名词02-8
串讲02 可数名词与不可数名词 七年级英语上学期期中考点(2024冀教版)
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构
成主要有以下几种：
(5) 复合名词： ① 前面的名词是man或woman，变复数时，构成复合名词的两个名词全都 要变成复数形式。例如： man teacher—men teachers； woman driver—women drivers ② 如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。例如： boy student—boy students； apple tree—apple trees ③与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。例如： brother-in-law — brothers-in-law； passer-by — passers-by。
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构 成主要有以下几种：
(3) 还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。例如： Chinese—Chinese；Japanese—Japanese； sheep—sheep；deer—deer (4) 有些以f或fe结尾的词直接加s变成复数。例如： roof—roofs，chief—chiefs，gulf—gulfs
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构 成主要有以下几种：
(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，先变y为i，再加-es。例如： baby—babies city—cities， family—families，country—countries， strawberry—strawberries(ies读音为[iz]) 注意：以“元音字母 + y”结尾的词，直接在词尾加-s。例如： holidays；days；plays；ways；donkeys；boys；toys
2. D。句意为“我们学校有五十名教师，他们都对我们很友好。”woman 的复数是women，teacher的复数是teachers。所以答案是D。
名词所有格详细讲解与练习
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再如
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a picture of Li's
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a picture of Li
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李（所拥有）的一张照片
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一张李的照片
Jim’s room my grandma’s purse\ wallet those students’ books these workers’ coats those men’s caps \ hats those teachers’ desks the windows of that classroom Helen’s classmates those policemen’s trousers
C
1.The woman over there is ____ mother.
Lily's and Lucy's Lily's and Lucy Lily and Lucy's Lily and Lucy
Did you hear the ____ report? policemen policemen's policemens' policemens
练习一：短语翻译
the girl’s grandpa
这个女孩的爷爷 杰姆的房间 我奶奶的钱包 那些学生的书 这些工人的外套 那些男人的帽子 那些老师的书桌 那间教室的窗户 海伦的同学 10、那些警察的裤子
单击此处添加小标题
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B
单击此处添加小标题
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D
There are some new books in the reading-room. They are ____ books. child childrens' children children's
专题02 名词性从句(原卷版)(全国通用版)-高考英语复习
专题02 名词性从句I．概念名词在句中一般可以作主语、表语、宾语和同位语等。
1. Water freezes below zero. (作主语)2. Eric was a world famous director. (作表语)3. Would you like some bananas? (作宾语)4. Eric, my English teacher, got promoted last year. (作同位语)相当于名词的从句称为名词性从句，分别称之为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。
II. 知识重点与难点一、名词性从句的连接词如下：1.从属连词：that无词义，在从句中不充当成分，在动宾从句中可省略。
whether/ if有词义，但在从句中不充当成分, if 主要用于宾语从句中。
2.连接代词who(ever), whom(ever), whose, what(ever), which(ever) 有词义，在从句中充当成分。
3. 连接副词when, where, why, how 有词义，在从句中充当状语。
二、主语从句：在句子中作主语的从句叫主语从句。
1. 由从属连词引导, 连词本身在从句中不做成分。
That Eric is the most handsome teacher in our school is known to all. (从句作主语，且从句不缺成分，无词义缺失，因此用that。
)Whether he will come or not is not known yet. (从句作主语，从句完整，但缺乏表示“是否”的词，因此用whether。
)2. 由连接代词引导，连词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
Who will go remains to be discussed. (从句作主语，who 在主语从句中作主语，表示“某人，谁”。
)What we need is more time. (从句作主语，what 在主语从句中作need 的宾语，表示“东西，什么”。
语法专题02 可数名词和不可数名词【精讲+演练】-2023年小升初英语无忧衔接(通用版)(解析版
语法专题02 可数名词和不行数名词名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词和不行数名词。
凡是可以计算事物数目的名词，叫可数名词。
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，单数名词变复数名词时，有肯定的规律可循(见下表)，但也有一些不规章变化，需要逐一记忆。
凡是不能直接用数计算，而需要用量计算的名词，多为不行数名词，不行数名词没有复数形式。
1. 可数名词(1)单数可数名词前常用冠词a/an或my, your, his等物主代词或指示代词this, that来修饰。
(2)若表示一类事物可用a/an加单数名词表示，也可用复数名词表示。
可数名词变复数规章：2. 不行数名词(1)一般没有复数形式。
