卡拉维拉县的跳蛙(voa)
美国文学复习
一、殖民地时期1607-17651607年，captain john smith 带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地--詹姆斯敦。
1765年，殖民地人民奋起抗议英国政府颁布的印花税。
文学特点：宗教色彩，讲经布道向欧洲读者或亲友介绍新大陆的小册子和游记书信著名作家：Captain john smith,Anne Bradstreet, 以夫妻恩爱家庭美满为题材Edward Taylor，清教徒，牧师，讲道二、启蒙时期&独立战争时期1765-18世纪1730s，爱德华兹（Johnathan Edwards）为首的清教徒掀起“大觉醒”运动，企图恢复清教主义的统治，失败。
启蒙运动代表人物Benjamin Franklin(文学家科学家政治家):《格言历书》poor richard's almanac,通过格言警句宣传创业持家，待人处事的道德原则和勤奋致富的生活道路《自传》Autobiography，开创了美国名人写传记的风气独立战争时期文学以理性的散文为主，主要是各派政治力量对于革命的必要性、革命的前途与方向、政府的形式与性质等重大问题展开讨论时产生的杂文、政论文和演讲词，即便诗歌也以政治为内容。
代表作家：潘恩Thomas paine 的《常识》commom senseThomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence汉密尔顿、麦迪逊、杰伊合写的《论联邦》The Federalist Papers威廉-希尔-布朗william hill brawn,第一部美国小说《同情的力量》三、浪漫主义时期1800-1865作家们强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式与观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。
素材完全取自美国现实，如西部开发和拓荒经历。
他们赞美美国山水，讴歌美国生活，反映美国人民的乐观与热情。
从杰斐逊1829 上台到南北战争(1860-1865),浪漫主义文学的全盛时期，美国文学史上“第一次大繁荣”。
马克吐温作品分析
1959 The Autobiography of Mark Twain 马克吐温自传
(3) His Stories
1867 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 卡拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙 1870 Running for Governor 竞选州长
The￡ 1，000，000 Bank- Note
The￡ 1，000，000 Bank- Note
The novel talks about the adventure of a poor guy named Henry Adams who came from America, which happened in London. It was about a bet between two moneybags, they lent Henry a cheque of one million pounds which can’t be cashed, and they wanted to see how would Henry deal with that cheque in a month. To their surprise, Henry was not died of hunger, nor did he be arrested by the policeman until the deadline of one month. He became a millionaire instead, and won over the love from a beautiful lady!!
Thank you~~
Tom Sawyer
•
Tom and his friends
高级英语第一册(修订本)第12课Lesson12-The-Loons原文和翻译
The LoonsMargarel Laurence1、Just below Manawaka, where the Wachakwa River ran brown and noisy over the pebbles , the scrub oak and grey-green willow and chokecherry bushes grew in a dense thicket . In a clearing at the centre of the thicket stood the Tonnerre family's shack. The basis at this dwelling was a small square cabin made of poplar poles and chinked with mud, which had been built by Jules Tonnerre some fifty years before, when he came back from Batoche with a bullet in his thigh, the year that Riel was hung and the voices of the Metis entered their long silence. Jules had only intended to stay the winter in the Wachakwa Valley, but the family was still there in the thirties, when I was a child. As the Tonnerres had increased, their settlement had been added to, until the clearing at the foot of the town hill was a chaos of lean-tos, wooden packing cases, warped lumber, discarded car types, ramshackle chicken coops , tangled strands of barbed wire and rusty tin cans.2、The Tonnerres were French half breeds, and among themselves they spoke a patois that was neither Cree nor French. Their English was broken and full of obscenities. They did not belong among the Cree of the Galloping Mountain reservation, further north, and they did not belong among the Scots-Irish and Ukrainians of Manawaka, either. They were, as my Grandmother MacLeod would have put it, neither flesh, fowl, nor good salt herring . When their men were not working at odd jobs or as section hands on the C.P. R. they lived on relief. In the summers, one of the Tonnerre youngsters, with a face that seemed totally unfamiliar with laughter, would knock at the doors of the town's brick houses and offer for sale a lard -pail fullof bruised wild strawberries, and if he got as much as a quarter he would grab the coin and run before the customer had time to change her mind. Sometimes old Jules, or his son Lazarus, would get mixed up in a Saturday-night brawl , and would hit out at whoever was nearest or howl drunkenly among the offended shoppers on Main Street, and then the Mountie would put them for the night in the barred cell underneath the Court House, and the next morning they would be quiet again.3、Piquette Tonnerre, the daughter of Lazarus, was in my class at school. She was older than I, but she had failed several grades, perhaps because her attendance had always been sporadic and her interest in schoolwork negligible . Part of the reason she had missed a lot of school was that she had had tuberculosis of the bone, and had once spent many months in hospital. I knew this because my father was the doctor who had looked after her. Her sickness was almost the only thing I knew about her, however. Otherwise, she existed for me only as a vaguely embarrassing presence, with her hoarse voice and her clumsy limping walk and her grimy cotton dresses that were always miles too long. I was neither friendly nor unfriendly towards her. She dwelt and moved somewhere within my scope of vision, but I did not actually notice her very much until that peculiar summer when I was eleven.4、"I don't know what to do about that kid." my father said at dinner one evening. "Piquette Tonnerre, I mean. The damn bone's flared up again. I've had her in hospital for quite a while now, and it's under control all right, but I hate like the dickens to send her home again."5、"Couldn't you explain to her mother that she has to rest a lot?" my mother said.6、"The mother's not there" my father replied. "She took off a few years back. Can't say I blame her. Piquette cooks for them, and she says Lazarus would never do anything for himself as long as she's there. Anyway, I don't think she'd take much care of herself, once she got back. She's only thirteen, after all. Beth, I was thinking—What about taking her up to Diamond Lake with us this summer? A couple of months rest would give that bone a much better chance."7、My mother looked stunned.8、"But Ewen -- what about Roddie and Vanessa?"9、"She's not contagious ," my father said. "And it would be company for Vanessa."10、"Oh dear," my mother said in distress, "I'll bet anything she has nits in her hair."11、"For Pete's sake," my father said crossly, "do you think Matron would let her stay in the hospital for all this time like that? Don't be silly, Beth. "12、Grandmother MacLeod, her delicately featured face as rigid as a cameo , now brought her mauve -veined hands together