现代英语词汇学概论复习(Chapter1-10)

现代英语词汇学概论复习(Chapter1-10)
现代英语词汇学概论复习(Chapter1-10)

Word :a minimum free form of a language. With a unity of s ound and meaning(both lexical meaning and grammatical meaning),performing syntactic meaning

Criteria of words: by origin(native—old English )( and loan language—borrowed English),by level of usage(common words, literary ,colloquial, slang and technical words);by notions(function and content words)

Morpheme: smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller form. A morpheme is also two-facet language unit which possesses sound and meaning.

Classification of morphemes: free morpheme-utter alone with meaning(a free morpheme is a word in traditional sense); bound morpheme—must appear with one other morpheme, free or bound)

Root: the basic unchangeable part of the word, convey the main lexical meaning of the word. Either free or bound.(free roots and bound roots)

Affixes: ----inflectional affixes(have only particular grammatical meaning)and derivational affixes.(added morpheme to create new words.)---prefixes and suffixes

Word-formation

Three major processes : compounding(joining tow or more bases to form a new unit of compound words)

Derivation(forming a new word by addition of a word element)

Conversion(a word of certain word-class is shifted into another word-class without any affixes)

Eight minor processes :Acronymy (Initialisms –using the first letter from proper name ,phrase, technical words)A

initialism is pronounced letter by letter) and acronyms—from the initial letters of the name of an organization or scientific term)==are pronounced as words.

Clipping(deletion of one or more syllables from a word—usually a noun, which is also available in its full form)Classification—back clipping, front clipping ,front and back clipping and phrase clipping.)

Blending---formed by combining the meanings and sound of tow words.one of which is not full form or both of which are not full form. )不完整拼缀

Back-formation(coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.)Words from proper names(including names of scientists, names of politicians and statesman, names of places, trademark, literature)

Reduplication(a compound word is created by the repetition(1)of one word like go-go(2)almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong.(3)of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants ,as in teenyweeny.

Neoclassical(new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek)The majority of neoclassical formations are scientific and technical.

Miscellaneous

Word meaning and sense relations

1,conventionality—no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol and its sense.

2,motivation—phonetic ,morphological, sematic

3,main types of word meaning(interrelated and

interdependent)---class and inflectional

paradigm)and

meaning; connotative meaning—emotional association; social or stylistic meaning and affective meaning)

Binary opposites.二相对立

Polysemy—a term used in sematic analysis to refer to lexical item which has a range of meanings.)T wo approaches—diachronic and synchronic.---primary meaning and derived meaning, central meaning and secondary meaning(in some cases, the primary meaning and the central meaning coincide.)Two processes leading to polysemy---radiation(each of the secondary meanings may become a center of further radiation),concatenation(linking together, like the links of a chain.

Homonymy(---pronounced alike, spell alike, or both.)---types of homonyms(perfect homonyms—word identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning)(Homophones---identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning.)(Homographs—identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning.)

Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achieve humour or irony, or to heighten dramatic effect. Synonymy(—identical in meaning but different in sound and spelling.)--- Complete synonyms(absolute),Relative synonyms.

Antonymy (--opppsiteness of meaning)---contrary, complementary and conversives ….Antonyms classified on the basis of morphological structure: root antonyms and derivational antonyms.

Marked and unmarked words---subsume.(Marked members can not be used to include unmarked member.) Hyponymy—(relationship which obtains specific and general lexical items)Superordinate term(an upper term),Subordinate terms(a lower term)===hierarchical system Sematic field---is not simply a listing of independent items, organized into areas or field.

Charateristic of the same sematic field.1),word frequency in the same semantic varies 2)these words are semantically interdepent.3) words in the same semantic field are likely to have a number of collocation on common. Changes in word meaning---1,causes:historical,social,foreign influence, linguistic and psychological .2, Four tendencies in sematic change---restriction, extension, degeneration, elevation (of meaning)具体化,普遍化,语义转贬,语义改良。Metaphor隐喻

Metonymy借喻

English idioms 1)sources—English people’s daily life;

religious beliefs; literary words; Fable ,myth, or legends. Classification of idioms: phrase idioms, clause idioms, sentence idioms.