(2)不能用不定冠词a/an或指示代词this, that, these, those或数词one, two, three等修饰，但可用定冠词the 或some或lots of/a lot of(很多)来修饰。
(3)不行数名词的数量要借助＂基数词+ 表示量的名词+ of＂短语表达，如three pieces of bread (三块面包)，two glasses of milk (两杯牛奶)等。
(4)作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
(5)用代词指代不行数名词时，用单数it，不用复数they或them。
金木水火土，米面茶肉布，油盐糖酒醋，全部不行数。
对应的单词为：gold(金子)，wood(木材)，water(水)，fire(火)，mud(泥土)，rice(米)，flour(面粉)，tea(茶)，meat(肉)，cloth(布)，oil(油)，salt(盐)，sugar(糖)，wine(酒)，beer(啤酒)，vinegar(醋)。
1．We see some________ rising into the air at the opening of our new library.A．balloons B．balloon C．balloones【答案】A【详解】句意：在我们新图书馆的开馆仪式上，我们看到一些气球升到空中。
笨老师分享课堂：名词所有格02
笨老师分享课堂:名词所有格02学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单选题1．_______ mothers are both nurses in a hospital.A．Tim’s and Peter’s B．Tim and Peter’s C．Tim’s and Peter D．Tim and Peter 2．— ________ Shakespeare’s Gardens is it on the desk?—It’s ________. He bought the book yesterday.A．Whose; Charles’s B．Whose; Charles’C．Who’s; Charles’D．Who’s; Charles’s 3．-How far is it from Chongqing to Guiyang?-It’'s about two _________ride by high-speed train.A．hour B．hour’s C．hours D．hours’4．Is this photo _____your father?A．in B．of C．to5．My computer is _____ cheaper than _____ .A．many; Jack’s B．much; Jack C．much; Jack’s6．The diary is not mine. It’s .A．anyone else B．someone else C．any one else’s D．someone else’s7．Here is a picture __________ my school.A．for B．is C．of8．—Are these your books，Tony?—No，they aren't. They are ____．A．Tom's B．Toms'C．Tom9．—Chinese astronauts can also walk in space.—Yes, they’re our nation.A．proud of B．pleased with C．known for D．the pride of10．—How far is it from your home to school? —It’s about fifteen walk.A．minute B．minutes C．minute’s D．minutes’11．—Where is my map?—It's in your ________ room. You can ask them for it.A．parent B．parents C．parent's D．parents'12．This is my ________room and that is my ________room.A．brother; parents'B．brother; parents'sC．brother's; parents'D．brother's; parents's13．Show me your ____ license, please.A．driver’s B．driver C．drive D．drive’s14．These blue pants are_______. They are for his birthday.A．Jack B．Jacks C．Jacks’D．Jack's15．－Who's that?－_____mother.A．Tom and Lucy’s B．Tom's and Lucy'sC．Tom's and Lucy D．Tom and Lucy16．_____ Day is on June 1st and _____ Day is on September 10th.A．Childrens' ; Teachers’B．Children's; Teacher'sC．Children's; Teachers’D．Childrens' ; Teacher's17．－Is the schoolbag under the desk yours?－No, it's my _______ He left it there just now(刚才）A．sisters'B．brothers'C．brother's D．sister's18．---Whose jacket is this?---It’s _________.A．Lucy B．Lucy’s C．Jim D．Jims19．This is ________ room. The twin sisters clean it every day.A．Lina’s and May’s B．Lina’s and MayC．Lina and May’s D．Lina and May20．It's about ________ from our school to my house.A．20 minutes' walk B．20 minute's walkC．walk of 20 minutes D．20 minutes' walks21．--Whose are these beautiful postcards in the box?--They're those__________ A．exchange students B．exchange student'sC．exchange students'D．exchange student22．After the parents' meeting, my mother will go to a clothes shop to buy clothes. A．women B．woman's C．women's D．women'23．These _____mothers don’t have enough milk for them, so the zoo wants two dogs as their wet nurses (奶妈).A．babies giraffe’s B．babies giraffes’C．baby giraffe’s D．baby giraffes’24．—How far is your home from school? —About ________ walk.A．five minute's B．five minutes'C．five minutes25．While I was at the ________, I heard a nurse ________ Davy’s name.A．doctors’; call B．doctor’s; to call C．doctor’s; calling D．doctors’; called 26．________ are going to come to my home tonight when they are free.A．