关系代词关系副词用法知识讲解
关系代词关系副词用
法
关系词(关系代词和关系副词)有时可以省略, 但这只限于限制性定语从句中, 在非限制性定语从句中, 关系词则不可省略。
1.关系代词作宾语时的省略: 当关系代词who, whom, which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时, 可以省略。
Is there anything (that/which) you wanted?
注意: 当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时, 关系代词多用that
Who is the man (that/who/whom) you were talking to?
This is the best novel (that) I have ever read.
注意: 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时, 关系代词一般都用that
2.关系代词作表语时的省略：当关系代词that在定语从句中作表语时, 可以省略。
China is not the country (that) it was.
3.关系代词作宾补时的省略：当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足语时, 可以省略。
I’m not the madman (that) you thought me. that做宾补
4.关系副词when的省略：用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略, 但有一种特殊情况, 即用于day, year, time等少数几个词后可以省略, 也可换成that
That was the year (when/that) I first went abroad.
I’ll never forget the day (when/that) we met.
5. 关系副词where的省略：用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略, 但有一种特殊情况, 即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时才可以省略, 也可换成
that
This is the place (where/that) they met yesterday.
Have you met somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour?
6. 关系副词why的省略: 关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句, 且通常可换成that 或for which, 均可省略。
That’s the reason (why/for which/that) he came.
关系副词的特点: 关系副词用于引出定语从句, 英语的关系副词主要有when, where, why三个。Sunday is the day (when/that) very few people go to work.
That’s the reason (why/for which/that) he dislikes me.
Do you know a shop where/that I can find sandals?
注意：关系副词用于引出定语从句, 且在从句中用作状语。关系副词when表示时间, where表示地点, why表示原因。
使用关系副词应注意的几点：
1.how不能用作关系副词, 不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于the way后表示方式:
This is the way how he spoke. (wrong)
This is how he spoke. /This is the way (that/in which) he spoke. (right)
This is the way that he solved the problem. =This is how he solved the problem.
2.关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句, 也可引导非限制性定语从句, 但why只能引导限制性定语从句, 不能引导非限制性定语从句(若引导非限制性定语从句, 可用for which reason)
3.引导定语从句时, when的先行词为时间, where的先行词为地点, why的先行词为原因(主要是the reason), 但是反过来却不一定
Don’t forget the time (that) I’ve told you. 做宾语
Do you know the house (that) he bought recently? 做宾语
Please tell me the reason (that) you know. 做宾语
关系代词引导的定语从句who, whom, which, that, whose在句中必做成分
1)who, whom, that指人, 在句中做主语或宾语, 作宾语可省略
Is he the man who/ that wants to see you? 做主语
He is the man (whom/that) I saw yesterday. 做宾语
2)which, that指物, 在句中做主语或宾语, 作宾语时可省略
A prosperity which/ that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 做主语The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 做宾语
3)whose表所属关系, 指人或物。指物可与of which互换, 指人可与of whom互换
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
=They rushed over to help the man of whom the car had broken down.
=They rushed over to help the man the car of whom had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
=Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.
=Please pass me the book of which the cover is green.
关系副词引导的定语从句when, where, why
1)区别:及物动词后面无宾语, 用关系代词；不及物动词用关系副词
This is the place (where/that) I lived once. where指代the place充当地点状语
This is the place (which/that) I visited once. which做visit的宾语, 可省略
I’ll never forget the days (which) we spend together. which做spend的宾语, 可省略
I’ll never forget the days (when/that) we live together in the country. when指代the days充当时间状语
2)关系副词含义相当于”介词+which”结构, 可以互换, 口语中可省略
There are occasions when/that one must yield屈服. =There are occasions on which one must yield.
Beijing is the place (where/that) I was born. =Beijing is the place on which I was born. Is this the reason (why/that) he refused our offer? = Is this the reason for which he refused our offer?
3)that代替关系副词: that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why 和”介词+which”引导的定语从句, 在口语中that常被省略。
His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.
He is unlikely to find the place (where/that/in which) he lived forty years ago.
不能用that的情况
1)引导非限制性定语从句时, 不能用that
The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (wrong, 应用which)
2)介词后不能用
We depend on the land from which we got our food.
=We depend on the land which/that we got our food from.
只能用that的情况
1)在there be句型中, 只用that, 不用which
2)在不定代词如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等做先行词时, 只用that
3)先行词有the only, the very修饰时, 只用that
4)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时, 只用that
5)先行词即有人, 又有物时
当先行词是way时, 关系副词常常省略。I appreciate the way (that) you teach me.
