有限元分析英文文献

The Basics of FEA Procedure有限元分析程序的基本知识

2.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the spring element, especially for the purpose of introducing various concepts involved in use of the FEA technique.

本章讨论了弹簧元件，特别是用于引入使用的有限元分析技术的各种概念的目的

A spring element is not very useful in the analysis of real engineering structures; however, it represents a structure in an ideal form for an FEA analysis. Spring element doesn’t require discretization (division into smaller elements) and follows the basic equation F = ku.

在分析实际工程结构时弹簧元件不是很有用的;然而,它代表了一个有限元分析结构在一个理想的形式分析。弹簧元件不需要离散化(分裂成更小的元素)只遵循的基本方程F = ku We will use it solely for the purpose of developing an understanding of FEA concepts and procedure.

我们将使用它的目的仅仅是为了对开发有限元分析的概念和过程的理解。

2.2 Overview概述

Finite Element Analysis (FEA), also known as finite element method (FEM) is based on the concept that a structure can be simulated by the mechanical behavior of a spring in which the applied force is proportional to the displacement of the spring and the relationship F = ku is satisfied.

有限元分析(FEA),也称为有限元法(FEM)，是基于一个结构可以由一个弹簧的力学行为模拟的应用力弹簧的位移成正比,F = ku切合的关系。

In FEA, structures are modeled by a CAD program and represented by nodes and elements. The mechanical behavior of each of these elements is similar to a mechanical spring, obeying the equation, F = ku. Generally, a structure is divided into several hundred elements, generating a very large number of equations that can only be solved with the help of a computer.

在有限元分析中,结构是由CAD建模程序通过节点和元素建立。每一个元素的力学行为类似于机械弹簧,遵守方程,F =ku。一般来说,一个结构分为几百元素,生成大量的方程,只能在电脑的帮助下得到解决。

The term ‘finite element’ stems from the procedure in which a structure is divided into small but finite size elements (as opposed to an infinite size, generally used in mathematical integration).“有限元”一词源于一个结构分为小而有限大小元素的过程(而不是无限大小,通常用于数学集成)

The endpoints or corner points of the element are called nodes.

元素的端点或角点称为节点。

Each element possesses its own geometric and elastic properties.

每个元素拥有自己的几何和弹性。

Spring, Truss, and Beams elements, called line elements, are usually divided into small sections with nodes at each end. The cross-section shape doesn’t affect the behavior of a line element; only the cross-sectional constants are relevant and used in calculations. Thus, a square or a circular cross-section of a truss member will yield exactly the same results as long as the cross-sectional area is the same. Plane and solid elements require more than two nodes and can have over 8 nodes for a 3 dimensional element.

弹簧，桁架和梁元素，称为线元素，通常分为小节，每端有节点。截面形状并不影响线元素的特性;只有横截面常数是相关的并用于计算。因此,一个正方形或圆形截面桁架成员将产生完全相同的结果,只要横截面积是一样的。平面和立体元素需要超过两个节点,可以有超过8节点的三维元素。

A line element has an exact theoretical solution, e.g., truss and beam elements are governed by their respective theories of deflection and the equations of deflection can be found in an engineering text or handbook. However, engineering structures that have stress concentration points e.g., structures with holes and other discontinuities do not have a theoretical solution, and the exact stress distribution can only be found by an experimental method. However, the finite element method can provide an acceptable solution more efficiently.

线元件具有精确的理论解，例如桁架和梁元件由它们各自的偏转理论控制，并且偏转方程可以在工程文本或手册中找到。然而，具有应力集中点的工程结构，例如具有孔和其他不连续的结构不具有理论解，并且精确的应力分布只能通过实验方法找到。然而，有限元方法可以更有效地提供可接受的解决方案。

Problems of this type call for use of elements other than the line elements mentioned earlier, and the real power of the finite element is manifested.

这种类型的问题要求使用前面提到的行元素以外的元素。有限元法能真正的来体现证明。In order to develop an understanding of the FEA procedure, we will first deal with the spring element.

为了能深刻理解有限元分析过程,我们将首先处理弹簧元件。

In this chapter, spring structures will be used as building blocks for developing an understanding of the finite element analysis procedure.