My brother two friends B．My brother of two friendsC．Two my brother’s friend D．Two friends of my brother’s27．_______ mothers can’t come to the meeting because they have gone to Dalian.A．Sa lly’s and Jane B．Sally and Jane’s C．Sally and Jane D．Sally’s and Jane’s 28．Times says that Lego has become one of _____ favorite toys.A．child B．children C．children’s D．child’s29．---_____ is coming. What can I get for my mother?---What about a scarf ? A．Women’s Day B．Woman’s DayC．Womens’ Day D．Womans’ Day30．This is _____ bedroom. It’s nice and clean.A．Lily’s and Lucy’s B．Lily and Lucy’sC．Lily’s and Lucy D．Lily and Lucy31．---How far is your home from school?---About _____ walk.A．five minute’s B．five minutesC．five minutes’D．five minute32．—How far is it from your home to the post office?—It’s about __________.A．10 minutes ride B．10 minutes’ ride C．10minutes’ ride33．The village is far away from here indeed. It’s _______walk.A．a four hour B．a four hour’s C．a four-hours D．four hours’34．The village is far away from here. It’s almost _________ ride.A．a four hour B．a four hour’s C．four hours D．four hours’35．“It depends on my ________ decision.” the mother said and looked at her two sons. A．children B．children's C．child D．child's36．—How far is it from your home to the post office?—It’s about ________.A．10 minutes ride B．10 minutes’ ride C．10minutes’ ride37．Walking to school usually____ me half an hour. But it is only____ ride!A．spends；20 minutes’B．spend; 20 minutesC．takes；20 minutes D．takes; 20 minutes’38．—Whose iPhone7 is that?—I think it _____. I heard that he has just bought a new one.A．is Tom’s B．is Tom C．belong to Tom39．We will have a ______________ holiday after the exam.A．two month B．two month’s C．two-month.D．two-months40．—How is it from your school to home? —It’s only.A．far; a ten-minutes walk B．long; ten minutes’ walkC．far; ten minutes’ walk D．long; a ten-minute walk41．— I have to go to the_____ palace to learn the piano.— I do_____.A．child’s...to B．children...also C．children’s...either D．childr en’s...too42．The umbrella is not mine, it must be _____________ .A．someone else B．someone else’sC．else someone D．else’s someone43．It is only _____ from my home to the train station.A．ten minutes walk B．ten-minutes walk C．ten minutes ‘s w alk D．ten minutes’ walk 44．It will take _______ time to finish the work.A．one and a half years’B．a year and half C．one and a half year’s D．a year and half’s 45．Grade 1 students should only have half an homework.A．hour B．hours of C．hours'D．hour of46．mother works in St. Mary's Hospital.A．Jim and Bob B．Jim's and Bob's C．Jim and Bob's47．"It depends on my decision," the mother said and looked at her two sons. A．children B．children's C．child D．child's48．The online shop sells shoes at a very low price.A．child and men's B．children and men'sC．children's and men D．children's and men's49．It's time for me goodbye to my mother school. I will never forget all my love. A．to say; teachers'B．saying; teachers'C．to say; teacher's50．Look! The women over there are ____ mothers.A．Jenny and Lucy B．Jenny’s and Lucy’s C．Jenny and Lucy’s D．Jenny’s and Lucy参考答案:1．A【解析】句意：Tim的妈妈和Peter的妈妈都是医院里的护士。
100个中国传统文化名词