That作为关系副词所具备的功能, 即代替when、where、why三大关系副词或介词+ which。但这种代替是有条件的, 主要适用于表示时间、地点、原因、方式这四大类基本含义的先行词, 即time(替代when)，place(替代where)，reason(替代why)，way(替代in which)，其中time类的词汇最多, 包括若干下义词, 如hour, evening, summer, year, moment等。大概是因为这些词最基本、最常用, 所以在约定俗成的习惯下挣脱了原有关系副词的束缚。此外, that还可以与speed, distance等先行词连用, 此时无法用where代替。
在非正式语体中, 关系副词that是经常省略的。正是基于这个原因, 在论述”关系副词that的功能”中笔者并未给出相关例句, 因为在各语法书和词典关系中关系副词that总是有左右两个括号相
伴。
We moved here the year (that/when) my mother died.
I still remembered the summer (that) I walked around Paris.
The reason I called was to ask about the plans for Saturday.
There are so many delicious ways you can prepare chicken.
This is the place (where) I lived five years.
Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?
She knows the place (that/where) he stays.
There is nowhere (that) we can go.
The speed (that/at which) he is driving is 70 miles per hour.
This is the place (that) I spent my children at. =This is the place (that) I spend my childhood. 前者为关系代词用法, 比后者关系副词的用法更为正式
I don’t know any place (that) you can get a better exchange rate.
如上所述, 关系副词that是广泛存在的, 并且经常省略。当然各个词典和语法书的观点并非完全一致, 例如《薄冰高级英语语法》认为先行词为place时, 关系副词where也可省略；《薄冰高级英语语法》认为先行词为reason时, 关系副词why可以省略。为了便于记忆和理解, 我们可以将这类省略现象统一看做是关系副词that的省略。Oxford dictionary中可给出that作为关系代词的义项, 但所举例句中包含了that作为关系副词的用法(见如上第一个例句)。根据对句子结构的分析, 这里的that相当于when或in which, 不是代词而是副词。个别语法书中提到that代替关系副词when, where, why, how, 鉴于how作为关系副词并不具有充分的例证, 且多部语法书明确提出how不能做关系副词, 故笔者不采用that代替how的说法。
1.when(先行词是time, day, occasion等表时间的名词时在口语中可以省略)
At the time (when) I saw him, he was quite strong.
Do you know the year (when) The Declaration of Independence was published?
2. Where(先行词是place, room等表示地面的名词, 在口语中可以省略)
This is the place (where) I lived for 5 years.
3.why(先行词只有reason, 在口语中, 可以省略why)
That’s the reason (why) I’m checking it now.
还有一种省略应特别关注, 在this/that/it is后可省略先行词the time, the place, the reason, 直接跟why, when, where
That was (the time) when he lived there.
It is (the place) where that rock festival is held every year.
That’s (the reason) why he spoke.
一、关系代词在限制性定语从句中的省略场合
1.当关系代词, that, which, who , whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略
The professor (that/who/whom) you wish to see has come.
Where is the book (which/that) I bought this morning?
2.当关系代词that在定语从句中作补语时可以省略
He has changed. He is not the man (that) he was.
3.当关系代词that, which, who在定语从句中作主语时, 只有当主句是由It is, that is, there
is引导的场合才能省略
It isn’t everybody (that/who) can learn a foreign lnguage so easily.
That was his brother (who/that) just went by.
There was someone (who/that) asked for you, Bill.
二、关系副词when,where, why引导的限制性定语从句在非正式语体中，通常可以省略
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.
The reason (why) he came so early in his own affair.
That’s the place (where) he stayed when he was in Lon don.
另外, 在当代英语里, that可以用于表示时间、地点、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句, 在口语中that常被省略。
His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.
He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.
三、以the way作为先行词的限制性定语从句用在非正式语体中通常省略in which或者that
The way (in which/that) you answered the questions was admirable.
1.Time, day, year, place, house, reason, way等作先行词时可以被省略, 其后的子句不再是形容词子句, 而变成名词子句或副词子句。
This is where he was born. Where he was born是名词子句
This is the place where he was born. Where he was born是形容词子句
I’ll meet her where I first met her. Where I first met her是副词子句
I’ll meet her at the place where I first met her. Where I first met her是形容词子句Tuesday is when the garbage truck comes. When the garbage truck comes 是名词子句Tuesday is the day when the garbage truck comes. When the garbage truck comes 是形容词子句
2.关系副词有限定用法,指的是关系副词引导的形容词子句只修饰先行词。
We were very happy in those days when we studied in school.
