A comparison study of travel expenditure and consumption choices

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在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料

在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料The online travel industry。

which combines tourism and the。

has unique features that distinguish it from XXX industry。

and as society advances。

it has XXX commerce to create a new economic form - electronic commerce。

This has XXX accelerates。

online travel services and their business models have also XXX.2 The business model of online travelThe business model of online travel is based on the。

and merce。

It is a customer-centric model that provides users with a -shop for travel-related services。

including booking flights。

n。

and activities。

Online travel agencies (OTAs) have emerged askey players in this industry。

with their business models XXX pricingXXX.3 Business model XXXIn recent years。

online travel companies have been innovating their business models to stay ahead of the n。

One ofthe key XXX of social media into their platforms。

基于主成分分析的浙江省居民消费结构综合评价研究

基于主成分分析的浙江省居民消费结构综合评价研究篇一：基于主成分分析的天水市居民消费结构综合评价分析.doc毕业论文题目基于主成分分析的天水市城镇居民消费结构综合评价研究学院数学与统计学院姓名张亮专业班级12统计一班学号20XX1050152指导教师张凡弟讲师提交日期原创性声明本人郑重声明：本人所呈交的论文是在指导教师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的成果.学位论文中凡是引用他人已经发表或未经发表的成果、数据、观点等均已明确注明出处.除文中已经注明引用的内容外，不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的科研成果.本声明的法律责任由本人承担.论文作者签名：年月日论文指导教师签名：年月日目录1引言.................................................................................................................. .. (1)2数据的来源及研究方法 (1)2.1数据的来源.................................................................................................................. .12.2研究方法—主成分分析 (2)2.2.1主成分分析的基本思想 (2)3天水市城镇居民消费结构的分析与研究 (2)3.1建立数学模型 (2)3.1.1假设指标变量 (2)3.2主成分分析 (3)3.2.1确定主成分 (3)3.2.2主成分分析 (3)4天水市城镇居民消费结构图表分析 (4)5结论和建议.................................................................................................................. . (4)基于主成分分析的天水市城镇居民消费结构综合评价研究张亮(天水师范学院数学与统计学院，甘肃天水741000)摘要随着经济的腾飞和社会的发展，人们对消费的需求也日新月异.本文以甘肃省天水市城镇居民消费结构为依据，利用SPSS软件对居民消费结构进行主成分分析，对比分析了天水市城镇居民消费的基本需求、消费成分对支出的贡献率、消费结构现状及变化特征.结果表明：天水市城镇居民消费结构处于从基本生存型向享受型阶段过渡.受收入水平的影响，在居民消费结构中，食品支出依然是最主要的成分.关键词天水;消费结构;贡献率;主成分分析. comprehensiveevaluationofconsumptionstructureofurbanresidentsinTians huibasedonprincipalcomponentanalysisLiangzhang (Schoolofmathematicsandstatistics,TianshuinormalUniversity,Gansu,7410 00) abstractalongwiththeeconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopment,people' sdemandofconsumptionisalsochanging.Thispapertotheconsumptionstructu reofurbanresidentsinTianshuicity,GansuProvinceasthebasis,principalcomp onentanalysisofresidentsconsumptionstructurebyusingSPSSsoftware,base dontheanalysisandcomparisonofthebasicneedsofconsumptionofurbanresid entsinTianshuicity,consumptioncompositionofexpenditurecontributionrate ,consumptionstructureofthestatusquoandcharacteristics.Theresultsshowtha t:Tianshuicityconsumptionstructureofurbanresidentsinfrombasicsubsisten cetoenjoythetypeofphasetransition.influencedbyincomelevel,intheresident s'consumptionstructure,foodexpenditureisstillthemaincomponent. KeywordsTianshui,consumptionstructure,contributionrate,principalcompo nentanalysis.数学与统计学院20XX届毕业论文基于主成分分析的天水市城镇居民消费结构综合评价研1引言居民消费结构的变化是社会发展和时代进步的具体表现，近年来城市化进程不断加剧，农村人口进城打工促进了城市经济的增长，改变了城市居民消费结构.居民消费结构不仅是一个地区经济发展水平的反应，更是对一个地区居民生活幸福状况的综合评价.因此，对城乡居民消费结构的结构变化、消费水平值得我们关注和研究，以便于投资者做出决策，消费者规划生活.本文以《甘肃统计年鉴20XX》中的数据为基础，用主成分分析法对甘肃居民消费结构进行分析，其主要目的在于探讨影响居民消费结构的主要因素，提出改善居民消费结构、提高居民消费水平的建议.2数据的来源及研究方法表1天水市城镇居民消费结构表家庭设备其它商用品及服交通和通教育文化品和服年份衣着居住务医疗保健讯娱乐服务务食品烟酒20XX589.68372.11258.91350.74463.55781.08181.61796.2720XX613.13 451.92297.56411.34522.5860.54219.481753.3420XX695.49474.15337.1 419.03673.01869.43268.632075.7420XX722.07490.33393.36491.04629. 87774.51237.472413.4720XX857.12465.45420.42559.63672.06791.362 36.912499.0720XX900.02520.76444.02618.05761.84866.67295.792756. 0920XX1024.3643.3482.5650.9980.5905306.8316520XX1157.38726.15 77.29786.51165.321024.82362.63483.0420XX1287.76914.54648.24833.081098.8 41185.3314.743803.8120XX1280.361982.6746.1968.271206.661317.333 10.283851.220XX1286248980910411407141028938812.1数据的来源研究数据来源于《甘肃统计年鉴.20XX》,主要从甘肃省城镇居民消费结构中的食品(X1)、衣着(X2)、居住(X3)、家庭设备用品及服务(X4)、交通通讯(X5)、文教娱乐用品及服务(X6)、医疗保健(X7)、其他商品务(X8)等8项指标研究了20XX年至20XX年我省城镇居民在各项指标中的人均消费支出情况.篇二：基于主成分分析的浙江省区域经济差异浅析基于主成分分析的浙江省区域经济差异浅析作者：叶津杨符加侬来源：《现代交际》20XX年第05期[摘要]区域经济不平衡增长已成为中国经济发展中的一个显著现象。

