，爆破音，清音。
2.The sound /b/can be described with " 1, bilabial, stop". (北二外2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：voiced）解析：解析：／b／是双唇音，爆破音，浊音。
3.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel. And as a result are most conveniently described in terms of 1and manner of articulation. (北二外2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：place）解析：解析：辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。
4. 1are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Consonants）解析：解析：发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞而产生的音叫做辅音。