英文毕业论文文献综述的写法及范文
英文文献综述标准范文(精选4篇)
英文文献综述标准范文(精选4篇)
1.如何写英语毕业论文的文献综述
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。
（短篇论文不必列目录）
3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。
字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词：关键
词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容
有实质意义的词汇。
关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，
以供读者检索。
每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排
在“提要”的左下方。
一篇标准的英语文献综述
一篇标准的英语文献综述A Standard Review of English LiteratureIntroduction:The purpose of this literature review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing research on a specific topic in English literature. It aims to analyze and synthesize the findings from various studies, identify gaps in the current knowledge, and propose directions for future research. This review will focus on the major themes, theories, methodologies, and debates within the field of English literature, while also highlighting significant contributions and key scholars in the discipline.Section 1: Historical OverviewTo begin, a historical overview of English literature is necessary. This section will trace the development of English literature from its origins in the medieval period, through the Renaissance, Romanticism, Victorian era, and into the modern and postmodern periods. It will examine the major literary movements, authors, and works that have shaped the field, providing a context for the subsequent sections.Section 2: Major Themes and MotifsThis section will explore the major themes and motifs that are prevalent in English literature. It will discuss the representation of love, loss, nature, identity, social class, gender, and other significant topics in various literary works. Furthermore, it will examine how these themes have evolved and been interpreted by different authors across different time periods.Section 3: Literary Theory and CriticismIn this section, the focus will shift towards the theoretical and critical approaches used in the analysis and interpretation of English literature. It will provide an overview of the major schools of literary theory, such as formalism, structuralism, post-structuralism,feminist theory, and postcolonial theory, among others. The section will also discuss the contributions of key literary critics and their impact on the field.Section 4: Research MethodologiesTo understand the research process in English literature, this section will examine the various methodologies employed by scholars. It will discuss the use of close reading, intertextuality, comparative analysis, archival research, and other research methods in the field. The section will highlight the strengths and limitations of each methodology, providing insights into how researchers approach their studies.Section 5: Debates and ControversiesEnglish literature is not without its share of debates and controversies. This section will explore some of the ongoing discussions and disagreements within the field. It may include debates on the canon, the role of literature in society, the relevance of certain authors or works, and the influence of politics and ideology on literary analysis. The section will present different perspectives on these issues, showcasing the diversity of thought within English literature.Section 6: Significant Contributions and Key ScholarsFinally, this section will highlight some of the significant contributions made by scholars in the field of English literature. It will showcase the groundbreaking research, influential books, and key theories that have shaped the discipline. It will also acknowledge the scholars who have made significant contributions to the field and have become influential figures within English literature.Conclusion:In conclusion, this literature review has provided a comprehensive overview of the major themes, theories, methodologies, and debates within the field of English literature. It has traced the historical development of the discipline, explored the significant themes and motifs, discussed the theoretical and critical approaches, examined research methodologies, and highlighted ongoing debates and significant contributions. Thisreview serves as a valuable resource for researchers and scholars interested in the field of English literature, and it also lays the foundation for further research and exploration of the discipline.。
英文文献综述标准范文
英文文献综述标准范文下面是店铺为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述标准范文”的资料，供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文How to Write a Literature Review ?I. The definition of Literature Review文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。