北大中文系比较文学概论笔记

比较文学概论讲义 孙丹 第一章发展论 第一节全球化与比较文学多元化语境 1、广为流行的全球化概念着重描述的是一个历史过程,在些过程中各种社会因素和关系在空间上不断扩展,人的行为方式、思想观念以及社会力量的作用表现出洲际(或区域之间)的特点。全球化的特征在于其共时性,具体而言就是空间上的世界压缩和地域联结。 2、比较文学将从一种国际的视域研究所有的文学,在研究中有意识地把一切文学创作与经验作为一个整体。在这种观念中,这种文学就与独立于语言学、人种学和政治范围之外的文学研究完全相等(雷纳·韦勒克)。 3、文化全球化的论题涉及到文化帝国主义与民族主义(即全球化与本土化),文化身份与文化认同、精英文化与大众文化、文化同质与文化多元等关切到文化自身的讨论。

4、大众文化:特指进入到后工业社会时兴起于城市的,以全球化的现代(电子)传媒为介质,大批量生产的,能复制的,以市场消费为导向的,引导大众潜藏的思想意识的当代文化形态。 5、多元文化主义强调的是种族上、文化上有差异的族群的独特品质,其观点的基础是文化相对主义和历史主义。全球地方化:即所有全球范围的思想和产品都必须适应当地环境的方式,而那种洞悉全球与本土的辩证关系的思想遂被称作全球地方主义。 第二节西方比较文学发展史的渊源 1、比较文学作为一门独立的学科诞生于19世纪70年代的欧洲,其标志是学科理论和方法的逐渐确立,学术团体和一批专业研究队伍的涌现,以及专业学术著作和专业刊物的出版。 线索:古罗马文学模仿古希腊文学——中世纪欧洲的文化共同体以及后期各民族文学差异的对比,晚期文艺复兴运动——近代法国启蒙运动使各民族之间的接触更加活跃:伏尔泰、莱辛——格林兄弟(童话、神话)——斯达尔夫人《论德国》——歌德“世界文学”——1866英波斯奈特《比较文学》;1877德科赫《比较文学杂志》;1895法戴克斯特《让·雅克·卢梭和文学世界主义之起源》;1897比较文学常设讲座“文

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号:[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.

比较文学概论名词解释

比较文学概论名词解释 一:名词解释: 1.流传学:传统的影响研究把影响的过程划分出放送、传播、接受这三个方面,要求对这三个方面进行具体的研究,描绘出“经过路线”。流传学是站在“放送者”的角度,来对某个民族文学的作家、作品、文体,甚至是整个民族文学在国外的声誉、反响或影响,进行研究。其研究的重点往往是放送者对接受者的影响。 2.渊源学:传统的影响研究把影响的过程划分出放送、传播、接受这三个方面,要求对这三个方面进行具体的研究,描绘出“经过路线”。渊源学是从接受的角度来研究某一文学作品的外来影响,研究它的题材、主题、思想、风格乃至艺术技巧等的来源。研究者追根溯源,精心考证,探求它们的放送者,揭示其间的因果关系。 3社会总体想象物:即指全社会对一个异国社会文化整体所做的阐释。因为想象主体是生活在一定社会中的人,他们的思想必然受到其所属文化的影响与制约,他们被其自身所属的文化烙上了强烈的特征。当他们对另一个文化进行审视时,必然带有其社会整体想象的浓厚印记。 4影响研究法国学派所提倡的影响研究是比较文学最早的研究方法后来成为最早的研究方法之一其理论依据在于各国文学的发展都不是孤立的而是相互影响的。 “影响研究”。由于各民族的文学之间,在历史上存在着大量的相互交往的联系,因此就出现了如下文学现象:日本的古典小说《源氏物语》中,就运用了不少中国唐代诗人白居易的诗作;我国古典小说《西游记》中,孙悟空能七十二变,就吸收了印度佛经中神猴哈奴曼会三十六变的成分,孙悟空大闹天宫又发展了印度佛经《贤愚经》中顶生王闹天帝宫殿的故事;相传李白首先创作了《菩萨蛮》,但据考证,《菩萨蛮》是古代缅甸的乐调,经云南而传入中原;更早的《楚辞·离骚》,开头就是“帝高阳之苗裔兮,朕皇考曰伯庸。摄提贞于孟陬兮,维庚寅吾以降”。这难以理解的“摄提”、“孟陬”等词,有的专家研究认为,它们是从国外传入的星座译名,极可能是希腊文,也可能是撒马里亚语等。这类研究,由于主要是寻溯不同民族文学之间交往联系,研究其渊源、媒介、流传、翻译、接受等等的影响事实,所以就叫它为比较文学中的“影响研究”。 5平行研究对文类的各种问题进行跨民族跨语言跨文化甚至跨学科的理论整合以寻求不同文类之间的相通性和相异性。(把并无直接关系的不同民族文学的主题、题材、文体、情节、人物形象、风格特点等文学内部的诸多方面实际存在的类同和差异作为研究重点,经过推理分析,然后得出有益的、往往又是具有某种规律性、理论性的结论。是美国学派提倡的重要方法。) 6 渊源学站在“接受者”的角度对某一作家或作品的外来影响即它的题材主题、思想、风格、艺术技巧等的来源进行研究。按其表现形态可以分为三种印象的渊源口头的渊源书面的渊源。 25、笔述渊源:见之于文字的渊源。 26、印象渊源:指风景、艺术品、音乐等在视觉和听觉中的印象,勾起了作家创作的情感和思想 28、集体渊源:指一个作家不是受一部外国作品或一国文学的影响,而是受到许多外国文学的影响