as though she were about to begin prayer.13、"Ewen, if that half breed youngster comes along to Diamond Lake, I'm not going," she announced. "I'll go to Morag's for the summer."14、I had trouble in stifling my urge to laugh, for my mother brightened visibly and quickly tried to hide it. If it came to a choice between Grandmother MacLeod and Piquette, Piquette would win hands down, nits or not.15、"It might be quite nice for you, at that," she mused. "You haven't seen Morag for over a year, and you might enjoy being in the city for a while. Well, Ewen dear, you do what you think best. If you think it would do Piquette some good, then we' II be glad to have her, as long as she behaves herself."16、So it happened that several weeks later, when we all piled into my father's old Nash, surrounded by suitcases and boxes of provisions and toys for myten-month-old brother, Piquette was with us and Grandmother MacLeod, miraculously, was not. My father would only be staying at the cottage for a couple of weeks, for he had to get back to his practice, but the rest of us would stay at Diamond Lake until the end of August.17、Our cottage was not named, as many were, "Dew Drop Inn" or "Bide-a-Wee," or "Bonnie Doon”. The sign on the roadway bore in auster e letters only our name, MacLeod. It was not a large cottage, but it was on the lakefront. You could look out the windows and see, through the filigree of the spruce trees, the water glistening greenly as the sun caught it. All around the cottage were ferns, and sharp-branched raspberrybushes, and moss that had grown over fallen tree trunks, If you looked carefully among the weeds and grass, you could find wild strawberry plants which were in white flower now and in another month would bear fruit, the fragrant globes hanging like miniaturescarlet lanterns on the thin hairy stems. The two grey squirrelswere still there, gossiping at us from the tall spruce beside the cottage, and by the end of the summer they would again be tame enough to take pieces of crust from my hands. The broad mooseantlers that hung above the back door were a little more bleached and fissured after the winter, but otherwise everything was the same. I raced joyfully around my kingdom, greeting all the places I had not seen for a year. My brother, Roderick, who had not been born when we were here last summer, sat on the car rug in the sunshine and examined a brown spruce cone, meticulously turning it round and round in his small and curious hands. My mother and father toted the luggage from car to cottage, exclaiming over how well the place had wintered, no broken windows, thank goodness, no apparent damage from storm felled branches or snow.18、Only after I had finished looking around did I notice Piquette. She was sitting on the swing her lame leg held stiffly out, and her other foot scuffing the ground as she swung slowly back and forth. Her long hair hung black and straight around her shoulders, and her broad coarse-featured face bore no expression -- it was blank, as though she no longer dwelt within her own skull, as though she had gone elsewhere.I approached her very hesitantly.19、"Want to come and play?"20、Piquette looked at me with a sudden flash of scorn.21、"I ain't a kid," she said.22、Wounded, I stamped angrily away, swearing I would not speak to her for the rest of the summer. In the days that followed, however, Piquette began to interest me, and l began to want to interest her. My reasons did not appear bizarre to me. Unlikely as it may seem, I had only just realised that the Tonnerre family, whom I had always heard Called half breeds, were actually Indians, or as near as made no difference. My acquaintance with Indians was not expensive. I did not remember ever having seen a real Indian, and my new awareness that Piquette sprang from the people of Big Bear and Poundmaker, of Tecumseh, of the Iroquois who had eaten Father Brébeuf's heart--all this gave her an instant attraction in my eyes. I was devoted reader of Pauline Johnson at this age, and sometimes would orate aloud and in an exalted voice, West Wind, blow from your prairie nest, Blow from the mountains, blow from the west--and so on. It seemed to me that Piquette must be in some way a daughter of the forest, a kind of junior prophetess of the wilds, who might impart to me, if I took the right approach, some of the secrets which she undoubtedly knew --where the whippoorwill made her nest, how the coyote reared her young, or whatever it was that it said in Hiawatha.23、I set about gaining Piquette's trust. She was not allowed to go swimming, with her bad leg, but I managed to lure her down to the beach-- or rather, she came because there was nothing else to do. The water was always icy, for the lake was fed by springs, but I swam like a dog, thrashing my arms and legs around at such speed and with such an output of energy that I never grew cold. Finally, when I had enough, I came out and sat beside Piquette on the sand. When she saw me approaching, herhands squashed flat the sand castle she had been building, and she looked at me sullenly, without speaking.24、"Do you like this place?" I asked, after a while, intending to lead on from there into the question of forest lore .25、Piquette shrugged. "It's okay. Good as anywhere."26、"I love it, "1 said. "We come here every summer."27、"So what?" Her voice was distant, and I glanced at her uncertainly, wondering what I could have said wrong.28、"Do you want to come for a walk?" I asked her. "We wouldn't need to go far. If you walk just around the point there, you come to a bay where great big reeds grow in the water, and all kinds of fish hang around there. Want to? Come on."29、She shook her head.30、"Your dad said I ain't supposed to do no more walking than I got to." I tried another line.31、"I bet you know a lot about the woods and all that, eh?" I began respectfully.32、Piquette looked at me from her large dark unsmiling eyes.33、"I don't know what in hell you're talkin' about," she replied. "You nuts or somethin'? If you mean where my old man, and me, and all them live, you better shut up, by Jesus, you hear?"34、I was startled and my feelings were hurt, but I had a kind of dogged perseverance. I ignored her rebuff.35、"You know