能源科学概论.docx

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1. 概论 ___________________________________________________________ 12. 能量与能源 _____________________________________________________ 22.1.能量______________________________________________________________ 22.1.1.能量 __________________________________________________________________ 22.1.2.能源 __________________________________________________________________ 32.1.3.能量的转换____________________________________________________________ 42.1.4.能量的评价____________________________________________________________ 52.2.能源在社会可持续发展中的作用______________________________________ 62.2.1.可持续发展的概念______________________________________________________ 62.2.2.能源更迭与社会发展____________________________________________________ 62.2.3.能源与国民经济________________________________________________________ 72.2.4.能源与人民生活________________________________________________________ 82.2.5.能源与环境____________________________________________________________ 82.3.能源形势_________________________________________________________ 142.3.1.世界能源资源概况_____________________________________________________ 142.3.2.世界能源消费及构成___________________________________________________ 142.3.3.世界性的能源问题_____________________________________________________ 152.3.4.中国的能源资源_______________________________________________________ 172.3.5.中国能源可持续发展的对策____________________________________________ 203. 能量的转换与储存 ______________________________________________ 213.1.能量的基本性质___________________________________________________ 213.1.1.能量的性质___________________________________________________________ 213.1.2.能量守恒与转换定律___________________________________________________ 223.1.3.能量贬值原理_________________________________________________________ 233.2.能量转换的主要燃料_______________________________________________ 253.2.1.煤炭 _________________________________________________________________ 253.2.1.1.煤的形成和分类 __________________________________________________ 253.2.1.2.煤的开采与加工 __________________________________________________ 263.2.1.3.煤的气化________________________________________________________ 273.2.1.4.水煤浆__________________________________________________________ 283.2.2.石油 _________________________________________________________________ 283.2.2.1.石油的形成与分类 ________________________________________________ 283.2.2.2.主要石油产品的种类与用途 ________________________________________ 293.2.2.3.油田开发________________________________________________________ 293.2.3.天然气_______________________________________________________________ 303.2.4.核燃料_______________________________________________________________ 303.2.4.1.核裂变的核燃料 __________________________________________________ 303.2.4.2.核聚变的核燃料 __________________________________________________ 31 3.3.机械能的获取_____________________________________________________ 313.3.1.热能的转换___________________________________________________________ 313.3.1.1.热机的效率______________________________________________________ 313.3.1.2.内燃机__________________________________________________________ 323.3.1.3.汽轮机__________________________________________________________ 333.3.1.4.燃气轮机________________________________________________________ 333.3.2.水能和风能的转换_____________________________________________________ 353.3.3.电能的转换___________________________________________________________ 35 3.4.电能的生产_______________________________________________________ 363.4.1.机械能的转换_________________________________________________________ 363.4.2.热能转换_____________________________________________________________ 363.4.3.磁流体发电___________________________________________________________ 363.4.4.化学能转换___________________________________________________________ 383.4.5.太阳能转换___________________________________________________________ 383.4.6.核能转换_____________________________________________________________ 38 3.5.能量的储存_______________________________________________________ 383.5.1.概述 _________________________________________________________________ 383.5.2.机械能的储存_________________________________________________________ 393.5.2.1.一般储能________________________________________________________ 393.5.2.2.抽水蓄能________________________________________________________ 393.5.3.电能的储存___________________________________________________________ 403.5.3.1.蓄电池__________________________________________________________ 403.5.3.2.静电场和感应电场 ________________________________________________ 403.5.4.热能的储存___________________________________________________________ 413.5.5.核能的储存___________________________________________________________ 42 3.6.热能的产生_______________________________________________________ 423.6.1.热能的获取___________________________________________________________ 423.6.2.燃烧的基础知识_______________________________________________________ 433.6.3.燃烧设备_____________________________________________________________ 444. 常规能源 ______________________________________________________ 46 4.1.煤炭_____________________________________________________________ 464.1.1.煤炭资源_____________________________________________________________ 464.1.2.煤炭生产_____________________________________________________________ 484.1.3.洁净煤技术___________________________________________________________ 49 4.2.石油_____________________________________________________________ 514.2.1.石油资源_____________________________________________________________ 514.2.2.石油生产与消费_______________________________________________________ 51 4.3.天然气___________________________________________________________ 524.3.1.天然气资源___________________________________________________________ 524.3.2.天然气生产___________________________________________________________ 524.3.3.天然气市场___________________________________________________________ 52 4.4.水能_____________________________________________________________ 534.4.1.水能资源_____________________________________________________________ 534.4.2.水能利用概况_________________________________________________________ 534.4.3.水能发电机组_________________________________________________________ 554.4.4.水电站运行和水库调度________________________________________________ 554.4.5.小水电_______________________________________________________________ 55 4.5.二次能源_________________________________________________________ 564.5.1.概述 _________________________________________________________________ 564.5.2.电 ___________________________________________________________________ 564.5.3.蒸汽 _________________________________________________________________ 574.5.4.热水 _________________________________________________________________ 574.5.5.焦炭 _________________________________________________________________ 584.5.5.1.焦炭定义________________________________________________________ 584.5.5.2.焦炭分布________________________________________________________ 584.5.5.3.焦炭用途________________________________________________________ 584.5.5.4.焦炭的物理性质 __________________________________________________ 594.5.5.5.焦炭的反应性及反应后的强度 ______________________________________ 594.5.5.6.焦炭的质量指标 __________________________________________________ 594.5.5.7.焦炭质量的评价 __________________________________________________ 604.5.5.8.焦炭价格影响因素分析 ____________________________________________ 614.5.5.9.中国焦炭产业现状 ________________________________________________ 624.5.5.10.国内焦炭出口现状 _______________________________________________ 634.5.5.11.国内焦炭产量 ___________________________________________________ 645. 新能源 ________________________________________________________ 64 5.1.核能_____________________________________________________________ 645.1.1.概述 _________________________________________________________________ 645.1.2.原子与原子核_________________________________________________________ 655.1.3.核能的来源___________________________________________________________ 655.1.4.反应堆_______________________________________________________________ 665.1.5.核电站_______________________________________________________________ 67 5.2.太阳能___________________________________________________________ 695.2.1.概述 _________________________________________________________________ 695.2.2.太阳辐射_____________________________________________________________ 705.2.3.太阳能热利用_________________________________________________________ 715.2.3.1.太阳能集热器____________________________________________________ 715.2.3.2.太阳能热水器____________________________________________________ 715.2.3.3.太阳房__________________________________________________________ 725.2.3.4.太阳能干燥______________________________________________________ 725.2.3.5.太阳能海水淡化 __________________________________________________ 725.2.3.6.太阳炉__________________________________________________________ 735.2.3.7.太阳灶__________________________________________________________ 735.2.3.8.太阳能制冷______________________________________________________ 735.2.3.9.太阳能动力发电 __________________________________________________ 741.概论构成客观世界的三大基础是物质、能量和信息。