3.关系副词有补述用法, 即关系副词引导的是对等子句而不是形容词子句, 主要用于对主要子句中的不足之处加以补充, 前面都要加逗点与主要子句分开。
Tom got married the day before yesterday, when it was his birthday too.
1.Where引导的定语从句: 先行词是表示地点的名词, 如place, room, house, street, area等, 或含有地点意义的抽象名词, 如situation(处境,地势), stage, point(点), case(案例, 情况), 用where引导定语从句, 在定语从句中做地点状语。
The school where/in which I studied for only two years was three kilometers away. Harvard is a world-famous university. There Wang An got his Doctor’s degree.
=Harvard is a world-famous university where Wang An got his Doctor’s degree.
This is the house. I was born in the house.
=This is the house where/in which I was born.=This is the house which I was born in.
A bank is the place where/in which they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
*先行词为抽象名词situation, stage, point, job, case, system, game, degree等, 表示模糊化的地点, 用where引导定语从句。
You reach a point where medicine can’t help.
She is in a hopeless situation where we will keep a very close eye on her.
2.when引导的定语从句：先行词是表示时间的名词, 如day, time, year, hour等, 用when引导定语从句, 在句中作状语。
The time when/at which I first met Nelson was a very difficult period of my life.
The day when/on which Nelson helped me was one of my happiest. When=in/at/on/during+ which
I’ll never forget the day. I joined the league on that day.
=I’ll never forget the day when I joined the league.
The days are gone when physical strength was all your needed to make a living.
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
I’ll never forget the day when I joined the army.
一、”介词+关系代词”结构
1.当关系代词whom, which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时, 可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间；当先行词指人时, 介词后的关系代词用whom, 其余用which, 这时的关系代词不能省略; 有时为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词, 也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面, 这时的which可用that替换。当介词放在有关动词的后面时, 关系代词which, that, whom在口语和非正式语体中经常省略。This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which/that) he used to live in.
Who’s the man with whom you just shook hands? = Who’s the man (that/whom) you just
shook hands with?
注意: 下列情况介词不能提前
1)用who代替whom, 用that代替which时, 介词不能提前
He’s the boy (who) I learned English from.
This should be the place (that) Tom send the parcel to.
2)当whom, which省去时介词不能提前
Is he the boy you went there with?
This is the room he lived in.
3)当whom, which作为含有介词的动词短语的宾语时, 介词一般来说不能拆开提前
You’re the very man (whom) I’m looking for.
This is the program (which) he listened to.
2.”介词+关系代词”结构通常可以和一些关系副词(when, where和why相互转换)
1)where=in/on which
This is the room where/in which he lived.
2)when=on/in/at/during which
I still remember the year when/in which I joined the Party.
I still remember the day when/on which I joined the Party.
I still remember the hour when/at which the rocket was launched.
3)why=for which
This is the reason why/for which he was killed.
注意: 并不是所有的介词+关系代词的结构都可用关系副词替代
I am very impressed by the way in which he works. 这里in which代表的是in the way, 在句
中作方式状语, 只有当介词+关系代词结构作表示时间、地点和原因的状语时, 才能相应地用when, where和why代替。
试比较下面两组句子:
This is the factory that/which produces radios. 划线部分作主语, 应用关系代词The factory produces radios.
This is the factory where radios are produced. 化纤部分作地点状语, 应用关系副词Radios
are produced in the factory.
Do you remember the days (that) we spent together? 关系代词在句中作宾语 We spent the days together.
Do you remember the days when we worked together? 关系副词作时间状语 We worked together during the days.
关系副词的省略:
1.the time, every time, the moment等后的关系副词可以省略
By the time (when) he was fourteen years old, Jim had learnt more than two thousands English words.
2.在某些表示地点的名词后, 关系副词有时也可以省略, 如the place等
This is the place (where) I saw him last time.
3. 先行词the reason后面的关系副词可以省略
The reason (why) he came is quite clear.
4.当先行词是way时, 关系副词常常省略
I know the way (that) he learns English.
An architect is a person who/that designs buildings.
I will never forget the teacher who/that taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school.
Anyone who/that wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first.
Do you know the gentleman (whom/that) we met in the school library yesterday?
This is the student (whom/that) my father taught ten years ago.
The girl (who/whom/that) I saw is called Mary. 非正式英语中, 可用who代替whom
The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. Whose
father=the father of whom
Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? Whose window=the window of which指the window of the hotel
Look out! Don’t get too close to the house whose roof is under repair. Whose roof-the roof of which
I do not like stories which/that have unhappy endings.
Toms works for a factory which/that makes watches.
Is the girl that/whom sells newspaper?