100个中国传统文化名词1、元宵节: Lantern Festival2、刺绣：Embroidery3、重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival4、清明节：Tomb Sweeping Day5、剪纸：Paper Cutting6、书法：Calligraphy7、对联：（Spring Festival）Couplets8、象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters9、雄黄酒：Realgar wine10、四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle11、战国：Warring States12、风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen13、昆曲：Kunqu Opera14、长城：The Great Wall15、集体舞：Group Dance16、黄土高原：Loess Plateau17、红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals18、中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day19、花鼓戏：Flower Drum Song20、儒家文化：Confucian Culture21、中国结：Chinese knotting22、古装片：Costume Drama23、武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie24、元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling（Soup）25、越剧：Yue Opera26、火锅：Hot Pot27、江南：South Regions of the Yangtze River28、《诗经》：The Book of Songs29、谜语：Riddle30、《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian31、《红楼梦》：A Dream of Red Mansions32、《西游记》：The Journey to the West33、除夕：Chinese New Year's Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival34、针灸：Acupuncture35、唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery36、二人转: Errenzhuan37、偏旁:Radical38、孟子：Mencius39、亭/阁：Pavilion/Attic40、黄梅戏:Huangmei Opera41、火药：Gunpowder42、农历：Lunar Calendar43、印/玺：Seal/Stamp44、腊八节：The laba Rice Porridge Festival45、京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera46、秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera47、太极拳：TaiChi48、《本草纲目》: Compendium of Materia Medica49、天坛：Altar of Heaven in Beijing50、小吃摊：Snack Bar/Snack Stand51、红双喜：Double Happiness52、文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）: The Four Treasure of the Study/Brush，Inkstick，Paper，and Inkstone53、春卷：Spring Roll（s）54、莲藕：Lotus Root55、罗盘：Luopan56、故宫博物院：The Palace Museum57、相声：Cross-talk/Comic Dialogue58、五行：Five Phases59、北京烤鸭: Beijing Roast Duck60、《桃花扇》：The Peach Blossom Fan61、木偶戏：Puppet Show62、敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves63、电视小品：TV Sketch/TV Skit64、甲骨文：Oracle Bone Inscriptions65、古筝：Chinese Zither66、二胡：Urheen67、门当户对：Perfect Match/Exact Match68、《水浒》: Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh69、除夕：Chinese New Year's Eve70、国子监：Imperial Academy71、兵马俑: Cotta Warriors/Terracotta Army72、旗袍：Cheongsam73、指南针：Compass74、泼水节：Water-Splashing Day75、馄饨：Wonton76、花卷：Steamed Twisted Rolls77、羊肉泡馍：Pita Bread Soaked in Lamb Soup78、冰糖葫芦：A stick of sugar-coated haws （or apples，etc.）79、八宝饭：Eight-Treasure Rice Pudding80、粉丝：Glass Noodles81、豆腐脑：Jellied Bean Curd82、小品：Witty Skits83、孝顺：To Show Filial Obedience84、武术：Wushu（Chinese Martial Arts）85、宣纸：Rice Paper86、衙门：Yamen87、叩头：Kowtow88、中庸：The Way of Medium（cf. Golden Means）89、牌楼：Pailou（Pai-Loo）90、东坡肉：Dongpo Pork91、中山陵：The Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum92、秦淮河：Qinhuai River93、玄武湖：Xuanwu Lake94、夫子庙：the Confucian Temple95、鸭血粉丝：Duck Blood Fans96、盐水鸭：Yanshuiya，or Salted and Baked Duck97、大煮干丝：Gansi98、小笼包：Steamed Buns99、明孝陵：Ming Tomb100、云锦：Nanjing brocade。
02词语翻译——增词法,减词法
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二、为了表达清晰和自然而增词
• 增加动词
– In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.
在中国，我们每到一个城市就遛大街、逛商店、游公园、 看演出、吃名菜。（）
– In the evening, after the banquet, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.
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to launch a movement, campaign, drive 搞运动、活动；
to launch a training program, class, course
举办培训班， to launch a satellite 发射卫星 to launch a loan 发放贷款
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翻译时注意：
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补充原文因语法省略的词
Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸 取教训更好
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二、为了表达清晰和自然而增词
增加动词 形容词 副词 名词 量词
语气词 范畴词 概括性的词 承上启下的词
英语一词多义
Business was rather slow last month. 上个月生意不太景气。 The book is rather slow. 这本书很乏味（不精彩）。
You’d better go slow in reaching a conclusion.