生活中有什么破坏环境的行为英语作文

生活中有什么破坏环境的行为英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1What Environmentally Damaging Behaviors Exist in Daily Life?We've all heard about how human activities are damaging the environment and contributing to climate change. But have you really stopped to think about all the little ways our daily habits and behaviors negatively impact the planet? As a student, I've become increasingly aware of the environmentally damaging practices that are practically unavoidable in modern life. It's a sobering realization.One of the most obvious culprits is our reliance onsingle-use plastics. Think about how many plastic bags, bottles, utensils, straws, and food containers we use and discard regularly. The proliferation of plastics has made our lives more convenient, but at what cost? Plastics are made from fossilfuel-based chemicals and don't biodegrade, instead persisting for hundreds of years and polluting our lands and oceans.Billions of pounds of plastic waste end up in the environment annually.Our obsession with fast fashion is another major environmental issue. The clothing industry is one of the most polluting industries on the planet due to the toxic dyes, chemical processes, and high energy and water usage required. And clothes aren't made to last like they once were. We constantly buy new cheap garments, only to throw them out after a season or two when styles change or they start looking worn. All that textile waste is unsustainable.Then there's our love affair with meat and dairy products. Animal agriculture is estimated to account for around 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Cattle, sheep, and goats produce methane, while the process of clearing land for grazing contributes to deforestation. The excessive water usage and runoff pollution from fertilizers and waste also severely degrade the environment. Our meat-heavy diets are taking a major toll.We can't talk about environmental damage without mentioning transportation. We're addicted to our cars, trucks, and airplanes that guzzle fossil fuels and spew pollutants into the atmosphere. Our cities and suburbs have become so spread out that many of us have no choice but to drive long distancesregularly. And despite efforts to develop electric vehicles, the mining for battery materials creates its own environmental harm.Household energy usage is another factor. Our homes require heating, cooling, lighting, and power for all our electrical devices. While renewable energy sources like solar and wind are becoming more accessible, the majority of our residential energy still comes from burning oil, gas, and coal - contributing to emissions, air pollution, and ecosystem damage from drilling, mining, and transportation.Even our addiction to technology and digital devices has an environmental impact. The production of smartphones, computers, and other electronics uses vast amounts of energy, water, plastics, and minerals that have to be mined and processed. Most of these products aren't built to last or be repaired, becoming quickly obsolete e-waste headed for landfills and polluting communities.Ironically, many of the personal care and cleaning products we use to keep ourselves and our homes fresh and germ-free are also hazardous to the planet. Chemicals from soaps, shampoos, detergents, and cleansers get washed down drains and discharged as contaminants in waterways. Aerosol sprayproducts release volatile compounds that pollute indoor and outdoor air quality.Our recreation and hobbies can be just as damaging to the environment. Things like boating, jet-skiing, and off-roading with gas-powered vehicles contributes to air and noise pollution while disturbing ecosystems. Even hiking, camping, and picnicking in nature can cause harm if we don't follow Leave No Trace principles by leaving litter and food waste behind.I haven't even mentioned the environmental toll of our love for manicured lawns and gardens that require chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and profuse watering. Or how about the impact of our consumerist tendencies to constantly buy more stuff that has to be manufactured, packaged, shipped, and eventually thrown away?The sad truth is, it's nearly impossible to exist in the modern world without contributing in some way to behaviors that damage the environment on a daily basis. Even breathing produces carbon dioxide emissions! We're all guilty to some degree.But that doesn't mean we should throw our hands up in resignation. Instead, we need to make a concerted effort toanalyze our personal habits and choices - then change the ones we can to reduce our environmental footprint. It's going篇2What Environmentally Harmful Behaviors Exist in Our Lives?We've all heard about climate change, pollution, and the need to "go green", but how many of us actually analyze our own daily habits and behaviors to see if we're contributing to environmental destruction? The sad truth is that many of our normal, everyday routines have negative impacts on the planet we all share. As students, we may think we're too young to make a difference, but the reality is that now is precisely when we need to build sustainable lifestyles. Here are some of the biggest culprits when it comes to environmentally harmful behaviors:Excessive Energy and Resource ConsumptionIt's no secret that things like leaving lights on, taking long hot showers, and binge-watching TV shows lead to high electricity and water usage. But the impacts go far beyond just a higher utility bill. The generation of electricity, especially from non-renewable sources like coal and natural gas, releases huge amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. And the treatment and transportation of fresh water also requiressignificant energy expenditure. Simple habits like unplugging electronics when not in use and taking shorter showers can cut down on our environmental footprint.Reliance on Single-Use PlasticsPlastic water bottles, grocery bags, food packaging, straws, utensils - the list of disposable plastic items we use on a daily basis is overwhelming. And despite what we might have been taught about recycling, the reality is that most plastic items can't be recycled infinitely. They ultimately get discarded into landfills or, worse, find their way into our oceans, polluting marine ecosystems and harming countless species of wildlife. Ditching the single-use mentality and opting for reusable bags, bottles, and containers is an easy way to fight back.Fast Fashion HabitsMany students are on tight budgets, so we tend to shop for cheap, trendy clothing that looks good now but won't last. This perpetuates the destructive "fast fashion" industry that produces shocking amounts of textile waste through rapid production of low-quality garments. Not to mention the harmful dyes, materials, and labor practices employed by many of these companies. Investing a bit more in higher-quality,sustainably-made clothing items that we can wear for years is better for the environment and for our wallets in the long run.Heavy Meat ConsumptionIt's no secret that the meat and dairy industries are major contributors to climate change, habitat