在这一章,弹簧结构将被用作构建块来使用有利于有限元分析过程的理解。

Both spring and truss elements give an easier modeling overview of the finite element analysis procedure, due to the fact that each spring and truss element, regardless of length, is an ideally sized element and does not need any further division.

弹簧和桁架元件给出一个简单的建模概述了有限元分析过程,由于每个弹簧和桁架元件,不计长度,是一种理想的元素不需要任何进一步的细化。

2.3 Understanding Computer and FEA software interaction -

Using the Spring Element as an example

2.3理解计算机和有限元分析软件交互，使用弹性元件作为一个例子

In the following example, a two-element structure is analyzed by finite element method.

在接下来的例子中,对一个双元素结构有限元方法进行了分析。

The analysis procedure presented here will be exactly the same as that used for a complex structural problem, except, in the following example, all calculations will be carried out by hand so that each step of the analysis can be clearly understood. All derivations and equations are written in a form, which can be handled by a computer, since all finite element analyses are done on a computer. The finite element equations are derived using Direct Equilibrium method.

本文提供的分析过程将一模一样,用于复杂的结构性问题,除了在以下示例中,所有的计算将手算进行,这样可以清楚地理解每一步的分析。所有方程的推导都是由计算机处理的形式编写的，因为所有的有限元分析都是在计算机上完成的。有限元方程导出可直接使用平衡方法。

Two springs are connected in series with spring constant k1, and k2 (lb./in) and a force F (lb.) is applied. Find the deflection at nodes 2, and 3.

两个串联链接的弹簧其弹簧常数为k1和k2(磅/)以及一个力F(磅)。求在节点的挠度。

Solution:

For finite element analysis of this structure, the following steps are necessary:

Step 1: Derive the element equation for each spring element.

Step 2: Assemble the element equations into a common equation, knows as the global

or Master equation.

Step 3: Solve the global equation for deflection at nodes 1 through 3

解:这种结构的有限元分析,以下步骤是必要的:

步骤1:为每个弹簧元件方程推导出元素。

步骤2:组装元素到一个共同的方程,知道整体的或者主方程。

步骤3:求出在节点1到3全局挠曲方程

Detailed description of these steps follows.

详细描述这些步骤。

Step 1: Derive the element equation for each spring element.

步骤1:为每个弹簧元件方程推导。

First, a general equation is derived for an element e that can be used for any spring

element and expressed in terms of its own forces, spring constant, and node deflections,

as illustrated in figure 2.2.

首先,一般方程导出为一个元素,可用于任何弹簧元件和表达自己的组合,弹簧常数,和节点变位,如图2.2所示。

Element ‘e’ can be thought of as any element in the structure with nodes i and j, forces f i and f j, deflections u i and u j, and the spring constant k e. Node forces f i and f j are internal orces and are generated by the deflections u i and u j at nodes i and j, respectively.

元素“e”可以被认为是结构中的任何元素节点i和j,组合fi和fj,变位ui和uj,弹簧常数k e。节点fi和fj和由变位生成ui和uj节点i和j。

For a linear spring f = ku, and对于一个线性弹簧f = ku,

fi = k e(uj – ui) = - k e(ui-uj) = - k e ui + k e uj

平衡方程：fj = -fi = k e(ui-uj) = k e ui - k e uj

或

-fi = k e ui - k e uj

- fj = - k e ui + k e uj

Writing these equations in a matrix form, we get

写出这些方程的矩阵形式,我们得到：

Element （元素）1:

力矩阵上的上标表示相应的元素

因此

f1 = -k1(u1 – u2) f2 = k1(u1-u2)

f2 = -k2(u2 – u3) f3 = k2(u2-u3)

这就完成第一步的过程。

Note that f3 = F (lb.). This will be substituted in step 2. The above equations represent individual elements only and not the entire structure.

请注意,f3 = F(磅)。这将是在步骤2中代替。上面的方程表示仅单个元素,而不是整个结构。

Step 2 : Assemble the element equations into a global equation.

步骤2:组装元素方程为全局方程。

The basis for combining or assembling the element equation into a global equation is the equilibrium condition at each node.

结合或组装元素的基础方程为全局方程是每个节点的平衡条件。

When the equilibrium condition is satisfied by summing all forces at each node, a set of linear equations is created which links each element force, spring constant, and deflections. In general, let the external forces at each node be F1, F2, and F3, as shown in figure 2.3. Using the equilibrium equation, we can find the element equations, as follows.