02 名词性从句要点精读与精练-备战2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力双清(通用版)
备战2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力双清(通用版)名词性从句1【名词性从句重难点梳理】①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality ．(what 为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”)②After ________ seemed a very long time ，I opened my eye and found myself in bed ．（M ET'93）A.whatB.whenC.thatD.which(what 相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now ？ (what 表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world ．(what 表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”)⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago(what 表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”)一、单项选择1. —Do you know ________.—He has been stuck on the highway for half an hour.A. why hasn’t he arrived yetB. what happened to him知识强化2C. if he would arrive soonD. how often he exercises2. —What a new headphone! Can you tell me ________?—Just the day before yesterday.A. when you bought itB. how much you paid for itC. where did you buy itD. how long have you had it3. —Can you tell me ________?—Hardly ever. My parents don’t like junk food.A. why your parents dislike eating hamburgersB. if you like hamburgers or pizzaC. how often you eat in McDonaldD. what food you usually order4. — What did your son say to you, Mr. Griffin?— He asked me ________.A. what the life will be like in 500 yearsB. when would we go to Taiwan for a holidayC. if he could play computer games after finishing his homeworkD. who was Mobike invented by5. —I don’t know ________ during the winter vacation. Any advice?—How about doing a part-time Job?A. what should I doB. what I should doC. where should I goD. where I should go6. —Do you know ________.—It was scheduled to be held from September 10 to 25 this year, but it is postponed (推迟).A. when was the 19th Asian GamesB. how long will the 19th Asian Games lastC. when the 19th Asian Games will be heldD. why the 19th Asian Games is postponed7. —Could you tell me ________?—Go along this road and take the second turning on the left.A. where I can get to the restroomB. how can I get to the restroomC. which is the way to the restroomD. where can I get to the restroom8. —Could you please tell me ________?—Sure. First of all, you’d better make sure you’ve got everything you need.A. where can I buy a Chinese lanternB. when the Chinese lantern show isC. how I can make a Chinese lanternD. what is a Chinese lantern made of9. —Can you spare time to have dinner with me this evening?—Well, I’m not sure _______.A. that I can finish the workB. how can I finish the workC. when can I finish the workD. whether I can finish the work by then10. —What a cold day today! Yesterday it was burning outside.—Yes. We hardly know ________ every day in Wuhan.A. what we should wearB. how should we wearC. whether could we wear a T-shirtD. what the weather was like11. —I was wondering __________.—They were just having a heated discussion about the graduation ceremony.A. who hasn’t finished the report yetB. if they had arrived there in timeC. what was going on when I came inD. what they are talking about12. — What did Tom say to you just now, John?— He asked ________.A. why I am so happy todayB. what the matter wasC. who did I play football with after schoolD. if I could go to the movie with him tonight13. —The light in our son’s study is still on. And I wonder ________.—Maybe at midnight again. He always has too much homework before exams.A. when he will finish writingB. if will he finish writingC. when will he finish writingD. if he will finish writing14. —Young people are always told ________.—That’s why they are under too much pressure.A. if they should make the most of their timeB. how should they make more timeC. that they should make the most of their timeD. why should they make the most of their time15. —Could you tell me ________?—Of course, last night.A. how you came to ChinaB. how did you come to ChinaC. when you reached XianningD. when did you reach Xianning16. —David didn’t finish the task on time.