destruction, and pollution. The resources needed to raise livestock, coupled with the emissions created through farming and transportation, have made these industries huge climate culprits. While no one is saying we all need to go full vegan tomorrow, simply cutting back on our meat intake, even by a meal or two per week, can make a significant difference. Plant-based alternatives are becoming more accessible and delicious by the day.Excessive Air TravelFor those of us who can afford to travel frequently, whether for family visits, spring break trips, or study abroad, we rarely consider the heavy environmental toll our plane flights take. A single passenger's roundtrip flight across the country can contribute upwards of 1,000 pounds of CO2 emissions! And that's before considering all the other greenhouse gases like methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide released during air travel. Choosing more sustainable transportation options liketrains when possible, and simply flying less if able to, can curb these impacts.These are just a few of the major environmental pitfalls we students unknowingly tumble into nearly every day. From the cars we drive to the way we dispose of trash and compost, nearly every aspect of our modern lifestyles holds at least some blame for climate change, pollution, habitat loss and more. But here's the good news - we have the power to change! As the generation who will inherit whatever mess we create, it's up to us to start building more sustainable habits.It begins with awareness and education on the issues, which means we need to start paying closer attention to our own carbon footprints. Small, simple swaps like using reusable products, buying secondhand, eating less meat, and conserving energy can lead to immense collective change. And from there, we can start holding companies and governments more accountable for enacting and enforcing environmental policies.The path to a healthier planet is not an easy one, and it will require major societal and economic transformations. But we have to start somewhere, and the little things we do as individuals really do add up. So let's stop making excuses for ourenvironmentally harmful behaviors and start being part of the solution. The future of our one and only Earth depends on it.篇3Destructive Behaviors Harming Our PlanetAs a high school student, I've learned a great deal about the importance of protecting our environment and the consequences of human actions that degrade the natural world around us. Unfortunately, many everyday behaviors and habits contribute to environmental destruction, often without us even realizing the harm we're causing. In this essay, I'll explore some of the most common environmentally destructive behaviors that occur in our daily lives.One of the biggest culprits is our reliance on single-use plastics. From water bottles to grocery bags, plastics designed for one-time use have become incredibly pervasive in modern society. The issue with these items is that they're rarely recycled properly and end up polluting our oceans, waterways, and landscapes. Plastic waste not only creates an eyesore but also harms wildlife that ingests or becomes entangled in the debris. As students, we can help combat this problem by carryingreusable water bottles and shopping bags instead of opting for disposable plastics.Another destructive behavior is food waste. A staggering amount of perfectly edible food ends up in landfills, where it rots and releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas. This waste occurs at every level of the food supply chain, from agricultural overproduction to household waste. As consumers, we can do our part by being mindful of portion sizes, properly storing leftovers, and composting organic waste instead of sending it to landfills. School cafeterias could also implement measures to reduce food waste, such as offering smaller portion sizes or donating excess food to local shelters.Transportation is another area where our daily behaviors can have a significant environmental impact. Relying heavily on personal vehicles, especially those with poor fuel efficiency, contributes to air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and the depletion of finite fossil fuel resources. Whenever possible, we should opt for more sustainable modes of transportation, such as walking, biking, carpooling, or using public transit. Schools could encourage these alternatives by providing secure bicycle storage, promoting ride-sharing programs, and advocating for improved public transportation options in the community.Our consumption habits also play a role in environmental destruction. The overconsumption of resources, combined with the preference for disposable or short-lived products, creates a tremendous amount of waste that strains our planet's capacity to absorb and process it. As students, we can be more mindful consumers by choosing products with minimal packaging, opting for reusable or long-lasting items, and repairing or repurposing items instead of immediately discarding them. Schools could encourage more sustainable consumption by hosting swap events, repair workshops, or even implementing a sharing economy system for certain items.Energy use is another area where our daily behaviors can have a significant environmental impact. Leaving lights and electronics on when not in use, setting thermostats at inefficient temperatures, and relying heavily on non-renewable energy sources all contribute to excessive energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. We can reduce our energy footprint by developing habits such as turning off lights and devices when not in use, wearing appropriate clothing to minimize heating and cooling needs, and advocating for the adoption of renewable energy sources in our schools and communities.Finally, our choices regarding water usage can also have detrimental effects on the environment. Behaviors such as taking excessively long showers, leaving taps running unnecessarily, and overwatering lawns and gardens can lead to water wastage and strain on limited freshwater resources. We should be mindful of our water consumption by taking shorter showers, turning off taps when not in use, and implementing water-efficient landscaping practices. Schools could also contribute by installing low-flow fixtures and promoting water conservation campaigns.In conclusion, many of our daily behaviors and habits contribute to environmental destruction, often in ways we may not even realize. By being mindful of our actions and making conscious choices, we can reduce our individual impact on the planet. Simple steps like reducing plastic use, minimizing food waste, choosing sustainable transportation options, consuming responsibly, conserving energy, and using water efficiently can collectively make a significant difference. As students, we have the power to not only adopt these behaviors ourselves but also to advocate for broader changes in our schools and communities. By taking responsibility for our actions and making sustainable choices a priority, we can work towards preserving and protecting our environment for generations to come.。