中国文化概论期末论文--(英文版2011)

CHINESE FOLK CULTURE Folk culture has strong folklore and unique characteristics; it is a kind of culture that forms among the working people rather than governmental authority. Folk culture, also known as popular culture, is the basis of Chinese traditional culture. In China, the Book of Songs is the earliest poetry that contains much folk cultural of Pre-Qin dynasty, which reflects that our country’s folk culture is rich and colorful and has extensive knowledge and profound scholarship. However, as the time flying, there are lots of changes happened in the aspects of folk culture. In the tide of globalization, the folk custom culture that the basis of Chinese traditional culture is fading away gradually nowadays. According to this background, we should analyze the new appearance and discuss the protection measures of the folk culture further. It is not only because the Folk culture is the culture of the whole community foundation, and has strong vitality. As we all know, superficial culture is often the top of folk culture, and it is the result of the adaptation and refinement results of the folk culture, but also for the reason that Folk culture of a country are the national spirit of the main component of the national culture are an important cornerstone. So it is critical for Chinese peo ple learning more details about their own country’s folk culture. The traditional festival, also known as moon festival, is china’s second traditional festival next to the spring festival. It is the most important part of our country’s folk culture. The five thousand years civilization of Chinese nation has bred brilliant folk culture, which forms the comparative advantage of industry development in folk culture resources. Chinese folk culture is famous to the whole world for it’s more than 5,000 years long history and its special existence forms. During the course of its long history, the hardworking Chinese people have created an ample material civilization as well as a splendid folk culture. In the field of folk culture, our people link the moon cakes and mid-autumn festival with Archer Yi, just like lots of people are fond of Associating Qu yuan and the dragon boat with the dragon boat festival, and combining sweeping day with honoring ancestor and new life. Mid-autumn Festivals is one of three major Chinese holidays, along with the spring festival and The Dragon Boat Festival. It is an important festival during the eighth month of lunar calendar, for which billions of Chinese people go back to their home and gather together with their families. Traditionally, on this day, Chinese family members and friends will gather to admire the bright mid-autumn harvest moon, and eat moon cakes and pommels together. Mid-autumn festival as well as mouthwatering food people eaten during the period of it and various activities people held in the process of celebrating this festival play an important role of traditional festival, they are also kinds of civil epitome of our country’s folk culture. Chinese people celebrate this significant festival from generations to generations since it was formed during the Xia and Shang dynasty. The mid-autumn festival is a traditional festival for both the Han and minority nationalities. There are also some records of the mid-autumn festival. The most popular records is that people believe

《现代英语词汇学概论》

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是,每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面,存在着缺陷。首先,不是所有的单词都可以独立出现,如the ,a ,my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外,Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法(syntax)却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善。人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词,今指语言组织中的基础单位,能独立运用,具有声音、意义和语法功能。”(《辞海》1984(上)375页,上海辞书出版社) 一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史,我们可以知道,大多数的英语词汇都是外来词,它从拉丁语,法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇,不断的扩充自己,为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展,二是社会经济的全球化,三是英语国家的政治和文化变化,最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成,而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语;根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇,文学词汇。口头词汇,俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征,稳定性,构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) (一) 词素(Morphemes) 单词是有词素(morphemes)构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位,同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如:nation 是一个词素,national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素(phoneme)不同,词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面,而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素,因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素,但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节(syllable ),因为音节并没有什么具体含义。如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素(dis + agree + able )。词素有不同的形式,同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素(free morphemes)和黏着词素(bound morphemes)。自由词素可以单独成为单词,而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素,如-ly , -ness。 词素又可以分为词根和词缀。词根是单词中表示含义的成分,可以是自由或者黏着词素。词缀只能是黏着词素,它又可以分为屈折词缀(inflectional affixes)和派生词缀(derivational affixes )。屈折词缀跟语法有关,派生词缀又可以分为前缀跟后缀,这都是构成新单词的重要元素。从词素的层面来说,词可以分类为简单词,复杂词以及合成词。词素在词的构成中取到非常重要的作用,因为构词的二大过程----合成和附加都涉及到了词素,前者是词素的联合,后者是黏着词素附加到自由词素上。 (二) 词的构成(word-formation) 1/5页 有很多种途径可以构成词汇,大的方面主要有合成法(compounding),派生法(derivation)和转换法(conversion)三种,小的方面主要有八个过程,分别是首字母法(acronym),混合法(blending),截短法(clipping),专有名词(word from proper names),逆构法(back-formation),复制法(reduplication),新古典法(neo-classical famation)以及混杂法(miscellaneous)。

(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理

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