something, Piquette? There's loons here, on this lake. You can see their nests just up the shore there, behind those logs. At night, you can hear them even from the cottage, but it's better to listen from the beach. My dad says we should listen and try to remember how they sound, because in a few years when more cottages are built at Diamond Lake and more people come in, the loons will go away."36、Piquette was picking up stones and snail shells and then dropping them again.37、"Who gives a good goddamn?" she said.38、It became increasingly obvious that, as an Indian, Piquette was a dead loss. That evening I went out by myself, scrambling through the bushes that overhung the steep path, my feet slipping on the fallen spruce needles that covered the ground. When I reached the shore, I walked along the firm damp sand to the small pier that my father had built, and sat down there. I heard someone else crashing through the undergrowth and the bracken, and for a moment I thought Piquette had changed her mind, but it turned out to be my father. He sat beside me on the pier and we waited, without speaking.38、At night the lake was like black glass with a streak of amber which was the path of the moon. All around, the spruce trees grew tall and close-set, branches blackly sharp against the sky, which was lightened by a cold flickering of stars. Thenthe loons began their calling. They rose like phantom birds from the nests on the shore, and flew out onto the dark still surface of the water.40、No one can ever describe that ululating sound, the crying of the loons, and no one who has heard it can ever forget it. Plaintive , and yet with a quality of chilling mockery , those voices belonged to a world separated by aeon from our neat world of summer cottages and the lighted lamps of home.41、"They must have sounded just like that," my father remarked, "before any person ever set foot here." Then he laughed. "You could say the same, of course, about sparrows or chipmunk, but somehow it only strikes you that way with the loons."42、"I know," I said.43、Neither of us suspected that this would be the last time we would ever sit here together on the shore, listening. We stayed for perhaps half an hour, and then we went back to the cottage. My mother was reading beside the fireplace. Piquette was looking at the burning birch log, and not doing anything.44、"You should have come along," I said, although in fact I was glad she had not.45、"Not me", Piquette said. "You wouldn’ catch me walkin' way down there jus' for a bunch of squawkin' birds."46、Piquette and I remained ill at ease with one another. felt I had somehow failed my father, but I did not know what was the matter, nor why she Would not or couldnot respond when I suggested exploring the woods or Playing house. I thought it was probably her slow and difficult walking that held her back. She stayed most of the time in the cottage with my mother, helping her with the dishes or with Roddie, but hardly ever talking. Then the Duncans arrived at their cottage, and I spent my days with Mavis, who was my best friend. I could not reach Piquette at all, and I soon lost interest in trying. But all that summer she remained as both a reproach and a mystery to me.47、That winter my father died of pneumonia, after less than a week's illness. For some time I saw nothing around me, being completely immersed in my own pain and my mother's. When I looked outward once more, I scarcely noticed that Piquette Tonnerre was no longer at school. I do not remember seeing her at all until four years later, one Saturday night when Mavis and I were having Cokes in the Regal Café. The jukebox was booming like tuneful thunder, and beside it, leaning lightly on its chrome and its rainbow glass, was a girl.48、Piquette must have been seventeen then, although she looked about twenty.I stared at her, astounded that anyone could have changed so much. Her face, so stolidand expressionless before, was animated now with a gaiety that was almost violent. She laughed and talked very loudly with the boys around her. Her lipstick was bright carmine, and her hair was cut Short and frizzily permed . She had not been pretty as a child, and she was not pretty now, for her features were still heavy and blunt. But her dark and slightly slanted eyes were beautiful, and her skin-tight skirt and orange sweater displayed to enviable advantage a soft and slender body.49、She saw me, and walked over. She teetered a little, but it was not due to her once-tubercular leg, for her limp was almost gone.50、"Hi, Vanessa," Her voice still had the same hoarseness . "Long time no see, eh?"51、"Hi," I said "Where've you been keeping yourself, Piquette?"52、"Oh, I been around," she said. "I been away almost two years now. Been all over the place--Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon. Jesus, what I could tell you! I come back this summer, but I ain't stayin'. You kids go in to the dance?"53、"No," I said abruptly, for this was a sore point with me. I was fifteen, and thought I was old enough to go to the Saturday-night dances at the Flamingo. My mother, however, thought otherwise.54、"Y'oughta come," Piquette said. "I never miss one. It's just about the on'y thing in this jerkwater55、town that's any fun. Boy, you couldn' catch me stayin' here. I don' give a shit about this place. It stinks."56、She sat down beside me, and I caught the harsh over-sweetness of her perfume.57、"Listen, you wanna know something, Vanessa?" she confided , her voice only slightly blurred. "Your dad was the only person in Manawaka that ever done anything good to me."58、I nodded speechlessly. I was certain she was speaking the truth. I knew a little more than I had that summer at Diamond Lake, but I could not reach her now any more than I had then, I was ashamed, ashamed of my own timidity, the frightened tendency to look the other way. Yet I felt no real warmth towards her-- I only felt that I ought to, because of that distant summer and because my father had hoped she would be company for me, or perhaps that I would be for her, but it had not happened that way. At this moment, meeting her again, I had to admit that she repelled and embarrassed me, and I could not help despising the self-pity in her voice. I wished