旅游经济英语作文范文

旅游经济英语作文范文Travel is a vibrant sector that significantly contributes to the global economy. It not only fosters cultural exchange but also creates numerous employment opportunities.The tourism industry is a major source of revenue formany countries, with travelers spending on accommodations, food, and local attractions. This spending boosts local economies and supports small businesses.Sustainable tourism is an emerging concept that aims to balance economic growth with environmental protection. By promoting eco-friendly practices, destinations can preserve their natural beauty for future generations.Cultural heritage sites are particularly popular among tourists. These sites offer a window into the past and helpto educate visitors about the history and traditions of different cultures.However, the rapid growth of tourism can also lead to challenges such as overcrowding and environmental degradation. It is crucial for policymakers to implement strategies that manage the impact of tourism on local communities and ecosystems.Technology plays a significant role in the tourism industry, from online booking platforms to virtual realityexperiences. These innovations make it easier for travelers to plan and enjoy their trips.Educational tourism, or edutourism, is gaining popularity as people seek to combine learning with leisure. This type of travel can be an enriching experience, providing insightsinto different cultures, languages, and ecosystems.Lastly, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the tourism industry, leading to a temporary halt intravel and a subsequent economic downturn. As the world recovers, the industry must adapt to new health and safety protocols to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience for all travelers.。

英语二柱形图作文模板

英语二柱形图作文模板英文回答：Bar Graph Description。

The bar graph provided illustrates the average expenditure on different categories of goods and services by households in two countries, Country A and Country B, during the year 2020. The data is presented in US dollars per month.Country A。

In Country A, the highest expenditure was on "Housing," which accounted for an average of $600 per month. This was followed by "Transportation" ($400), "Food" ($300), "Healthcare" ($200), and "Entertainment" ($100).Country B。

In Country B, the highest expenditure was also on "Housing," but at a slightly higher amount of $650 per month. "Transportation" and "Food" came in at $500 and $400, respectively, followed by "Healthcare" ($300) and "Entertainment" ($200).Comparison。

从中外旅游目的地形象研究看中外学术研究差异

从中①外旅游目的地形象研究看中外学术研究差异摘要：本小组从各类期刊中有目的地选取9篇中外学术论文，它们均是研究旅游目的地形象的文章。

我们采用比较分析法，对论文的写作目的、整体结构、研究方法、文章亮点等方面对所选取的文献进行详细比较。

从中发现外文文献的研究方法通常有较大突破，而中文文献普遍存在研究方法单一的问题。

通过本文的分析，目的在于学习如何写规范的论文，如何进行科学严谨的学术研究。

一、引言当前，学术界的论文发表越来越多，越来越快，但是水平参差不齐，甚至刊登在同一期刊上的文章，质量都有很大差距。

本文拟从旅游形象这一研究领域出发，比较选取的9篇中外文献的写作目的、整体结构、研究方法、文章亮点等方面，找出中外文献之间的差距，并加以点评，以期能够帮助我们学习规范的论文写作和严谨的科学研究方法。

二、研究方法本文选取7篇中文文献和2篇外文文献，运用比较法进行比较分析。

中文文献从国内核心期刊《人文地理》、以及《旅游学刊》中选取，外文文献从在国际旅游学界有相当影响力的《Annals of Tourism Research》以及《Tourism management》中选取。

虽然国内两个核心期刊的学术水平和学术地位均与《Annals of Tourism Research》以及《Tourism management》有一定的差距，但亦代表了我国学术论文的主流和学术水平，从中将能更清楚地看到中外学术文献的差距。