Where is the ice-cream that/which was in the fridge?
Is this the book (that/which) you want to buy?
关系副词
In Beijing July and August are the months (when/that) it rains very often.
Do you remember the day (when/that) we first went to the Summer Palace?
I haven’t seen her since the year (when) I left Tokyo.
Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what (=all that= the things that) it was 20 years ago, when it was so poorly equipped.
During the Spring Festival I went back to the town (where/that) I was brought up. That 不能作为表示地点的关系副词
This is the place (where/that) Li Bai once lived. That不能作为表示地点的关系副词
区别: This is the place (that/which) Li Bai once visited.
If a shop has chairs (where) women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.
The reason (why/that) I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.
This is the reason (why/that) he came late to school. =This is why he came late to school.
As是个比较特殊的关系代词, 一是用在某些句型搭配里, 二是独立于主句之外。
一、在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中, as引导定语从句
You may take as(副词) many books as(关代, 代替books, 在定语从句中作宾语) you want.
I have got such a computer as yours.
I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.
二、独立于主句之外, as引导定语从句
As we know, the earth turns around the sun.
As is known to us, the earth turns around the sun.
As we know和As is known to us均为定语从句, as分别作宾语和主语, 替代后面的主句。
Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China. 关系代词as指代整个主句, 在定语从句中作宾语。
As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. Which和as引导定语从句均可代表一句话或整个主句, 但which不能放在句首, 另外as有”正如”的意思, 而which没有。
一、关系代词who和that的区别
1.当关系代词用作主语时, 多用主格who
He who loses hope loses all. 先行词为代词he, they , any, all, one等时, 多用who
I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese. 在非限制性定语从句中用who
2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时, 用宾格whom, 不用that
The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.
=The man (who/whom/that) our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. 口语中省略关代最自然
3.当关系代词泛指人时, 多用that
He is a man that is never afraid of failure. That用来泛指人
4.当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时, 应用that
Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 避免重复
二、关系代词which与that的区别
1.当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时, 关系代词多用that
All that glitters is not gold.
She told me everything (that) she knew.
2.当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时, 关系代词一般都用that
That is the best novel (that) I have ever read.
He is the only person that has been invited to the ball.
3.当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时, 应用that
Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest?
4.在非限制性定语从句中, 关系代词一般只用which
Beijing, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games.
5.介词后的关系代词用which, 不用that
She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps.
I saw a women running towards me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction from which she had come.
He was educated at a local grammar school, after which he went to Cambridge.
The English play in which my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success. =The English play which/that my students acted in at the New Year’s party was a great success.
限制性定语从句中, 从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系很密切, 若缺少, 句意则不完整, 故从句前不用逗号隔开; 非限制性定语从句中, 从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系不太密切, 若缺少,句意仍然完整, 故从句一般都用逗号隔开。试比较以下两组句子:
The water which has been polluted by the factory is not fit to drink.
Water, which is a clear liquid, is widely used in our everyday life.
His brother who is nineteen years old is serving in the army now. 不只一个哥哥
His brother, who is nineteen years old, is serving in the army now. 只有一个哥哥
The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, which means spending tens of thousands of pounds.
I have many friends, of whom some are business.
定语从句的位置: 定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候, 定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语, 这样它们被分隔了, 这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。
There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 定语从句置于句末以示强调
The factory produced half a million of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad.
定语从句与同位语从句的区别:
同位语从句与定语从句从形式上看好像没什么区别, 实际上从含义和功能上看, 还是比较易区分的。同位语从句的先行词一般为fact, idea, news, thought, reply, report, problem等抽象名词, 而且关联词大都为that. 在idea, problem等词后根据句意可能用到who, when, why, how等其他关联词。关联词that在同位语从句中仅仅起连接作用, 不作任何成分, 但又不可省略。定语从句的关联词(关系代词和关系副词)在从句中是要充当句子成分的且有实际意义。
The suggestion that we should practice speaking English every day came from our monitor. 同位语
The suggestion (that) our monitor put forward at the meeting is very valuable. 关代, that作宾语
A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
We haven’t settled the question of whether是否 it is necessary for him to study abroad. 考查whether引导的同位语从句。这个句子中的of可以省略, 形式上看, of后面的从句为介词的宾
语从句,但实际上of连接的question与whether引导的从句是同位关系。在表示“是否”含义时, 用
在介词后或在同位语从句中不可用if。
定语从句与强调句型的区别
强调句型一般总是使用It is…that…这个句子, 将被强调的成分(主语、宾语或状语)放在句式里。这个关联词that没有实际意义, 仅仅起连接作用, 但一般情况下不省略。当代英语有一种趋势: 如果强调的主语是人, 则可用who; 如果强调的宾语是人, 则可用whom; 如果强调时间状语, 则可用when;如果强调地点状语,则可用where。定语从句一般不用It is开头, 而且定语从句的关联词that 在从句中担当句子成分。
It is Professor Johnson who/that is to visit China Agricultural University next week. 强调句型, who可换成that
This is Professor Johnson, who is to visit China Agricultural University next week. 定语从句, who不可换成that
It was with great joy that he received the news that his lost daughter had been found. 强调原因状语
The day which he was born on was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关代
The day that he was born on was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关代
The day on which he was born was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关代, 介词提前
The day he was born on was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关代which或that作表语省略
The day when he was born was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关副when
The day that he was born was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关副that
The day he was born was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关副when或that省略
When he was born was New Year’s Day. 省略the day, 变成when引导的名词子句作主语
The day which he was born on was New Year’s Day.