she would go away. I did not want to see her did not know what to say to her. It seemed that we had nothing to say to one another.59、"I'll tell you something else," Piquette went on. "All the old bitches an' biddies in this town will sure be surprised. I'm gettin' married this fall -- my boy friend, he's an English fella, works in the stockyards in the city there, a very tall guy, got blond wavy hair. Gee, is he ever handsome. Got this real Hiroshima name. Alvin Gerald Cummings--some handle, eh? They call him Al."60、For the merest instant, then I saw her. I really did see her, for the first and only time in all the years we had both lived in the same town. Her defiant face, momentarily, became unguarded and unmasked, and in her eyes there was a terrifying hope.61、"Gee, Piquette --" I burst out awkwardly, "that's swell. That's really wonderful. Congratulations—good luck--I hope you'll be happy--"62、As l mouthed the conventional phrases, I could only guess how great her need must have been, that she had been forced to seek the very things she so bitterly rejected.63、When I was eighteen, I left Manawaka and went away to college. At the end of my first year, I came back home for the summer. I spent the first few days in talking non-stop with my mother, as we exchanged all the news that somehow had not found its way into letters-- what had happened in my life and what had happened here in Manawaka while I was away. My mother searched her memory for events that concerned people I knew.64、"Did I ever write you about Piquette Tonnerre, Vanessa?" she asked one morning.65、"No, I don't think so," I replied. "Last I heard of her, she was going to marry some guy in the city. Is she still there?"66、My mother looked Hiroshima , and it was a moment before she spoke, as though she did not know how to express what she had to tell and wished she did not need to try.67、"She's dead," she said at last. Then, as I stared at her, "Oh, Vanessa, when it happened, I couldn't help thinking of her as she was that summer--so sullen and gauche and badly dressed. I couldn't help wondering if we could have done something more at that time--but what could we do? She used to be around in the cottage therewith me all day, and honestly it was all I could do to get a word out of her. She didn't even talk to your father very much, although I think she liked him in her way."68、"What happened?" I asked.69、"Either her husband left her, or she left him," my mother said. "I don't know which. Anyway, she came back here with two youngsters, both only babies--they must have been born very close together. She kept house, I guess, for Lazarus and her brothers, down in the valley there, in the old Tonnerre place. I used to see her on the street sometimes, but she never spoke to me. She'd put on an awful lot of weight, and she looked a mess, to tell you the truth, a real slattern , dressed any old how. She was up in court a couple of times--drunk and disorderly, of course. One Saturday night last winter, during the coldest weather, Piquette was alone in the shack with the children. The Tonnerres made home brew all the time, so I've heard, and Lazarus said later she'd been drinking most of the day when he and the boys went out that evening. They had an old woodstove there--you know the kind, with exposed pipes. The shack caught fire. Piquette didn't get out, and neither did the children."70、I did not say anything. As so often with Piquette, there did not seem to be anything to say. There was a kind of silence around the image in my mind of the fire and the snow, and I wished I could put from my memory the look that I had seen once in Piquette's eyes.71、I went up to Diamond Lake for a few days that summer, with Mavis and her family. The MacLeod cottage had been sold after my father's death, and I did not evengo to look at it, not wanting to witness my long-ago kingdom possessed now by strangers. But one evening I went clown to the shore by myself.72、The small pier which my father had built was gone, and in its place there wasa large and solid pier built by the government, for Galloping Mountain was now a national park, and Diamond Lake had been re-named Lake Wapakata, for it was felt that an Indian name would have a greater appeal to tourists. The one store had become several dozen, and the settlement had all the attributes of a flourishing resort--hotels, a dance-hall, cafes with neon signs, the penetrating odoursof potato chips and hot dogs.73、I sat on the government pier and looked out across the water. At night the lake at least was the same as it had always been, darkly shining and bearing within its black glass the streak of amber that was the path of the moon. There was no wind that evening, and everything was quiet all around me. It seemed too quiet, and then I realized that the loons were no longer here. I listened for some time, to make sure, but never once did I hear that long-drawn call, half mocking and half plaintive, spearing through the stillness across the lake.74、I did not know what had happened to the birds. Perhaps they had gone away to some far place of belonging. Perhaps they had been unable to find such a place, and had simply died out, having ceased to care any longer whether they lived or not.75、I remembered how Piquette had scorned to come along, when my father andI sat there and listened to the lake birds. It seemed to me now that in someunconscious and totally unrecognized way, Piquette might have been the only one, after all, who had heard the crying of the loons.第十二课潜水鸟玛格丽特劳伦斯马纳瓦卡山下有一条小河，叫瓦恰科瓦河，浑浊的河水沿着布满鹅卵石的河床哗哗地流淌着，河边谷地上长着多数的矮橡树、灰绿色柳树和野樱桃树，形成一片茂密的丛林。
The_adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn
Writing Characteristics of Mark Twain
Literature is an art of language. Mark Twain’s language is artistic and like a sharp weapon without doubt. Mark Twain is famous for his humor and satire. Mark Twain’s humor is based on the humor of the Western in America. He used a lot of colloquial idioms and colloquial syntax. He often described persons who was innocent, simple, naive, and ignorant as his heroes or heroines. He used the artistic style of hyperbole on the basis of the western traditional humor and made his writing full of allegories that lay behind the humor.