满足平衡条件时,通过总结所有部队在每个节点,创建一组线性方程联系每个元素力,弹簧常数,变形量。一般来说,让每个节点的外部力量F1,F2,F3,如图2.3所示。使用平衡方程,我们可以找到方程的元素,如下所示。

The superscript “e” in force f n(e) indicates the contribution made by the element number

e, and the subscript “n” indicates the node “n” at which forces are summed.

力fn（e）中的上标“e”表示元素号e，下标“n”表示力相加的节点“n”。

Rewriting the equations, we get,重写方程,我们得到,

k1 u1 – k1 u2 = F1

- k1 u1 + k1 u2 + k2 u2 – k2 u3 = F2 (2.1)

- k2 u2 + k2 u3 = F3

These equations can now be written in a matrix form, giving

k1 -这些方程可以写成矩阵形式,代入k1 -

This completes step 2 for assembling the element equations into a global equation. At this stage, some important conceptual points should be emphasized and will be discussed below.这将完成组装的步骤2元素方程为全局方程。在这个阶段,一些重要的概念点应该强调,将在下面讨论。

2.3.1 Procedure for Assembling Element stiffness matrices

2.3.1元素刚度矩阵的步骤（就是把刚度变到了多维，比考虑了在多维的情况下各个维度的相关性单元刚度矩阵在有限元的概念把物体离散为多个单元分析每个单元的刚度矩阵也就是单元刚度矩阵简称单刚）

The first term on the left hand side in the above equation represents the stiffness constant for the entire structure and can be thought of as an equivalent stiffness constant, given as a single spring element with a value K eq will have an identical mechanical property as the structural stiffness in the above example.

第一项左边在上面的方程代表了整个结构的刚度常数和可以被认为是一个等效刚度常数,给定为具有值为Keq的单个弹簧元件将具有与上述示例中的结构刚度相同的机械特性,结构刚度在上面的例子中。

The assembled matrix equation represents the deflection equation of a structure without any constraints, and cannot be solved for deflections without modifying it to incorporate the boundary conditions. At this stage, the stiffness matrix is always symmetric with corresponding rows and columns interchangeable

组装的矩阵方程表示没有任何约束的结构的偏转方程，并且不能解出偏转而不修改它以并入边界条件。在这个阶段，刚度矩阵总是对称的，相应的行和列是可互换的

The global equation was derived by applying equilibrium conditions at each node. In actual finite element analysis, this procedure is skipped and a much simpler procedure is used.

全局方程是通过在每个节点应用平衡条件得到的。在实际的有限元分析中，跳过该过程并且使用更简单的过程。

The simpler procedure is based on the fact that the equilibrium condition at each node must always be satisfied, and in doing so, it leads to an orderly placement of individual element stiffness constant according to the node numbers of that element.

更简单的程序是基于每个节点处的平衡条件必须始终满足的客观事实,并在这一过程中,它会导致有序放置单独的元素刚度常数根据元素的节点的数量。

The procedure involves numbering the rows and columns of each element, according to the node numbers of the elements, and then, placing the stiffness constant in its corresponding position in the global stiffness matrix. Following is an illustration of this procedure, applied to the example problem.

过程包括编号每个元素的行和列,根据元素的节点数量,然后,将刚度常数在全局刚度矩阵对应的位置。下面是这个过程的一个说明,应用的示例问题。

Element 1:元素1

Assembling it according with the above-described procedure, we get,由上述程序组装它得到，

Note that the first constant k1 in row 1 and column 1 for element 1 occupies the row 1 and column 1 in the global matrix. Similarly, for element 2, the constant k2 in row 2 and column 2 occupies exactly the same position (row 2 and column 2) in the global matrix, etc.

注意,第一个常数k1在第一行和第一列元素1占据全局第一行和第一列矩阵。同样,对于元素2,第2行和列2中的常数k2占据了完全相同的位置(第二行和列2)在全局矩阵,等等。In a large model, the node numbers can occur randomly, but the assembly procedure remains the same. It’s important to place the row and column elements from an element into the global matrix at exactly the same position corresponding to the respective row and column.