通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its ComponentsA. The PurposesOn the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focusedresearch question.B. Its ComponentsThere are six parts in a complete Literature Review.标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references)III. Classification of Source MaterialsHow can we locate the materials relevant to our topics betterand faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.A: Background sources:Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries andencyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will informmost of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. T o use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excit e, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literaturereviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.6. Criticism of the work in the area.B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.C. Some tips for writing the review:1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the mostrelated references last.3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.4. Start writing your review early.VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项主要部分细节提示：引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。
英语论文文献综述(描述研究现状)
General descriptions of the relevant literature:A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies .... There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ....The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ....The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how .... During the past 30 years much more information has become available on ....In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on ....A large and growing body of literature has investigated ....General reference to previous research/scholarly activity (usually more than one author) Many historians have argued that .... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994) Numerous studies have attempted to explain .... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)Recent evidence suggests that .... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can .... (Patel et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998).Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ....Several attempts have been made to .... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ..... (Smith, 1996; Jones ....Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an .... account, whilst Jones ....Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ....Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesityPrevious studies have reported .... (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992). Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ....A number of studies have found that .... (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between ....At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between..... Other studies have considered the relationship ....The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, ....The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994). The geology of X has been addressed in several small-scale investigations and .....Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1). X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine-induced arthritis (11).I t has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995)It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 ....It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to .... (Smith, 1998; .... Reference to current state of knowledgeA relationship exists between an individual's working memory and their ability to ...... (Jones et al.,1998).GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; Jones, 1999).There is an unambiguous relationship between spending on education and economic development (Rao, 1998).X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD (Lane, 2003).MIF has been found to oppose the anti-inflammatory actions of X on Y (Alourfi, 2004). Reference to single investigations in the past: researcher(s) as sentence subjectWang et al. (2004) have recently developed a methodology for the selective introduction of ......Reference to single investigations or publications in the past: time frame prominentIn 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described ....In 1990 Patel et al. demonstrated that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to .... Thirty years later, Smith (1974) reported three cases of Candida Albicans which ....In the 1950s Gunnar Myrdal pointed to some of the ways in which …. (Myrdal, 1957) In 1981, Smith and co workers demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to .... In 1990, El-Guerrouj et al. reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to obtain ....In 1984 Jones et al. made several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them as water-soluble pro-drugs.Reference to single publication: no time frameSmith has written the most complete synthesis to date of ....Reference to single investigations in the past: investigation prominent Preliminary work on X was undertaken by Abdul Karim (1992).The first systematic study of X was reported by Patel et al. in 1986.The study of the structural behaviour of X was first carried out by Rao et al. (1986)..... Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith et al (1983).A recent study by Smith and Jones (2001) involved ....A longtitudinal study of X by Smith (2002) reports that ....A small scale study by Smith (2002) reaches different conclusions, finding no increase in ....Smith's cross-country analysis (2002) showed that ....Smith's comparative study (2002) found that ....Detailed examination of X by Smith and Patel (1961) showed that ....In another major study, Zhao (1974) found that just over half of the ....In a randomised controlled study of X, Smith (2004) reported that ....In a large longitudinal study, Boucahy et al. 2004) investigated the incidence of X in Y. Reference to single investigations in the past: research topic as subjectClassical conditioning was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study ....The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Douglas 1 in 1970 The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was first reported by Baeyer in 1872X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found ....X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from .... (Wang et al., 1952).The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues (Ho et al. 1995 and 1998).To determine the effects of X, Zhao et al (2005) compared ....Reference to what other writers do in their text (author as subject)Smith (2003) identifies poor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene and large families as the major causes of ....Rao (2003) lists three reasons why the English language has become so dominant. These are: ....Smith (2003) traces the development of Japanese history and philosophy during the 19th century.Jones(2003) provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to contemporary times.Smith (2003) draws our attention to distinctive categories of motivational beliefs often observed in ....Smith (2003) defines evidence based medicine as the conscious, explicit and judicious use of .....Rao (2003) highlights the need to break the link between economic growth and transport growth .....Smith (2003) discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating and promoting .... Toh (2003) mentions the special situation of Singapore as an example of ....Smith (2003) questions whether mainstream schools are the best environment for .... Smith (2003) considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as .... Smith (2003) uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that ....Some analysts (e.g. Carnoy, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctions between .... Other authors (see Harbison, 2003; Kaplan, 2004) question the usefulness of such an approach.Reference to other writers' ideas (author as subject)According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes ....Smith argues that her data support O'Brien's (1988) view that ....As Smith reminds us, ....Elsewhere, Smith has argued that ....Some ways of introducing quotationsIn the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point ...."Sachs concludes: "The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landscape…" (Sachs, 1992a: 156).As Smith argues: "In the past, the purpose of education was to ...." (Smith , 2000:150). As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: "there are many good reasons to be sceptical".Being CriticalAs an academic writer, you are expected to be critical of the sources that you use. This essentially means questioning what you read and not necessarily agreeing with it just because the information has been published. Being critical can also mean looking forreasons why we should not just accept something as being correct or true. This can require you to identify problems with a writer's arguments or methods, or perhaps to refer to other people's criticisms of these. Constructive criticism goes beyond this by suggesting ways in which a piece of research or writing could be improved. ...... being against is not enough. We also need to develop habits of constructive thinking. Edward de BonoIntroducing questions, problems and limitations (theory)One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ......A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ......One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why... .One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ......The key problem with this explanation is that ......The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.Smith's argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of ......It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.Smith's interpretation overlooks much of the historical research ......One major criticism of Smith's work is that .....Many writers have challenged Jones' claim on the grounds that .......X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......Introducing questions, problems and limitations (method/practice)Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account. Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that .....Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.One major drawback of this approach is that ......The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is ......However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations.However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations. All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that ....... However, there are limits to how far the idea of/concept of X can be taken. However, such explanations tend to overlook the fact that......However, one of the problems with the instrument the researchers used to measure X was ......Identifying a study's weaknessOffering constructive suggestionsA better study would examine a large, randomly selected sample of societies with ......A much more systematic study would identify how X interacts with other variables that are believed to be linked to ......Highlighting inadequacies of previous studiesMost studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......However, these studies used non-validated methods to measure .....Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature …. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.Introducing other people's criticismsHowever, Jones (2003) points out that .....Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003), for example, argues that .....Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.The X theory has been / vigorously / strongly challenged in recent years by a number of writers.Smith's analysis has been criticised by a number of writers. Jones (1993), for example, points out that ……Smith's meta-analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism.The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that ......Jones (2003) is probably the best known critic of the X theory. He argues that .….The latter point has been devastatingly critiqued by Jones (2003).Critics have also argued that not only do social surveys provide an inaccurate measure ofX, but the......Critics question the ability of poststructuralist theory to provide ......More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones (1982): Jones (2003) is critical of the conclusions that Smith draws from his findings.。
英语专业文献综述模板及填写要求
英语专业文献综述模板及填写要求一、综述模板标题：文献综述摘要：本文综述了英语专业领域中的相关文献，主要包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论等方面的内容。
通过对已有文献的分析和总结，本文试图对该领域的研究现状进行梳理，并指出进一步研究的方向和重点。
本文旨在为学术界提供参考，促进该领域的研究进展。
关键词：英语专业、文献综述、研究现状、研究方向一、引言介绍英语专业研究领域的背景和意义，指出该领域的重要性和存在的问题。
二、研究目的明确本文的研究目的和意义，即对英语专业领域的相关文献进行综述和总结。
三、相关文献列举已有的相关文献，包括期刊论文、学术研究报告、学位论文等。
四、研究方法描述本文综述所采用的研究方法，如文献查阅、内容分析、统计分析等。
五、研究结果与讨论对已有文献进行分析和总结，总结该领域的研究现状，包括已取得的成果、存在的问题和不足之处等。
六、研究的局限性七、研究的进展和展望提出该领域进一步研究的方向和重点，为学者们提供参考和启示，推动该领域的研究进展。
八、结论总结本文综述的主要内容，强调研究的重要性和意义，呼吁学者们重视该领域的研究。
二、填写要求1.精确查找并引用相关文献，确保论述的准确和可靠性。
2.文献综述要体现对目前研究现状的理解和分析，避免一味陈述已有文献的内容。
3.对已有文献进行分析和总结时，应注重对其方法和结果的评价，有利于找出其优点和不足之处。
4.综述应注意对已有文献的研究的局限性和不足之处进行描述，避免过于绝对化的态度。
5.研究的进展和展望要有针对性和可行性，避免过于宏观和空泛的表述。
6.综述要注重逻辑性和条理性，避免内容的杂乱和重复。
总的来说，英语专业文献综述要准确、全面地总结和分析相关文献的研究现状，并提出明确的进一步研究方向和重点。
通过合理的论证和论述，为学术界提供参考，推动该领域的研究进展。
英语论文的文献综述模板,范例
关于“The Code Hero Image of AmericanCulture in the Brave Heart ”之文献综述学生：谈乐天指导老师：孙艳淮南师范学院外语系2015届引言自从美国著名作家厄尼斯特.海明威在他的小说中开创了一种全新的写作形象——硬汉形象（即准则英雄Code Hero）。
后来的很多年，直至现在，中外都有众多的作家或者是导演，又或是其他的文艺创作者们，都学习并应用了海明威的这一文学艺术形象，令现如今的文学世界增添了一道亮丽的色彩。
而在众多学习、研究或是沿用“硬汉形象”这一文学艺术形象的作品中，我所侧重的是1995年好莱坞电影《勇敢的心》中的硬汉形象研究。
众所周知，《勇敢的心》是一部史诗性的大片，由梅尔.吉布森导演并主演，片中的威廉.华莱士是一个崇尚自由，热爱民主，追求爱情，并且拥有强大个人能力以及无坚不摧的意志力的人。
事实上，威廉.华莱士一人，历史上确有其人。
13世纪的不列颠岛，苏格兰人民与英格兰统治者之间的抗争一直都在进行着。
而威廉.华莱士就是此时期出现的一个英雄，一个硬汉。
那么，本文就主要探讨和研究这部电影和其中的“硬汉形象”吧。
一、研究历史什么是硬汉形象（或者说是准则英雄）呢？硬汉形象就是海明威在他的一系列作品中描写的那些具有身体和心里潜力的、崇尚自由和尊严的、拥有强大技能的，同时敢于面对和克服困难和死亡的文学艺术形象。
比如，《老人与海》（The Old Man And the Sea）中的圣地亚哥，《太阳照常升起》(The Sun Also Rises)中的杰克•巴尼斯，还有《丧钟为谁而鸣》(For Whom the Bell Tolls)中的罗伯特•乔丹以及《永别了，武器》（A Farewell to Arms）中的亨利，等等。
现在的文学艺术世界拥有这一形象的原因，全归功于海明威的创造。
而海明威作为一名举世闻名，甚至将是流传千古的作家，自他之后，已经有很多中外的学者专家们把研究的对象转向了他，同样转向了由他开创的“硬汉形象”。
文献综述英文模板