—Mark Twain
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is commonly accounted as one of the first Great American Novels. It was also one of the first major American novels ever written using Local Color Realism or the vernacular（白话）, or common speech, being told in the first person.
赏析《汤姆·索亚历险记》中的幽默语言
赏析《汤姆·索亚历险记》中的幽默语言作者：王予红来源：《语文建设·下半月》2013年第11期摘要：《汤姆·索亚历险记》是马克·吐温在1876年发表的一部长篇小说，以第三人称的口吻讲述了小主人公汤姆·索亚经历的一些冒险事件，刻画了一个天真活泼、追求自由的小英雄形象，同时也深刻地揭露了当时美国社会的虚伪庸俗、学校教育的刻板陈腐。
本文尝试从修辞和嘲讽、儿童化和生活化、悖反语用等三个方面来对文中的幽默语言运用和其所起到的效果进行阐述。
关键词：汤姆·索亚幽默讽刺儿童《汤姆·索亚历险记》中的语言运用了暗讽、双关、象征等多种修辞手法，在看似轻松活泼的语言下也隐藏了很多作者对于时局政事的态度，因此如果想要真正理解马克·吐温语言的幽默，就需要对写作背景及作者的思想情感做一简要了解。
文学作为社会生活的一种反映，任何一部小说它的社会作用都是通过一个或几个人物形象来表达对于社会现象或社会规范的看法及立场。
马克·吐温正是通过塑造小主人公汤姆公然蔑视学校教育、教堂规则，不愿意做一个安稳的乖少爷，才离家出走经历一次次的冒险来表达自己的政治立场和社会评判的。
马克·吐温是十九世纪后期美国最卓越的现实主义文学批评家、优秀的幽默讽刺作家，出生于美国一个偏僻乡村的法官家庭，在父亲去世后，年仅12岁的他就开始独立谋生，做过排版、印刷、引航等多个杂工，1867年，《卡拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙》使他声名鹊起走上了文坛，他的一生有过很多的游历，足迹遍布世界很多地区，出身于官宦、长于社会底层而后又走向了文坛的至高点，这样的人生经历使得他对社会各个阶层都有深刻的了解，所以他作品题材的广泛性和深刻性都是与他同时代的作家不能望其项背的。
《汤姆·索亚历险记》所描写的时代背景是19世纪美国南北战争开始前的社会生活，也是作家对于自己那个时代的回忆，但是回忆显然不是他的唯一目的，最重要的是要引起人们对现实的反思。
(完整版)theadventuresoftomsawyer最终版
5.What is his first story?
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
6.What was he famous for?
He was famous for its description of common people and the way they talked, but especially for his humor.
In Hannibal, Missouri along the Mississippi River
2.Three of his books describe the people on this great river. And what are they?
The Life on the Mississippi The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Following the Equator
The Mysterious Stranger
《傻子出国记》 《神秘陌生人》 《汤姆·索亚历险记》
Writing Styles of Mark Twain
1. Humors 2. Localism 3. Colloquial style
一次马克·吐温应邀赴宴。席间，他对一位贵妇 说：“夫人，你太美丽了！”不料那妇人却说： “先生，可是遗憾得很，我不能用同样的话回答 你。” 头脑灵敏，言辞犀利的马克·吐温笑着回 答：“那没关系，你也可以像我一样说假话。
读书心得——论马克吐温短篇小说集《百万英镑》的创作艺术
读书心得——论马克吐温短篇小说集《百万英镑》的创作艺术马克·吐温是十九世纪末美国现实主义文学的杰出作家，在美国文学史上占有极其重要的地位。
他站在资产阶级民主主义立场，以幽默、讽刺的手法，揭露了美国资本主义虚伪的民主和自由，揭发美国种族主义对黑人的迫害和美帝国主义对外的侵略和扩张，为我们勾画了一幅幅十九世纪末、二十世纪初美国资本主义社会的画面。
他的短篇小说虽篇幅短小，却内容广泛，形式多种多样，集思想性与艺术性于一体，展示了他高超的创作才能，给人留下深刻的印象。
马克·吐温的短篇小说内容十分广泛。
从新闻界写到政界，从乡村写到城市；从符合儿童口味的浅显故事写到意义深远的种族歧视问题；从嘻笑的滑稽幽默剧写到冷峻、严肃的金钱对人灵魂的腐蚀问题，无处不显示出马克·吐温敏锐的观察力与卓越的艺术才华。