在大型模型中,节点随机数字可以发生,但装配程序是相同的。重要的是要将从一个元素的行和列元素融入全局矩阵在完全相同的位置对应于相应的行和列。

2.3.2 Force matrix力矩阵

At this stage, the force matrix is represented in a general form, with unknown forces F1,

F2, and F3

在这个阶段,力矩阵的一般形式表示,F1与未知的力量,F2和F3

Representing the external forces at nodes 1, 2, and 3, in general terms, and not in terms of the actual known value of the forces. In the example problem, F1 = F2 = 0 and F3 = F. The actual force matrix is then

代表外部力量在节点1、2和3,在一般条款,而不是实际的已知值的力量。在示例问题,F1 = = 0 F2和F3 = f .实际力矩阵

Generally, the assembled structural matrix equation is written in short as {F}=[k]{u}, or simply, F = k u, with the understanding that each term is an m x n matrix where m is the number of rows and n is the number of columns.一般来说,组装结构矩阵方程简写为{ F }

=[k]{u},或简单地，F = k u,每个术语的理解是一个m × n矩阵m和n的行数的列数。Step 3: Solve the global equation for deflections at nodes.

步骤3:解决全局方程在节点变位。

There are two steps for obtaining the deflection values. In the first step, all the boundary conditions are applied, which will result in reducing the size of the global structural matrix. In the second step, a numerical matrix solution scheme is used to find deflection values by using a computer. Among the most popular numerical schemes are the Gauss elimination and the Gauss-Sedel iteration method. For further reading, refer to any numerical analysis book on this topic. In the following examples and chapters, all the matrix solutions will be limited to a hand calculation even though the actual matrix in a finite element solution will always use one of the two numerical solution schemes mentioned above.

有两个步骤可得到的挠度值。在第一步中,所有的应用边界条件,这将导致减少整体结构性矩阵的大小。在第二步中,数值矩阵的解决是使用电脑查找挠度值。最受欢迎的是高斯消去法和数值方案Gauss-Sedel算法。为进一步阅读,指的是任何数值分析有关此主题的书。下面的例子和章节,所有的矩阵计算解决方案将是有限的手虽然实际矩阵在有限元的解决方案总是使用上面提到的两个数值解方案之一。

2.3.3 Boundary conditions边界条件

In the example problem, node 1 is fixed and therefore u1 = 0. Without going into a mathematical proof, it can be stated that this condition is effected by deleting row 1 and column 1 of the structural matrix, thereby reducing the size of the matrix from 3 x 3 to 2 x 2.

在问题的例子中,节点1是固定的,因此u1 = 0。在不进入数学证明的情况下，可以说，该条件通过删除结构矩阵的行1和列1来实现，从而将矩阵的大小从3×3减小到2×2。In general, any boundary condition is satisfied by deleting the rows and columns corresponding to the node that has zero deflection. In general, a node has six degrees of freedom (DOF), which include three translations and three rotations in x, y and z directions.

一般来说，通过删除对应于具有零偏转的节点的行和列，满足任何边界条件。节点具有六个自由度（DOF），其包括在x，y和z方向上的三个平移和三个旋转。

In the example problem, there is only one degree of freedom at each node. The node deflects only along the axis of the spring.

在示例问题中，在每个节点处只有一个自由度，即节点仅沿着弹簧的轴线偏转。

In this section, the finite element analysis procedure for a spring structure has been stablished. The following numerical example will utilize the derivation and concepts developed above.

在本节中，已经建立了用于弹簧结构的有限元分析程序。下面的数字示例将利用上面得到的推导和概念。

Example 2.2例2.2

In the given spring structure, k1 = 20 lb./in., k2 = 25 lb./in., k3 = 30 lb./in., F = 5 lb. Determine deflection at all the nodes.

在给定的弹簧结构,k1 = 20磅/。k2 = 25磅/。,k3 = 30磅/。F = 5磅。在所有节点确定挠度。

Solution（解）

We would apply the three steps discussed earlier.

我们将使用前面讨论的三个步骤。

Step 1: Derive the Element Equations

步骤1:方程推导出元素。

As derived earlier, the stiffness matrix equations for an element e is,

如前所述，元素e的刚度矩阵方程是

Therefore, stiffness matrix of elements 1, 2, and 3 are,

因此，元素1,2和3的刚度矩阵为

Step 2: Assemble element equations into a global equation

步骤2:将子方程组装为全局方程

Assembling the terms according to their row and column position, we get