文献综述英文模板撰写文献综述英文模板的步骤如下：1. Title: Use a clear and concise title that reflects the focus of your literature review.2. Abstract: Provide a brief overview of your literature review, including the research question, methods, key findings, and conclusions.3. Introduction: Explain the background and importance of your topic, introduce the research question, and outline the aims and objectives of your literature review.4. Literature Search Methodology: Describe the search strategy you used to identify relevant studies, including databases, keywords, and inclusion/exclusion criteria.5. Summary of Literature Reviewed: Highlight the key findings and themes from the studies you have included in your literature review, paying attention to their relevance to your research question.6. Analysis and Discussion: Analyze and compare the findings from the selected studies, exploring patterns, trends, and gaps in the literature. Discuss how these findings contribute to ourunderstanding of the topic and identify any limitations or biases in the research.7. Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your literature review and highlight its significance. Draw conclusions about the state of research on your topic and identify any gaps or future research directions.8. References: Cite all the studies included in your literature review using the appropriate referencing style (, APA, MLA).这是一个基本的文献综述英文模板，具体内容可能需要根据研究领域和主题进行调整。
文献综述英语范文500字
文献综述英语范文500字英文回答：Title: The Role of Social Media in the Lives of Teenagers: A Comprehensive Literature Review.Introduction:Social media platforms have become an integral part of the lives of teenagers, shaping their communication, social interaction, and overall well-being. This comprehensive literature review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the existing research on the multifaceted impact of social media on teenagers.Positive Impacts:1. Enhanced Communication: Social media provides a convenient and accessible channel for teenagers to communicate with friends, family, and peers. It enablesthem to stay connected, share experiences, and maintain relationships despite physical distance.2. Social Development: Social media can facilitatesocial interaction and foster a sense of belonging. Teenagers can connect with like-minded individuals, join online groups, and participate in virtual activities.3. Information Access: Social media platforms serve asa source of information for teenagers. They can access news, educational content, and diverse perspectives, expanding their knowledge and awareness.Negative Impacts:1. Cyberbullying: Social media can provide a platformfor cyberbullying, where teenagers may experience online harassment, threats, or humiliation. This can have detrimental effects on their mental health and self-esteem.2. Addiction and Excessive Use: Uncontrolled social media use can lead to addiction and excessive screen time.This can result in decreased physical activity, sleep disturbances, and reduced academic performance.3. Mental Health Concerns: Studies have linked excessive social media use to increased levels of anxiety, depression, and body dissatisfaction among teenagers. The constant comparison of oneself to others and the exposure to idealized images can contribute to negative body perceptions and self-doubt.Conclusion:The impact of social media on teenagers is a complex and multifaceted issue. While it offers opportunities for enhanced communication, social development, and information access, it also poses risks such as cyberbullying, addiction, and mental health concerns. It is important for researchers, educators, and policymakers to continue exploring the effects of social media on this vulnerable population and develop strategies to mitigate the negative impacts while maximizing the positive ones.中文回答：题目，社交媒体在青少年生活中的作用，文献综述。
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文献综述要求：1). 文献综述所用文字---- 英语；2). 文献综述的字数------ 不少于1500字；3). 文献综述的参考文献篇数不得少于10篇,其中英语原版文献2-3篇；4). 文献综述要求中心明确,有逻辑性,前后连贯,而不是将各种摘录放在一起；建议各位老师让学生在写文献综述前先写一份大致的提纲，帮助他们理清自己的思路.文献综述的写法及范文文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文，它是科学文献的一种。
文献综述是反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议，它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。
要求同学们学写综述，至少有以下好处：①通过搜集文献资料过程，可进一步熟悉文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法；在查找的过程中同时也扩大了知识面；②查找文献资料、写文献综述是进行科研的第一步，因此学习文献综述的撰写也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程；③通过综述的写作过程，能提高归纳、分析、综合能力，有利于独立工作能力和科研能力的提高；④文献综述选题范围广，题目可大可小，可难可易，可根据自己的能力和兴趣自由选题。
文献综述与“读书报告”、“文献复习”、“研究进展”等有相似的地方，它们都是从某一方面的专题研究论文或报告中归纳出来的。
但是，文献综述既不像“读书报告”“文献复习”那样，单纯把一级文献客观地归纳报告，也不像“研究进展”那样只讲科学进程，其特点是“综”，“综”是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述”就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。
总之，文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的科学性论文。
写文献综述一般经过以下几个阶段：即选题，搜集阅读文献资料、拟定提纲（包括归纳、整理、分析）和成文。
一、选题和搜集阅读文献撰写文献综述通常出于某种需要，如为某学术会议的专题、从事某项科研、为某方面积累文献资料等等，所以，文献综述的选题，作者一般是明确的，不像科研课题选题那么困难。
文献综述选题范围广，题目可大可小，大到一个领域、一个学科，小到一个方法、一个理论，可根据自己的需要而定，初次撰写文献综述的同学所选题目宜小些，这样查阅文献的数量相对较小，撰写时易于归纳整理，否则，题目选得过大，查阅文献花费的时间太多，而且归纳整理困难，最后写出的综述大题小作或是文不对题。
选定题目后，则要围绕题目进行搜集与文题有关的文献。
搜集文献要求越全越好，最常用的方法是用检索法。
搜集好与文题有关的参考文献后，就要对这些参考文献进行阅读、归纳、整理，如何从这些文献中选出具有代表性、科学性和可靠性大的单篇研究文献十分重要，从某种意义上讲，所阅读和选择的文献的质量高低，直接影响文献综述的水平。
因此在阅读文献时，要写好“读书笔记”、“读书心得”和做好“文献摘录卡片”。
有自己的语言写下阅读时得到的启示、体会和想法，将文献的精髓摘录下来，不仅为撰写综述时提供有用的资料，而且对于训练自己的表达能力，阅读水平都有好处，特别是将文献整理成文献摘录卡片，对撰写综述极为有利。
二、格式与写法文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述，其格式多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。
撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。