他的作品，糅合了多种艺术手法，无论是夸张、对比、讽刺、幽默等等，都可从作品中找出鲜明的痕迹。
本文从马克·吐温的作品集《百万英镑》入手，探究其短篇小说的创作特色。
综观《百万英镑》中的短篇小说创作，有以下三个主要特点：第一，夸张的艺术。
马克·吐温善于运用巧妙的夸张，使自己的作品既妙趣横生，又能引发读者深深的思考。
在他早、中期的许多作品中，这一手法运用十分突出。
例如，我们比较熟悉的《竞选州长》，是他早期的一篇优秀短篇小说。
文章中有这样的滑稽文字：“有一家报纸登出了一条新的耸人听闻的案件，再一次恶意中伤，严厉地控告我因为一家疯人院妨碍我家的人看风景，我就将这座疯人院烧掉，把里面的病人统统烧死。
”这是极为夸张的写法。
“马克·吐温”把疯人院里的病人“统统烧死”，这不是犯了命案了吗？怎么不吃官司，还跑来参加竞选？世上怎会有如此恶毒之人？细读这篇小说，我们便会发现，主人公的某些“罪名”与“罪状”不相符。
例如，“侵占一小片芭蕉地”怎么会构成“伪证罪”？诬蔑对方祖父“拦路抢劫被处绞刑”反而成了“盗尸犯”？这是马克·吐温有意用错位手法制造极度夸张的喜剧效果。
跳蛙
卡拉维拉斯驰名的跳蛙—马克吐温我的一个朋友从东部写信给我，我按照他的嘱咐访问了性情温和、唠唠叨叨的老西蒙·惠勒，去打听我那位朋友的朋友，利奥尼达斯·斯迈利的下落。
我在此说说吧。
我暗地里有点疑心这个利奥尼达斯·斯迈利是编出来的；也许我的朋友从来不认识这一个人，他不过揣摩着如果我向老惠勒去打听，那大概会使他回到他那个丢脸的吉姆·斯迈利，他会鼓劲儿唠叨着什么关于吉姆的该死的往事，又长又乏味，对我毫无用处，倒把我腻烦的要死。
如果他安的这种心，那可真是成功了。
在古老的矿区安吉尔小镇上那家又旧又破的小客栈里，我发现西蒙·惠勒正在酒吧间火炉旁边舒舒服服打盹，我注意到他是一胖子，秃了顶，安详的面孔上带着引人欢喜的温和朴质的表情。
他惊醒过来，向我问好。
我告诉他我的一个朋友委托我打听一位童年挚友，名叫利奥尼达斯·斯迈利，也就是利奥尼达斯·斯迈利牧师，听说这位年轻的福音传道师一度师安吉尔镇上的居民，我又说，如果惠勒先生能够告诉我任何关于这位利奥尼达斯·斯迈利牧师的情况，我会十感激他的。
西蒙·惠勒让我退到一个角落里，用他的椅子把我封锁在那儿，这才让我坐下，滔滔不绝地絮叨着从下一段开始的单调的情节。
他从来不笑，从来不皱眉，从来不改变声调，他的第一句话就用的是细水长流的腔调，他从来不露丝毫痕迹让人以为他热中此道；可是在没完没了的唠叨中却始终流露着一种诚挚感人的语气，直率地向我表明，他想也没想过他的故事有哪一点显得荒唐或离奇；在他看来，这个故事倒真是事关重大，其中的两位主角也都是在勾心斗角上出类拔萃的天才人物。
对我来说，看到一个人安闲自得地信口编出这样古怪的奇谈，从不微笑，这种现象也是荒谬绝伦了。
我先前说过，我要告诉我他所了解的利奥尼达斯·斯迈利牧师的情况，他回答如下。
我随他按他的方式讲下去，一次也没有打断他的话。
“从前，这有一个人，名叫吉姆·斯迈利，那时候是1949年冬天，也许是1950年春天，我记不准了。
_汤姆_索亚历险记_的语言魅力
式。李临定也曾提出“存在句状态的， ‘Ｖ＋着’最适合不过
了”。在对外汉语方面， 根据黄南松（ １９９６） 对《高级汉语教程》
（ １、２、３） 中有关存在句的统计分析， 得知一般动词存在句总数
１０１个 ， 其 中 带 “着 ” 的 存 在 句７２个 ， 占 全 部 存 在 句 总 数 的
１．２汉 英 存 在 句 的 异 同
范方莲（ １９６３） 在《存在句》一文中专门提出讨论“着”字句。
为了讨论的方便， 范先生在文中用Ａ代表作主语的处所词或方
位词， 用Ｂ代表动词， 用Ｃ代表作宾语的名词或名词短语。例如：
ＡＢ
Ｃ
台上 坐着 主席团。
典型的“着”字存在句是主动宾的结构， 是主谓句。即Ａ段
为主语， Ｂ段为动词即谓语中心词， Ｃ段为宾语。用层次分析法，
上， 形成了各种不同语言的不同表征形式。“存在句”作为表现
这一概念的句式， 自然也被广泛使用， 并且频率极高。存在句
作 为 汉 语 里 特 点 鲜 明 的 句 式 ， 也 有 多 种 表 达 方 式 。 如 “在 ”字
句， “是”字句， “有”字句， “着”字句等。
“Ｖ着”类存在句不仅是汉语存在句的主要句型， 也是留学
２．２幽 默 这部小说独特的艺术魅力， 在于贯穿和渗透全书的那种 马克·吐温式的幽默。“了不起的粉刷工”， “主日学校里出风头”， “猫和止疼药”， 我们读着这些生活情趣浓郁、笔调轻松幽默的故 事， 一定会忍俊不禁， 为小主人公的聪明机智拍案叫绝。处于当 今之世， 人们工作生活节奏加快， 物质富裕但精神生活贫乏， 普 遍感到身心疲惫， 因此更需要这种幽默的熏陶和滋养。当然， 马 克·吐温的幽默有别于博人一粲的滑稽小品。他的幽默是具有深 刻的社会意义， 因而极具价值和发人深思； 他的幽默是在真实生 活基础上， 加以概括、提炼， 使之典型化的， 所以是真实的， 常常 给读者以人生警悟和启迪的幽默。例如： “那位中年人原来是一 位 挺 有 来 历 的 大 人 物— — —居 然 是 县 法 官— — —可 算 是 孩 子 们 迄 今 为 止 见 过 的 最 威 严 的 角 色— — —他 们 琢 磨 不 透 他 是 用 什 么 材 料 制 成的— ——他们一方面想听他大吼一声， 一方面又害怕他吼出声。 