The day that he was born on was New Year’s Day.
The day he was born on was New Year’s Day.
The day on which he was born was New Year’s Day.
The day when he was born was New Year’s Day.
The day that he was born was New Year’s Day.
The day he was born was New Year’s Day.
When he was born was New Year’s Day.
限制性定语从句: 与主句的关系比较密切, 它说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况。如果去掉, 会影响句子意思的完整。
非限制性定语从句: 表示与主句的关系不十分密切, 只是对先行词做些附件说明而已。如果去掉, 主句意思仍然清楚完整。它跟主句之间常用逗号分开, 翻译时通常不译作定语, 而是单独译成与主句并列的句子。
Tom is a boy who often helps others. Tom是一个经常帮助别人的男孩。
Yesterday I met Tom, who seemed a little upset. 昨天我见了Tom, 他看起来有些心烦意乱。
A doctor is a person who/that looks after people’s health.
This is the diamond (which/that) the lady has lost.
The school (where/that) I studied for only two years was three kilometers away. That不能作为表示地点的关系副词
The school at which I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.
The school which I studied at for only two years was three kilometers away.
Where I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.
I still remember the time (when/that) I first traveled by plane.
I still remember the time at which I first traveled by plane.
I still remember the time which I first traveled at by plane.
I still remember when I first traveled by plane.
Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Second World War.
My parents live in my hometown, which is about 30 kilometers from here.
Alice, who is a distant relative of mine, studies in Yale now.
The house, where a murder case happened last year, has got a lovely garden.
They planted some trees which/that didn’t need such water.
The foreigner who/that visited our school yesterday is from Canada.
This is the house where the old scientist once lived.
=This is the house in which the old scientist once lived.
=This is the house which the old scientist once lived in.
=This is the house the old scientist once lived.
=This is where the old scientist once lived.
I will never forget the day when I joined the Youth League.
=I will never forget the day that I joined the Youth League.
=I will never forget the day on which I joined the Youth League.
=I will never forget the day which I joined the Youth League on.
=I will never forget the day I joined the Youth League.
=I will never forget when I joined the Youth League.
Do you know the man that/who is reading a book over there?
This is a supermarket that/which sells a variety of goods.
I don’t know the reason why/that he is late.
=I don’t know the reason he is late.
=I don’t know why he is late.
I’ll never forget the time during which I was with my friends in the country.
=I’ll never forget the time when I was with my friends in the country.
=I’ll never forget the time that I was with my friends in the country.
=I’ll never forget the time I was with my friends in the country.
=I’ll never forget when I was with my friends in the country.
I will offer you a better way in which you can do the job.
=I will offer you a better way that you can do the job.
=I will offer you a better way you can do the job.
=I will offer you a better way how you can do the job.
She bought several clothes, on which she spent all her money.
It is the grammar rules of which I am not sure.
=It is the grammar rules which I am not sure of.
Can you see the river across which there is a bridge? 你能看见上面有座桥的那条河吗?
He is swimming in the river, on which there is a boat. 他在那条河里游泳, 河面上有一只小船。
Here is the river in which I used to swim. 这儿就是我过去常常游泳的那条河。
This is the right book that/which I’m looking for.
Mary is the girl for whom I bought this gift.
=Mary is the girl whom/that I bought this gift for.
=Mary is the girl I bought this gift for.
The person to whom you talked just now is my father.
=The person whom/that you talked to just now is my father.
=The person you talked to just now is my father.
If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.
If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place all things are
possible(America is where all things are possible=America is the place that all things are possible)
In an hour, we can travel to places which/that would have taken our ancestors days to reach.