所选取得文献基本资料如下：三、研究过程1. 相关文献分析1.1《A Model of Destination Image Formation》Seyhmus Baloglu; University of Nevada--Las Vegas, USA①本文所选读的“中文文献”只包括中国大陆的中文文献。

Ken W. McCleary; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USAAnnals of Tourism Research, V ol. 26, No. 4, pp. 868–897, 1999研究方法：定性分析（文献法、预调研）、定量分析（邮寄发放问卷、路径模型）研究目的：作者通过总结前人的研究建立了一个目的地形象形成的重要因素模型，并通过此研究中的路径分析验证模型，最终对一个目的地的形象形成的原因有更加深刻的认识。

成本控制外文文献

成本控制外文文献DR Campbell, M Campbell- CPA JOURNAL, Adding significant value with internal controlsUnder the condition of socialist market economy, enterprise production and business operation in order to obtain good economic benefit is the purpose of and constantly improve the enterprise overall quality, in the process of seeking good economic benefits, strengthening cost management and control, continuously reduce the product cost is an important method and means. So, small and medium enterprises how to reduce the product cost? From the following several aspects:1, in recent years, rising raw material prices, energy prices had a great influence on the rising cost of. How in the presence of these unfavorable factors reduce costs, improve efficiency? Enterprises must establish the concept of the technical transformation is an important approach to reduce cost through technological transformation, to adopt new technologies, new processes, new materials, improve product technology content and paves the way to reduce production costs. One is to put special emphasis on technology reform, actively adopt new technology, new technology, saving energy and reducing consumption, fundamentally reduce the consumption of raw materials, in product quality goals are met at the same time, ensure to achieve the goal of cost control; The second is the implementation of the technical improvement project construction should be pay attention to reduce the project construction cost, pay attention to get more rewards with less investment.2, deepen enterprise reform, and constantly stimulate the worker's labor enthusiasm, improve staff quality, set up to adapt to highly efficient operating mechanism of market economy, is also an important link to reduce costs. Each enterprise should deepen reform as an important work of authors efficiency. First, to reform the personnel system, breaking the boundaries of cadres and workers, reflect ", competent, work well "principle of choose and employ persons, integrate recruitment and appointment system of the personnel system, optimize the combination of labor and competition, superior bad discard, do" almighty, came to claim down ", so as to arouse the enthusiasm of staff, improve labor productivity, the enhancement enterprise staff's work sense of responsibility and sense of crisis, mobilizes all cadres and workers into the authors efficiency work.3, however, the quality of the product and the product cost has a very close relationship. Under the condition of the competition is fierce, whose products are of good quality, who are competitive, product has the market, won't take up too much money; Products with high quality and not defective items or less, can directly reduce the production cost; Product quality is high, can according to the principle of quality, sold at higher prices, relative cost reduction in the proportion of sales revenue; Products with high quality and can win more customers, increase sales directly, reduce the cost of sales; Product quality is high, in fact also saves energy and raw materials; Product quality is high, can save labor and management fees, this will definitely reduce the cost. Be very pay attention to improve the quality of products, therefore, the enterprise one thousand party hundreds of strict productquality.4, asked whether research forced this adopt quality management, the leadership of the enterprise the factory director (manager) to personally stresses quality, forming quality management network, feedback the quality information every day, quality analysis and control the quality cost; To have strict standard of technology, affecting the quality of the product supply, production, sales and so on each link of the system of quality management, do not meet the requirements of the quality of raw materials into the factory not purchase and do not conform to the requirements of the quality of semi-finished products do not flow into the next procedure, unqualified products are not the factory; To enrich your power quality management, perfect quality management system, set up professional inspection team, establish self-inspection, mutual inspection and quality detection system that combines ZhuanJian and standards, strictly control product quality, quality management should be brought into the assessment of economic responsibility system at the same time, promote quality of wages, punishing inferior scrap rate allocation principles.5, to reduce the cost, must seize to manage this class. Companies to implement target cost management combined with economic responsibility system, strengthen the cost accounting, in production, supply and sales, finance and so on each link to strengthen the management, the production cost of raw materials, auxiliary materials, fuel, power, salary, manufacturing expense, administrative fee, etc of each elaboration to the unit product cost, cause the cost accounting in workshop, into the team, to the head. Formed into the staticcontrol for dynamic control, full, whole process and comprehensive cost control pattern, the specific actions to reduce the cost to every worker. On this basis, one is to strengthen supply management, control the cost of materials. Enterprises should formulate purchasing raw materials to control the price catalogue, a price comparison shopping, shop around, choose and buy, do homogeneous buy low price, same price to buy, homogenous same price, can use domestic instead of imported, in order to reduce costs; Second, must strengthen the material management, reduce the consumption of materialized labor. Material reserves and consumption of high and low, directly affect the product cost rise.6, therefore, the enterprise must from the material consumption quota formulation to the issuance of materials have strict control, for raw materials such as the consumption of various goods and materials supplies, in the order quantity and inventory controls key aspects such as reserves, should according to the principle of application, timely, complete, economic use plan issued, and combined with financial revenue and expenditure plans, contracts, into the assessment of economic responsibility system, prevent all kinds of unnecessary waste, to achieve reasonable storage, use of materials, reduce cost, improve efficiency, to ensure the production of both reasonable needs, and reduce capital takes up; Third, strengthening marketing management, reduce the cost of sales. To strengthen law consciousness of the sales staff to strengthen sales management, the combination of business in each sale happen before, to the customer's operating conditions and honour ability serious investigation and approval, not to "trade" and "gentleman's agreement", avoid unnecessaryeconomic loss, the business personnel's salary, bonus, poor travelling expenses, benefits, fees and handling charge, short-distance transport, transit link costs in line with both to save, and to mobilize enthusiasm of the principle of corresponding management measures.7, therefore, enterprises should establish and improve the financial supervision system, establish plant for silver, and can reduce costs by implementing simulation market accounting, cost control to improve the economic benefit, avoid unplanned, spending money top, long PiTiao PaoMaoDiLou phenomenon serious and funds resulting in approach in the funds use at no cost, strictly to strengthen the control of funds, make the staff felt the pressure of market competition, by several accounts for everyone to take charge of financial management, in particular to strengthen the administrative fee and some service cost accounting, including management of administrative costs, travel, office, etc. In this respect will have to be borne according to the different nature of work, the accounting base of cost of each head to control the inspection, each pencil, each piece must be listed in the contract sum. Optimization of product structure. The product is popular with the market of an enterprise, is basic premise to reduce costs. If can not sell the products of an enterprise, cause backlog, far from reducing the cost. Only product variety, product structure is reasonable, can meet the needs of different levels of consumer, just have a stable market, to reduce inventory capital takes up and products, to speed up the turnover of funds, only a reasonable product structure, to accelerate the spread of products, diversification management, accelerate the market penetration, and improve the relative share of the market, so as to achievethe goal of cost reduction. So that each enterprise must recognize their own deficiencies in the production and business operation, serious analysis, assess the situation, timely to change the production and business operation strategy, the market situation is bad, backlog occupy products more products to limit production and conversion of funds, the selection of leading products through advanced technology, improve the mechanization and automation level of production, a series of measures such as strengthening production scheduling command to increase production, to reduce the product cost in the fixed expenses such as depreciation and interest. Also must constantly innovation, optimize product structure, to take "no I have you, you have me, you I'm fine, are you fine I go" the strategy, increase the designs and varieties, to develop new products, tracking the world development trend, combined with the needs of different regions, different levels of consumer, forming different product structure, make the product market is gradually expanding.。