他是康士坦丁堡镇上的人， 离此地十二英里— ——算是出过远门， 见 过 世 面— — —他 那 双 眼 睛 曾 经 仰 望 过 县 法 庭— — —据 说 县 法 庭 的 屋顶是铁皮做的。”这一段看似是一个无知顽童的懵懵懂懂的推 理， 是一种稚拙、可笑的坦陈， 但实际上是对司法制度的怀疑和 挖苦， 是对道貌岸然的“大人物”的冷峻的嘲讽。 ２．３充 满 个 性 的 语 言 小说中充满个性的语言非常生动有趣。如汤姆和陌生男 孩的对话： “我能打得过你！ ”“我倒想见识见识。”“那好， 我就 打给你看。”“得了， 你不行。”“我行。”“你就是不行。”“我就 是行。”“不行！ ”“行！ ”“不行！ ”“你吹牛。”“你也是吹牛。” 孩 子 之 间 的 对 话 多 么 生 动 ， 它 把 逞 强 好 胜 、惹 是 生 非 的 小 汤 姆形象刻画得活灵活现。再如汤姆和小女孩贝基的对话： “真 的 没 什 么 ， 你 也 不 爱 看 这 个 。 ”“我 爱 看 ， 我 真 的 爱 看 ， 请 你 让 我看吧。”“你会告我。”“不， 我决不告— ——一定、一定、双倍一 定 不 会 告 你 。 ”“你 不 管 跟 谁 都 不 说 吗 ？ 一 辈 子 永 远 都 不 说 吗？ ”“不管跟谁我永远不说。”汤姆慢慢让自己的小手移开， 后 来 终 于 露 出 三 个 字 ： “我 爱 你 。 ”这 充 满 童 趣 的 对 话 是 多 么 真实， 它把小汤姆爱慕小女孩的心理刻画得多么纯真可爱。 小说用这种儿童式的口语写成， 不但细腻深入地描绘出儿童 的复杂心理及其变化过程， 揭示出儿童内心世界的秘密， 而 且更直接地表现了儿童的身份和个性特点， 读来能让人情不 自 禁 地 想 起 当 年 的 自 己 ， 那 时 的 情 感 、思 想 、天 马 行 空 的 言 谈 、难 以 忘 怀 的 友 情 以 及 无 数 个 逐 渐 模 糊 的 记 忆 碎 片 不 知 不 觉闪现在脑海中。 ３．结语 《汤 姆·索 亚 历 险 记 》 最 大 的 特 点 就 是 用 儿 童 的 眼 睛 看 世 界， 用儿童的语言讲述自己的故事， 读这部童趣盎然的作品， 给人们的生活带来一份惊奇和快乐。作者以其脍炙人口的幽 默与讽刺以及对儿童心理世界的精细刻画 ， 使汤姆·索亚这个 可爱的“顽童”形象， 一百多年来饮誉世界。正如马克·吐温在 原序中写道： “写这本小说， 我主要是为了娱乐孩子们， 但我希 望 大 人 们 不 要 因 为 这 是 本 小 孩 看 的 书 就 将 它 束 之 高 阁 。”因 为
典范英语6、7翻译精编版
典范英语61、《海象加入了“表演”》2、吵闹的邻居3、皮皮公主的假期4、《哦！奥托》5、《科密特船长与紫色星球》6、《丛林短裤》7、《来自奥姆的蒙面清洁女工》8、《蒙面清洁女工反败为胜》9、《蒙面清洁女工面对海盗》10、《水母鞋》11、花朵街的狗老大12、玉米片硬币13、幽灵船14、机器狗15、球王贝利16、北极英雄17、拓荒女孩18、我的朋友曼德拉每个身处北极的动物都很兴奋，因为这里即将举行一场人人都可以参加的演出。
“我要表演滑雪”北极狐说，“我对此很在行”。
“我要表演翻筋斗”，北极熊说，“没人翻筋斗能比我好”“我唱歌吧”，海豹说，“每个人都说我嗓音很美。
“那我就表演潜水吧”鲸鱼说，“你们知道，我以前在学校可是拿过潜水奖牌的”之后大家都看着海象，问他：你表演什么呢？但是海象什么都不擅长，既不会滑雪也不会翻筋斗。
他的歌唱的很糟糕，而他潜水时，鼻子也是露在水面上的。
于是海象难过的坐在那里，嚼他的胡子。
“没关系”，北极狐说，“你可以看我们表演啊”。
北极狐，北极熊，海豹和鲸鱼都在为那场大型远处而努力练习着，而海象却躲在一个雪堆后面边看着他们，边嚼着他的胡子。
他真希望自己能擅长些什么。
2。
盛大的夜晚终于，表演的盛大夜晚到来了，每个人都坐下来等待演出的开始。
还想坐在最前排，他很激动，狐狸走到冰上向大家示意，众人都欢呼着。
狐狸开始表演滑冰了，他时而前滑，时而后退，时而向两边滑去，他滑出一个优美的圆圈，并8字型的滑着，她的表演简直是无与伦比的完美，海象非常喜欢她的表演，狐狸表演这一切似乎都是那么的简单轻松。
海象认为如果自己也真正的去尝试，一定也能像狐狸表演的那么好。
海象情不自禁的跳到冰上和狐狸一起滑冰“我能滑冰了”他叫嚷着，“快，看我”然而，海象并没能滑多久，他只是把一切搞砸，摔了一跤，他撞到狐狸，狐狸摔倒压在他的脸上，真糟糕！狐狸被他搞得心烦。
“海象搞砸了我的演出”狐狸悲叹说接下来，到了北极熊表演了，他蜷缩起来像一个雪球一样在冰面上滚动，众人都为他鼓掌，然后他就开始准备翻筋斗了，他又跳又滚，翻着筋斗，又倒立。
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Our story is called "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County." It was written by Mark Twain. Here is Shep O'Neal with the story.