This is the town which/that I wanted to visit most. This is the town and I wanted to visit it most.
=This is the town I wanted to visit most.
This is the town where I was born. This is the town and I was born there.
=This is the town that I was born.
=This is the town I was born.
=This is the town on which I was born.
=This is the town which I was born on.
=This is the town that I was born on.
=This is the town I was born on.
=This is where I was born.
Literature is the place where the past meets the present to contemplate the future.
=Literature is the place that the past meets the present to contemplate the future.
=Literature is the place the past meet s the present to contemplate the future.
=Literature is where the past meets the present to contemplate the future.
I’ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the place which I’d like to visit.
=I’ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the place I’d like to visit.
Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other.
=Remember that the best relationship is one that your love for each other is greater than your need for each other.
Cheating is most likely in situations where the vital interests are high and the chances of getting caught are low.
We moved here the year (that/when) my mother died.
I still remembered the summer (that/when) I walked around Paris.
The reason (why/that/for which) I called was to ask about the plans for Saturday.
There was so many delicious ways you can prepare chicken.
This is the place (where/that) I lived five years. =This is where I lived five years.
Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?
She knows the place (that/where) he stays.
英语语法专项：关系代词的用法
关系代词 ?1、关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分，例如： The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。（该句中whom 既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。） 2、关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that 可指人也可指物，见表： ?例如： This is the pencil whose point is broken. 这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。 (whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语) He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。 （which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略） ★关系代词的用法 1、关系代词的句法功能 1）关系代词在句中作主语 例如：I prefer music that/which has great lyrics 2）关系代词在句中作宾语 例如：I like music that I can sing along with. 3）关系代词在句中作表语 例如：The house is not the one (that) it used to be. 2、关系代词在从句中作名词的定语 例如：Is she the teacher whose hair is very short? 3、关系代词的用法 1）who和whom的用法：二者都用于指人。Who在定语从句中作主语、宾语，whom 在定语从句中作宾语。Whom在从句中能坐介词的宾语，而who则不能。 例如：I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday. 2）whose的用法：一般指人，有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。 例如：I have got a friend whose brother is training for the Olymoics. 3）which的用法：一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、偶尔作定语。 例如：The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min. 4）that的用法：指人或物，指人时可与who、whom互换，指物时可与that互换。在从句中可作主语、宾语，还可作表语。
关系代词 关系副词区别
关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as 关系副词when, where, why 关系代词和关系副词区别 Don’t forget the time that I’ve told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。This is the house that he bought yesterday. 这就是他昨天买的那座房子。 1.关系代词在句子充当主语或者宾语，定语。 2.关系副词作状语，相当于介词+which结构。 关键在于判断从句是否缺少主语或宾语。 主语： Vi 宾语：判断谓语动词Vt 双宾语 The factory _______ he works is good. The factory _______ he visited yesterday is good. Those words _______ Miss Li taught me is useful. 习题 1. This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 2. I will never forget these days _____ I spent in the countryside. 3. We really need a man ______ understands English. 4. Beijing is the place _____ I was born. 5. Is this the reason ____ he refused our offer?