Simon雅思写作小作文讲解课件笔记

Simon’s IELTS Writing Task 1Question types1.Line graph 2.Bar chart 3.Pie chart 4. Table5. Diagram-comparing6. Diagram-processEssay structure (4 paragraphs )1. IntroductionOne sentence : Paraphrase the question2. Overview2 sentences :The main , general things3. Details4. Details3+4: Why 2 paragraphs ?This makes you organize or ‘group’ the information better(or put the overview at the end)No conclusion!!Numbers Describe Compare Changes/trendsLine graph ( Line graph show numbers changing over a period of time )You will not see a graph with only one line .你会看到2/3/4/5条线。

你要对这些线条进行比较，而不是单独描述它们。

首先，做一个非常一般的比较。

（总结/概述段落）第二，比较这些线条的特定的节点。

（‘细节’段落）Paragraph 1 : IntroductionThe graph below shows electricity production (in terawatt hours ) in France between 1980 and 2012 .改写：The line graph compares the amount of electricity produced in France using four differdent sources of power over a period of 32 years.这个折线图比较了法国在32年间使用四种不同电源的发电量。

明智购物的建议英语作文

In the era of consumerism where an abundance of choices confronts us at every turn, making wise shopping decisions is more crucial than ever. It not only ensures that our hard-earned money is spent judiciously but also promotes sustainable consumption habits and contributes to a healthier economic ecosystem. This essay aims to provide a multi-faceted, in-depth analysis of the key principles that underpin wise shopping, enabling consumers to make informed decisions of the highest quality.**1. Setting Clear Objectives and Priorities**The first step towards wise shopping is to establish clear objectives and priorities before embarking on any purchasing endeavor. This involves understanding your needs versus wants, evaluating your budget, and considering the long-term implications of your purchase.**a. Needs vs Wants**It is essential to differentiate between necessities and discretionary items. Needs are those products or services without which your daily life would be significantly impacted, such as groceries, utilities, healthcare, and transportation. Wants, on the other hand, are discretionary purchases that enhance your lifestyle but are not essential for survival or functionality. Prioritizing needs over wants helps ensure financial stability and prevents impulse buying driven solely by momentary desires.**b. Budgeting**A well-defined budget serves as a guiding compass in the shopping journey. It should encompass all necessary expenses, savings, and a portion for discretionary spending. By adhering to a budget, you can avoid overspending, reduce debt, and maintain financial discipline. Moreover, it enables you to allocate funds effectively, ensuring that essential purchases are made without compromising your financial health.**c. Long-Term Considerations**When making a purchase, ponder its long-term impact on your finances, lifestyle, and environment. For instance, investing in high-quality, durablegoods may require a higher initial outlay but could save you money in the long run due to reduced maintenance and replacement costs. Similarly, considering the energy efficiency, reparability, and recyclability of products aligns your shopping decisions with environmental sustainability.**2. Research and Comparison Shopping**In today's digital age, information is readily available to empower consumers to make informed choices. Thorough research and comparison shopping are indispensable tools for wise shopping.**a. Product Research**Invest time in researching the product you intend to buy. Read reviews from trusted sources, consult expert opinions, and examine product specifications to understand its features, performance, and durability. Pay particular attention to any potential flaws or recurring issues reported by users. This knowledge will help you assess whether the product meets your requirements and expectations.**b. Price Comparison**Utilize price comparison websites, apps, or in-store comparisons to find the best deal. Keep in mind that the lowest price does not always equate to the best value; consider factors like warranty, after-sales service, and shipping costs when assessing overall value. Be mindful of seasonal sales, discounts, and promotional offers, which can significantly reduce your expenditure without compromising on quality.**3. Ethical and Sustainable Consumption**Incorporating ethical and sustainable considerations into your shopping habits reflects a broader commitment to social responsibility and environmental stewardship.**a. Supporting Ethical Brands**Choose brands that demonstrate transparency in their supply chains, fair labor practices, and environmental sustainability. Look for certifications such as Fairtrade, Rainforest Alliance, or B Corp, which verify a company's commitmentto these values. By supporting such brands, you contribute to a more equitable and environmentally conscious marketplace.