(MUSIC) STORYTELLER: A friend of mine in the East asked me to visit old Simon Wheeler, to ask about my friend's friend, Leonidas W. Smiley. I did as my friend asked me to do and this story is the result.
I found Simon Wheeler sleeping by the stove in the ruined mining camp of Angel's. I saw that he was fat and had no hair, and had a gentle and simple look upon his peaceful face. He woke up, and gave me "good-day." I told him a friend had asked me to find out about a friend named Leonidas W. Smiley, who he heard was at one time living in Angel's Camp. I added that if Mister Wheeler could tell me anything about this Leonidas W. Smiley, I would feel a great responsibility to him.
Simon Wheeler forced me into a corner with his chair and began telling me this long story. He never smiled, he never frowned, he never changed his voice. But all through the endless story there was a feeling of great seriousness and honesty. This showed me plainly that he thought the heroes of the story were men of great intelligence.
I let him go on in his own way, and never stopped him once. This is the story Simon Wheeler told. (MUSIC) Leonidas W. …. h'm… Le… well, there was a man here once by the name of Jim Smiley, in the winter of eighteen forty-nine--or may be it was the spring of eighteen-fifty. Anyway, he was the strangest man. He was always making money on anything that turned up if he could get anybody to try to make money on the other side. And if he could not do that, he would change sides.
And he was lucky, uncommon lucky. He most always was a winner. If there was a dog-fight, he would try to win money on it. If there was a cat-fight, he would take the risk. If there was a chicken-fight, he would try to win money on it. Why, if there was two birds setting on a fence, he would want you to decide which one would fly first so he could win money.
Lots of the boys here have seen that Smiley and can tell you about him. Why, it did not matter to him. He would try to make money on anything. He was the most unusual man. Parson Walker's wife was very sick once, for a long time, and it seemed as if they were not going to save her.
But one morning he come in, and Smiley asked him how was his wife, and he said she was better, thank God. And Smiley, before he thought, says, "Well, I'll risk my money she will not get well.'" And Smiley had a little small dog. To look at the dog, you would think he was not worth anything but to sit around and look mean and look for a chance to steal something. But as soon as there was money, he was a different dog. Another dog might attack and throw him around two or three times. Then all of a sudden Smiley's dog would grab that other dog by his back leg and hang on till the men said it was over.
Smiley always come out the winner on that dog, at least until he found a dog once that did not have any back legs. The dog's legs had been cut off in a machine. Well, the fighting continued long enough, and the money was gone. Then when Smiley's dog come to make a grab the other dog's back legs, he saw in a minute how there was a problem.
The other dog was going to win and Smiley's dog looked surprised and did not try to win the fight anymore. He gave Smiley a look that said he was sorry for fighting a dog that did not have any back legs for him to hold, which he needed to win a fight. Then Smiley's dog walked away, laid down and died. He was a good dog, and would have made a name for himself if he had lived, for he had intelligence. It always makes me feel sorry when I think of that last fight of his and the way it turned out.
(MUSIC) Well, this Smiley had rats, and chickens, and cats and all of them kind of things. You could not get anything for him to risk money on but he would match you. He caught a frog one day, and took him home, and said he was going to educate the frog. And so he never done nothing for three months but sit in his back yard and teach that frog to jump. And you bet you he did teach him, too.
He would give him a little hit from behind. And the next minute you would see that frog dancing in the air and then come down all on his feet and all right, like a cat. Smiley got him so the frog was catching flies, and he would catch one of those insects every time.
Smiley said all a frog wanted was education, and he could do almost anything. And I believe him. Why, I have seen him set Dan'l Webster down here on this floor--Dan'l Webster was the name of the frog -- and sing out, "Flies, Dan'l, flies!" And quicker than you could shut your eyes that frog would jump straight up and catch a fly off the table. Then he would fall down on the floor again like a ball of dirt and start rubbing the side of his head with his back foot as if he had no idea he had been doing any more than any frog might do.