【英语】英语代词用法详解
【英语】英语代词用法详解 一、单项选择代词 1．Behind this shop lies a nonprofit organization, ____helping survivors of drug and alcohol addiction, violence and other horrible experiences. A．one B．the one C．that D．which 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】 考查代词。句意：这家店的背后是一个非营利性组织，一个帮助吸毒、酗酒、暴力和其他可怕经历的幸存者的组织。后文中没有谓语动词，故不属于定语从句，不能选择C或者D 选项。且设空处做organization的同位语，表泛指，故不加冠词the，排除B选项。故综上选A。 2．The Olympic Games makes _____ possible for people to live side by side in peace. A．this B．it C．that D．不填 【答案】B 【解析】 本题的含义是奥运会使人们能够和平的生活在一起成为可能，本题make后的真正宾语位于句尾用动词不定式，那么在英文中通常用形式宾语it来代替真正的主语，故本题选B。 3．Mom promised to buy me a nice gift for my next birthday, ______ beyond my imagination. A．which B．that C．something D．the one 【答案】C 【解析】 考查同位语。something beyond my imagination 是 a nice gift 的同位语,补充说明礼物是某种超乎想象的东西。后面句子中没有动词构成不了句子，所以which不能选。the one 指代与gift 是同一个东西的礼物,意思成了“出乎想象的已知的礼物”,与上文的 promised to buy 不符。句意：妈妈承诺我下个生日给我买一个超乎我的想象的好看的礼物。故选C。 4．－When shall we go to see the movie The Hunger Games together? －Make it ________ day you like; it's all the same to me. A．one B．any C．another D．some 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：考查形容词辨析。本句中的any意为“任意一个”，another另外一个；some一些；one一个；句意：—我们什么时候一起去看《饥饿游戏》这部电影啊？—你喜欢的随便那一天都行，我都没关系的。根据句意可知使用any day，表示任意一天都可以。故B正确。 【名师点睛】
定语从句讲解关系代词的用法
Un itl 《 school life 》 Grammar (1) 定语从句(AttributiveClause) I根据初中所学知识，请用红笔标出下列表格中的定语 定语从句的定义及其作用： 定语从句是又称形容词性从句，在句子中起定语作用，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可修饰一个句子.受定语从句修饰的词叫先行词.定语从句的作用和作定语的形容词、介词词组、分词词组相似，有时可以相互转换，例如：金发女孩可译作abl on degirl， agirlwithbl on dehair 或agirlwhohasblo ndehair。定语从句通常由关系代词 that/which/who/whom/which/as 或关系副词when/where/why 引导，这些词既指代主句中要说明的名词或代词，又充当从句中的某个句子成分。定语从句可分为：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词后面，所以如果在名词或代词后面出现一个从句，根据它与前面名词或代词的逻辑关系来判断是否是定语从句。 川定语从句的必备三要素 1先行词(名词或代词) | relativepr on. (assub.,obj.,pred.) 2关系词 (that 指人或物/which 指物/who(m)指人/whose) 3关系词在从 句中充当成分ativeadv. (asadverbial) (whe n/where/why) 找出下列句中的定语从句；分析定语从句三要素 1.Youaretherightmanwhomwearelookingfor. 2.I ' vespentallthemoneythatwasgivenbymyparents. 3.Iwillneverforgettheday whenljoinedtheparty.
关系代词与关系副词的区分办法
关系代词与关系副词的区分办法 一般说来，当先行词是表示时间的名词时，其后要用关系副词when来引导定语从句；先行词是表示地点的名词时，其后要用关系副词where来引导定语从句。但这只是一般情况，有时会有特殊情况噢！不信你看看下面的句子： The student (who answered the question) was John. student在从句中作主语,所以可用代词who来做关系代词 The hotel (where we stayed) during our holidays stands by the seaside. hotel在从句中应该是作地点状语，是we stayed at the hotel. 这个句子同时也能被写成： The hotel (which/that we stayed at) during our holidays stands by the seaside. 这个时候从句有主语we，有谓语stayed at，独缺宾语hotel，所以要用关系代词which或that Don’t forget the time that I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。 This is the house that he bought yesterday. 这就是他昨天买的那座房子。 这两句均含有定语从句，它们所修饰的先行词分别为the time和the house，分别为表示时间和地点的名词，但为什么后面接的是关系代词that，而不是关系副词when和where呢？ 要弄清这个问题，我们先来回顾一下关系代词和关系副词的用法。前面我们讲到，关系代词具有代词的功能，在定语从句中可用作主语或宾语等；而关系副词则具有副词的功能，它们在定语从句中只能用作状语。所以，当我们要判断一个时间或地点名词后是用关系词that 还是关系副词when和where时，我们首先要明确关系词在定语从句是用作什么成分——用作主语或宾语，则用关系代词；用作状语，则用关系副词。 现在我们再来分析一下上面的两个句子： 在Don’t forget the time that I’ve told you中，定语从句that I’ve told you之所以要用that 来引导，是因为从句中的动词told缺宾语，tell在此所用的句型是tell sb sth，所以定语从句要用关系代词引导。 在This is the house that he bought yesterday中，定语从句hat he bought yesterday之所以也要用that来引导，同时是因为从句中的动词bought缺宾语，所以定语从句也要用关系代词引导。 确定用关系代词还是用关系副词的简便方法是：看定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语，若缺，用关系代词；若不缺，用关系副词。 练习 1)This is the factory __ I visited last year. 2)This is the factory __ I worked last year. A. where B. which C. as D. what 【分析】以上两句只有细微的差别，但答案却不同。 1）选B；1）是动宾关系，即I visited the factory，因此选which。 2）选A。做这种题时，要看先行词与定语从句中谓语动词之间的关系：2）中factory应在定语从句中作地点状语，即I worked in the factory，因此,选where。