**b. Reducing Waste and Promoting Sustainability**Opt for products with minimal packaging, recyclable materials, or those made from recycled content. Embrace second-hand shopping, rental services, or the sharing economy for items you use infrequently or temporarily. These choices help reduce waste, conserve resources, and lower your carbon footprint.**4. Leveraging Technology and Personalization**Technology has transformed the shopping experience, offering tools and platforms that facilitate wise purchasing decisions.**a. Price Tracking and Alerts**Utilize price tracking tools and apps that monitor product prices and notify you when they drop to your desired level. This eliminates the need for constant manual checking and ensures you seize the best deals at the right time.**b. Personalized Recommendations**Many e-commerce platforms employ algorithms to provide personalized product recommendations based on your browsing and purchase history. While these can be helpful, remain vigilant against the potential pitfalls of algorithmic bias or excessive诱导消费. Regularly assess these suggestions against your established objectives and priorities to ensure they align with your actual needs.**5. Post-Purchase Evaluation and Feedback**Wise shopping extends beyond the point of purchase. Evaluating your purchases post facto and providing feedback can help refine your future shopping strategies and contribute to the improvement of products and services.**a. Post-Purchase Review**After using a product for some time, assess its performance against your initial expectations. Did it meet your needs? Was it worth the investment? Reflecting on these questions can inform your future shopping decisions and help identify areas where you might need to adjust your purchasing criteria.**b. Providing Feedback**Sharing your experiences – both positive and negative – through reviews, ratings, or direct communication with the retailer or manufacturer can influence product improvements and guide other consumers in their decision-making process. Your feedback can contribute to a more transparent and accountable marketplace.In conclusion, wise shopping is an art that involves a thoughtful, informed, and holistic approach. By setting clear objectives and priorities, conducting thorough research, embracing ethical and sustainable consumption, leveraging technology, and engaging in post-purchase evaluation and feedback, consumers can make high-quality, value-driven decisions that benefit both themselves and society at large. As we navigate the complex landscape of modern consumerism, adopting these principles will enable us to transform shopping from a mere transactional activity into a powerful tool for personal growth, social responsibility, and environmental stewardship.。

英语对比写作方式

关于对比共同点The two boys had so much in common that they soon became good friends.The two ideas and the rejections are parallel to each other.The two parts compare with each other in their similarity.Both of the ideas are incorrect and are followed by corrections.Although Grant and Robert were fierce rivals during the war, their lives, both military and nonmilitary,had a great deal in common.These three types generally have the same traits.This Church was the custodian of knowledge, as well as the main employer of literate men.Rapid changes, have forced most countries to reconsider the national goals of education; Great Britain is no exception.The two systems are, in effect, identical.The individuals and the government are of the same importance.People of all ages have been playing these games.He was consistent in his attitude. 他的态度是前后一致的。

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ResearchnoteAcomparisonstudyoftravelexpenditureandconsumptionchoicesbetweenﬁrst-timeandrepeatvisitors

Kuo-LiangChanga,1,Chiang-MingChenb,*,TimothyJ.Meyera,2aDepartmentofEconomics,SouthDakotaStateUniversity,USA

bDepartmentofEconomics,NationalChiNanUniversity,1UniversityRoad,Puli,Nantou54561,Taiwan

highlights

articleinfoArticlehistory:Received15May2012Accepted19June2012Keywords:TravelexpenditurePriceandincomeelasticityFirst-timevisitorsandrepeatvisitorsabstractThisstudyexaminesthedifferencesinexpendituresandconsumers’productconsumptionchoicesbetweenﬁrst-timeandrepeatvisitors.Weappliedthedatacollectedfromthe2009AnnualSurveyReportonVisitorExpenditureandTrendsinTaiwantoestimatevisitors’demandofﬁvemajortravelproducts:accommodation,food,transportation,entertainment,andshopping.TheAlmostIdealDemandSystemanalysisresultssuggestedtheconsumptionofmostproductsfollowedthelawofdemand;theresultingincomeelasticityalsoindicatedtheseproductswerenormalgoods.Inaddition,wefoundthatprevioustravelexperiencedoesnotgeneratesigniﬁcantdifferencesinpreferenceandconsumptionpatterns.Ó2012ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.