1.前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。
2.主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。
可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
3. 总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，对所综述的主题有研究的作者，最好能提出自己的见解。
4. 参考文献虽然放在文末，但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。
因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据，而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。
因此，应认真对待。
参考文献的编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。
三、注意事项由于文献综述的特点，致使它的写作既不同于“读书笔记”“读书报告”，也不同于一般的科研论文。
因此，在撰写文献综述时应注意以下几个问题：⒈搜集文献应尽量全。
掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好多综述的，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。
⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。
在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。
⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。
由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。
⒋参考文献不能省略。
有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。
总之，一篇好的文献综述，应有较完整的文献资料，有评论分析，并能准确地反映主题内容。
参考范文1Distance Learning Literature ReviewNellie DeutschThis paper will summarize two articles on distance learning and give the author's views on the benefits and obstacles of implementing distance-learning in a junior and high school learning environment.Jeannette McDonald, in her article: Is "As good as fact-to-face" as good as it gets? (2002), raises a very important question as to whether "[the] goal [of online learning should be] to meet existing standards of traditional education" (McDonald, 2002) or "has distance learning, and especially online education opened the door to enhanced strategies in teaching and learning" (McDonald, 2002)? Online learning may just be "doing different things" (McDonald, 2002). What are these different things? Jeannette McDonald claims that "distance education can be a frontier for new methods of communication giving rise to innovative teaching and learning practices that may not be possible in traditional, place-bound education" (2002). The article discusses both the positive and "potential negative impacts of online education"(McDonald, 2002).There are many benefits to using online distance learning environments. Online education is available "anyplace, anytime [for] global communities of learners based on shared interests (McDonald, 2002). Jeannette McDonald claims that "online education [with its] group-based instruction [and] computer mediated communication (CMC) provides an opportunity for new development and understanding in teaching and learning" (2002). CMC encourages "collaborative learning [by not providing] cues regarding appearance, race, gender, education, or social status bestowing a sort of anonymity to participants" (McDonald, 2002). Distance also "permits the expression of emotion (both positive and negative) and promotes discussion that normally would be inhibited. [Yet, this same] text-based [positive aspect of online learning], makes online education more cumbersome and therefore takes more time than face-to-face learning. [In addition,] the sheer bulk of messages can be overwhelming" (McDonald, 2002). The learner only has the written text and no other "non-verbal" (McDonald, 2002) cues. This may confuse the learner and cause "misunderstanding" (McDonald, 2002). The article lists the "seven principles of good practice in undergraduate education" (McDonald, 2004) published in 1987 by the American Association of Higher Education Bulletin. Jeannette McDonald claims that "online education has the potential to achiever all of these practices" (2002). There is a need for quality and standards for distance learning. "In April 2000, the institute of Higher Education Policy produced a study with 24 benchmarks for the success in Internet-based distance education" (The Institute for Higher Education Policy, 2000).Although Jeannette McDonald feels that there are "biases against distance learning programs" (2002), her recommendation is "to take advantage of the potential of online education [by striving] to understand the technology and how it affects human communication and interaction" (2002)."In the road to dotcalm in education" (2004), Mark David Milliron deals with a very progressive i dea that suggests educators "slow … down from [their] busy lives… to be free to focus first on connecting with learners and connecting them to learning… before [they] end up feeling like [they] are no longer using technology, but are being used by it" (Milliron, 2004). He compares education to a highway where educators are faced with many "road hazards". Mark Milliron claims that "looking for road hazards on a journey takes concentration [which] is not often practiced by those with a need for speed or those caught up in their competitive drives" (2004). He gives examples of how ridiculous people are becoming when they "strive to stay connected [to cell