代词用法详解
. 语法专题: 代词用法详解及练习 英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词等等。今天我们主要学习小学英语中常用到的“人称代词”和“物主代词”的用法。 01 人称代词 表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词，叫做人称代词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表 单复数、 人称 名称 单数 复数 第一 人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一 人称 第二 人称 第三 人称 人称代词 主格 I you he she it
we you they 宾格 .. . me you him her it us you them 1、主格：句中做主语，一般用在动词前（疑问句除外）。 例：I have a dog. I am from China.我来自中国。 We are good friends.我们是好朋友。 They help me a lot 2、宾格：在句中做宾语，多用于动词、介词后。 例：Mr. Wang teaches us English.王老师教我们英语。 Let me help you.让我来帮你。 What's wrong with him ？他怎么了？ 3. 两个或两个以上的人称代词并列作主语时，排列顺序为：单数人称二、三、一，复数人称一、 二、三。 例如： You ,she and I are good friends.我，你和她都是好朋友。 We,you and they all like music.我们，你们和他们都喜欢音乐。
关系代词that 的用法
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初中英语定语从句关系代词和关系副词
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明的名词或代词,又充当从句中的某个句 子成分。定语从句可分为：限制性定语从句 和非限制性定语从句。 定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词后面，所 以如果 在名词或代词后面出现一个从句， 根 据它与前面名词或代词的逻辑关系来判断 是否是定语从句。 川 Th 定语从句的k 必Which was written by J.K. relative pron. （thal ativ 指人或物adVe Wh ）ich 指物 / 3关系词在从句中充当成分en / where / why ） 找出下列句中的定语从句；分析定语从句三要 素 1. You are the right man whom we are looking for. 2. I ' ve spent all the money that was given by my parents. 3. I will never forget the day when I joined the party. 4. This is the factory where the machines are made. IV 关系代词的用法: 1先行词（名词或代 词） 2关系词1
不定代词用法详解.docx
不定代词用法详解 不定代词， 不明确指代某个特定的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。 不定代词可以代替名次 和形容 词，表示不同的数量概念。不定代词没有主格和宾格之分，在句中可做主语、 表语、定语等。 英语中的不定代词常常成对出现， 如 some 和 any, all 和 both, neither 和 every, other 和 another, much 和 many, one 和 no, none 和 no one, few 和 a little ，等等。另外，还有由 some, any, every, no 与 body, one, thing 构成的复合不定代词 (somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, someone, anyone, everyone, no one, something, anything, everything, nothing) 。 1. some 和 any some 和 any 都可修饰或指代可数名词和不可数名词； some 一般用于肯定句， any 一般用 于疑问 句和否定句。 如： I must get some fruit in the market. 我得在市场上买点水果。 Do you have any books for children? 你有适合小孩子看的书吗 ? 【说明】 (1) 当表示请求或要求并希望对方能给出肯定的回答时， some 也可用于疑问句； any 表示 “任何的”之意时，也可用于肯定句。 Can you give me some paper? 你能给我些纸吗？ Why not send that girl some flowers? 为什么不送给那位女孩几束花呢？ You can read any of the books. 你可以看这些书中的任何一本。 (2) some 和 any 均不能跟冠词连用。 2. all 和 both (1) all 表示全部， 表示三者或三者以上的人或物； both 指代两个人或事物，表示两者都。 Copper and silver are both metals. 铜和银都是金属。 Both sides are keen to reach an agreement. 双方都很想达成协议。 She and her husband both like dancing. 她和丈夫都喜欢跳舞。 There are trees on both sides of the street. 街道两旁都有树。 Not all women like the word Ms. 并非所有的女性都喜欢 Ms 这个词。 (2) all 和 both 都可以与定冠词连用，置于定冠词之前。 Are all the students here today? 今天所有的学生都到了吗 ? 【说明】在句子中用作同位语时，一般放在行为动词之前，情态动词、系动词 be 或助动词 之后，但 当行为动词或表语省略时， all, both 放在情态动词、系动词 be 或助动词之前。 They haven ' t been there, but we both have. 我们没有去过那儿，但我们俩去过。 (3) All ， both 与 not 连用表示部分否定。 All birds can not fly. 不是所有的鸟都会飞。 All that glitters is not gold. 并不是所有发光的都是金子。 Both men and women are not of the same character. 男人和女人的性格特点不都一样。 3. neither 和 either neither 和 either 均用于指两者， neither 意为“两者都不” ， either 意为“两者之一” 、“任 意 一方”。 如： Neither of us enjoy getting up early. 我们俩谁也不喜欢早起。 There are trees on either side of the street. 街道两边都有树。 She 's the kind of person you either love or hate. 她是那种叫你不是爱就是恨的人。 Here are two shirts ,you can take either of them. 这儿有两件衬衫，你拿哪件都可以。 和 either, each a few ， little 和