1.IntroductionConsumerproﬁlingstrategiesareeffectiveinidentifyingconsumercohortsandinpredictingtheirpurchasingandconsumptionbehaviors(Baker&Crosbie,1993;Empacher,Gotz,&Schultz,2002;Smith,1956).Accuratelytargetingsuchconsumergroupsandprovidingbothservicesandproductpackagesspeciﬁ-callydesignedforthemiscrucialforimprovingproﬁtabilityinTaiwan’shotelindustry.However,suchinformationiscurrentlylimitedintheliterature.Economictheorysuggeststhattravel-relatedexpendituresforrisk-averse,ﬁrst-timevisitorsshouldbesmallerthanthoseofrepeatvisitors.However,earlierstudieshavefoundaninconsistentrelationshipbetweentravelexperienceandtravelexpenditure(Cho,2009;Divisekera&Deegan,2010;Gitelson

&Crompton,1984;Lau&McKercher,2004;Li,Cheng,Kim,&Petrick,2008;March&Woodside,2005).ChenandChang(2012)pointedouttheimportanceofidentifyingsuchvariationinTai-wan’stourismindustry.Theyalsofounddissimilarityinthedemandforandthesatisfactionlevelsofvisitorswithvaryingtravelbudgetsandcharacteristics.Theobjectiveofthispaperistostudyvisitors’expenditureandpurchasingpatternsduringtripstoTaiwan,focusingonsegmentingbothﬁrst-timeandrepeattravelers.Bysettingtravelexperienceasproxiestoforeignvisitors’informationandknowledgeofTaiwan(Alegre&Cladera,2010),wehypothesizedthatpreviousdestinationexperiencewouldreducetheasymmetricinformationproblemandincreasevisitors’expenditures.However,ourresultssuggestedthatregardlessofpreviousvisitingexperience,apriceincreasewouldreducevisitors’expendituresformosttravel-relatedproducts,whileanincreaseintravelbudgethadtheoppositeeffect.

2.DataandmethodologyOurdataincluded137ﬁrst-timeand133repeatinboundvisitorsfromthe2009AnnualSurveyReportonVisitorExpendituresand

*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:þ886492910960x4629;fax:þ886492914435.

E-mailaddresses:Kuo-Liang.Chang@sdstate.edu(K.-L.Chang),ming@ncnu.edu.tw(C.-M.Chen),timothy.meyer@sdstate.edu(T.J.Meyer).1Box504,ScobeyHallRoom109,Brookings,SouthDakota,USA.Tel.:þ1605688

4141;fax:þ16056386.2Box504,ScobeyHallRoom132,Brookings,SouthDakota,USA.Tel.:þ1605688

4141;fax:þ16056386.

ContentslistsavailableatSciVerseScienceDirectTourismManagement

journalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/tourman

0261-5177/$eseefrontmatterÓ2012ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.06.006

TourismManagement35(2013)275e277Trends,publishedbytheTaiwanTourismBureau.WeappliedtheAlmostIdealDemandSystem(AIDS)toanalyzevisitors’expendi-tureschoicesassuggestedbyDeatonandMuellbauer(1980).TheAIDSframeworkspeciﬁestheshareequationsinann-productsystemas

wi¼aiþXnj¼1gijlogpjþbilog󰀂X.P󰀃andX¼Xni¼1piqi

:(1)

wherewiistheshareassociatedwiththeexpenditureofproducti,pjisthepriceonproductj,aiisaconstantcoefﬁcientintheithshare

equation,andgijistheslopecoefﬁcientassociatedwiththeproductjintheithshareequation.Xisthetotalexpenditureonthesystemofgoodsgiven;piisthepriceforqi.Pisanaggregatedpriceindex

deﬁnedas

logP¼a0þXni¼1ailogpiþ1=2Xni¼1Xnj¼1gijlogPilogPj

:(2)

Theﬁveproductsareaccommodation,food,transportation,entertainment,andshopping.WeaddedthefollowingrestrictionsontheparametersofEquation(1)tofollowthebasicaxiomsofdemandandutilitytheory:

i)Adding-up:Pni¼1ai¼1;Pni¼1gij¼0;Pn

i¼1b

i¼0

ii)Homogeneity:Pn

j¼1g

ij¼0;

iii)Symmetry:gij¼gji

Deﬁne(dij)astheKroneckerdelta(dij¼1ifi¼j;otherwise0if

isj),theprice(εij)andexpenditureelasticity(hi)fromtheesti-

matedparametersofEquation(1)are

hi¼bi=wiþ1(3)