phones and e-mails at the price of] deep personal connections with [their] family members and friends" (Milliron, 2004). He quotes Dr. Edward Hallowell, who ironically states "how many electronic connections we have today, yet how hard it is for us to form authentic and deep personal connections" (Milliron, 2004). Mark Milliron gives an excellent comparison of how technology has blinded people when he says that they are becoming "more and more like Pavlov's dogs: at the ding of incoming e-mails they stop what they're doing, salivate, and rush to the screen" (2004). There is pressure to keep up with the times as well as "a cost-of-entry issueregarding technology in education. Without a certain level of technology services and learning options, many students will not consider attending [a certain] institution" (Milliron, 2004). Mark Milliron claims that "any technology has to prove that it will ultimately improve or expand learning" (2004). This will come about if educators "slow down, look around, and get on the road to DotCalm- a place [to] thoughtfully engage and explore all aspects of technology, good, bad, or indifferent; …a place with mindful focus on the people and passions that make life worth living" (Milliron, 2004).The author of this paper has been trying to implement distance learning in both junior and high school environments for the past year. The school has added a platform called "Britannica" to make online learning possible in case of emergency or a teacher's strike. The students are not willing to take the time to go in and look up homework assignments and other online learning activities. The author keeps reminding students to add their e-mail addresses to the form but they are unwilling to cooperate. The process is very slow with little results. Some teachers have made these online lessons compulsory for their students. ESL students shy away from online classes. They have expressed fear of having their work viewed by others. Every student has to login to the school site but within a classroom, everyone who takes the class can view the other's work. ESL students don't see the advantage of learning by sharing. Should online learning be an issue of control or should students be convinced of its value as an authentic learning tool? Fear and a threatening environment don't enhance learning according to brain-based learning research. "How students 'feel' about a learning situation determines the amount of attention they devote to it"(Sousa, 1998). "Positive emotions ensure that learning will be retained" (Lackney, 2002). It's very important to discuss with students how they feel about technology and online learning so that they feel good about what they are doing. The author feels that the process of implementing online distance learning is a slow and delicate one. Change will eventually come about but it will take time. As Mark Milliron has said "[let's not let] new technology … get in the way of learning" (2004). Let's calm down as we "focus first on connecting with learners [and only then begin] connecting them to learning" (Milliron, 2004).ReferencesLackney, J. A. (1998). 12 design principles based on brain-based learning research. Design share: The international forum for innovative schools. Retrieved February 21, 2004, fromMcDonald, J. (2002, August). Is "as good as face-to-face" as good as it gets? Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks. 6 (2), 10-15. Retrieved February 14, 2004 fromMilliron, M. D. (2004, February). The road to dotcalm in education. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks. 8 (1), 80-91. Retrieved February 14, 2004, from Sousa, D. A. (1998, December 16). Is the fuss about brain research justified? Education Week [Online], 18(16), 52.The Institute for Higher Education Policy. (2000, April). Quality on the line:Benchmarks for success in Internet-based distance education. 1-45. Retrieved February 21, 2004, from范文2LANGUAGE AND GENDER: A brief Literature ReviewHere is an example of a Literature review, on the subject of Language & Gender. It was written by Alastair Pennycook, as an example for his students.TASK: 1. Work out•the comparison the writer establishes in the review•the sequence to his review (why that sequence?)•what the writer's own perspective is2. Note•the use the writer makes of each of the sources he refers to•how, in his language particularly, he avoids a "black and white", right/wrong type of judgment of the positions he reviewsLANGUAGE AND GENDER: A brief Literature ReviewWith the general growth of feminist work in many academic fields, it is hardly surprising that the relationship between language and gender has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In an attempt to go beyond "folk linguistic" assumptions about how men and women use language (the assumption that women are "talkative", for example), studies have focused on anything from different syntactical, phonological or lexical uses of language to aspects of conversation analysis, such as topic nomination and control, interruptions and other interact ional features. While some research has focused only on the description of differences, other work has sought to show how linguistic differences both reflect and reproduce social difference. Accordingly, Coates (1988) suggests that research on language and gender can be divided into studies that focus on dominance and those that focus on difference.Much of the earlier work emphasized dominance. Lakoff's (1975) pioneering work suggested that women's speech typically displayed a range of features, such as tag questions, which marked it as inferior and weak. Thus, she argued that the type of subordinate speech learned by a young girl "will later be an excuse others use to keep her in a demeaning position, to refuse to treat her seriously as a human being" (1975, . While there are clearly some problems with Lakoff's work - her analysis was not based on empirical research, for example, and the automatic equation of subordinate with `weak' is problematic - the emphasis on dominance has understandably remained at the Centre of much of this work. Research has shown how men nominated topics more, interrupted more often, held the floor for longer, and so on (see, for example, Zimmerman and West, 1975). The chief focus of this approach, then, has been to show how patterns of interaction between men andwomen reflect the dominant position of men in society.Some studies, however, have taken a different approach by looking not so much at power in mixed-sex interactions as at how same-sex groups produce certain types of interaction. In a typical study of this type, Maltz and Borker (1982) developed lists of what they described as men's and women's features of language. They argued that these norms of interaction were acquired in same-sex groups rather than mixed-sex groups and that the issue is therefore one of (sub-)cultural miscommunication rather than social inequality. Much of this research has focused on comparisons between, for example, the competitive conversational style of men and the cooperative conversational style of women.While some of the more popular work of this type, such as Tannen (1987), lacks a critical dimension, the emphasis on difference has nevertheless been valuable in fostering research into gender subgroup interactions and in emphasizing the need to see women's language use not only as ‘subordinate’ but also as a significant subcultural domain.Although Coates' (1988) distinction is clearly a useful one, it also seems evident that these two approaches are by no means mutually exclusive. While it is important on the one hand, therefore, not to operate with a simplistic version of power and to consider language and gender only in mixed-group dynamics, it is also important not to treat women's linguistic behaviour as if it existed outside social relations of power. As Cameron, McAlinden and O'Leary (1988) ask, "Can it be coincidence that men are aggressive and hierarchically-organized conversationalists, whereas women are expected to provide conversational support?" . Clearly, there is scope here for a great deal more research thatis based on empirical data of men's and women's speech;operates with a complex understanding of power and gender relationships (so that women's silence, for example, can be seen both as a site of oppression and as a site of possible resistance);looks specifically at the contexts of language use, rather than assuming broad gendered differences;involves more work by men on language and gender, since attempts to understand male uses of language in terms of difference have been few (thus running the danger of constructing men's speech as the ‘norm’ and women's speech as ‘different’);aims not only to describe and explain but also to change language and social relationships.ReferencesCameron, D., F. McAlinden and K. O'Leary (1988). "Lakoff in context: the social and linguisticfunction of tag questions." In J. Coates and D. Cameron (op. cit.). pp.74-93.Coates, J. and D. Cameron (Eds.) (1988) Women in their speech communities. Harlow: Longman.Coates, J. (1988). Chapter 6: "Introduction." In J. Coates and D. Cameron (op. cit.)pp. 63-73.Lakoff, R. (1975) Language and Woman's Place. New York: Harper and Row Maltz, . and . Borker (1982). "A cultural approach to male-female miscommunication."In J. Gumperz (Ed.), Language and social identity. Cambridge:Cambridge .Tannen, D. (1987). That's not what I meant. London: Dent.Zimmerman, D. & C. West (1975) "Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation" In B. Thorne & N. Henley (Eds.) Language and sex: difference and dominance. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House范文3《边城》与《沉船》的诗意世界比较一、引言人们完全可能为了极为不同的理由去比较不同国家地域的作品——或者是它们不可抗拒的艺术魅力，或者仅仅为了作品对于你的思考能力的挑战。