— ________ he looks so sad.A. He thinksB. Not matterC. No wonderD. I wonder17. It isn’t what you have or who you are that makes you happy or unhappy, but________ you think about it.A. whetherB. whatC. howD. why18. —I took care of my grandfather in hospital.—Is that ________ you had a few days off?A. whatB. whenC. whyD. where19. A ship is safe if it stays in a harbour(港口). But it is not ________ it is built.A. whatB. howC. whyD. where20. See the flags on top of the building? That was________ we did this morning.A. whenB. whichC. whereD. what21. ―Could we fi nish the task according to the schedule(进度表)?―I doubt that. The problem is________we can raise enough money within a week.A. thatB. howC. whyD. when22. A ship is safe if it stays in a harbor. But this is not ________ it is built for.A. whatB. howC. whyD. where23. A ship is safe if it stays in a harbour. But this is not ___________ it is built.A. whatB. howC. whyD. where24. Pay no attention to those who laugh at you. What matters most is ________ you see yourself.A. whatB. whenC. howD. which25. —Maggie, it seems _______ you like to work with animals.—Yeah, I think animals should _______ as our friends.A. what; regardB. that; regardC. what; be regardedD. that; be regarded26. —Please tell me which restaurant ________.—OK, I will tell you as soon as possible.A. you will go toB. will you go toC. you have gone toD. have you gone to27. —Could you tell me ________?—Of course. I suggest the Center Library.A. where can I buy a storybookB. when I can buy a storybookC. where I can buy a storybook28. —Do you know ________ the new mobile phone last week?—Maybe 900 yuan. I’m not quite sure.A. when she will pay forB. when will she pay forC. how much did she pay forD. how much she paid for29. —Tom’s birthday is coming. I’m thinking about ________ on that day. What about you? —A party sounds nice.A. what present will I give herB. if we would hold a partyC. when we’ll have a big mealD. how I will give her a surprise30. —Cindy, do you know ________ a graduation ceremony?—Yes. It’s going to be held on Friday.A. when we hadB. when did we haveC. when will we haveD. when we will have31. — Excuse me, sir. I wonder ________.—Sorry, I don’t wear a watch, either.A. what time it is nowB. if you know Mr. GreenC. which is the way to the libraryD. when we will have dinner32. —Lingling, do you know ________?—Next Sunday morning.A. when will the school meeting beginB. when the school meeting will beginC. where will the school meeting beginD. where the school meeting will begin33. Our Geography teacher asked us________.A. why the earth went around the sunB. why did the earth go around the sunC. why does the earth go around the sunD. why the earth goes around the sun34. —Could you tell me ________ kind of movies you like best?—I like the movies ________ make me learn more about the world.A. what; whichB. what; whatC. which; whatD. which; where35. —Johnson, could you tell me ________?—I want to travel by high-speed train to feel the vitality (活力) of China.A. how you spent your vacationB. when you are going to travelC. what you will do after the examD. how will you spend your vacation二、完成句子36. 你还记得这座桥是什么时候修建的吗？Do you still remember ________.37. 我实在无法想象我怎么能在网课期间这样无所事事，懒散度日。
八年级英语高频词
八年级英语高频词一、人教版八年级英语上册高频词。
1. 名词类。
- Unit 1.- activity：活动。
例如：There are many activities in our school.（我们学校有很多活动。
）- difference：不同；差异。
常构成短语“make a difference”（有影响；起作用），如：Everyone can make a difference to the environment.（每个人都能对环境产生影响。
）- Unit 2.- housework：家务劳动。
如：I often help my mother with the housework.（我经常帮妈妈做家务。
）- Internet：互联网。
例如：We can get a lot of information on the Internet.（我们能在互联网上得到很多信息。
）- Unit 3.- competition：比赛；竞赛。
例如：There will be a singing competition next week.（下周将有一场歌唱比赛。
）- talent：天资；天赋。
如：He has a great talent for music.（他有很高的音乐天赋。
）- Unit 4.- theater：剧院；剧场。
例如：We are going to the theater tonight.（我们今晚打算去剧院。
）- seat：座位。
如：Please take your seat.（请就座。
）- Unit 5.- news：新闻；消息。
不可数名词，例如：The news is very exciting.（这个消息很令人兴奋。
）- joke：笑话；玩笑。
如：He told me a funny joke.（他给我讲了一个有趣的笑话。
）- Unit 6.- doctor：医生。
例如：My father is a doctor.（我爸爸是一名医生。
名词变形容词一共有哪些规则
名词变形容词一共有哪些规则
名词变形容词规则有：
在名词后面加－y可以变成形容词尤其是一些与天气有关的名词。
在名词后加－less构成含有否定意义的形容词。
在名词后加－ly变为形容词。
在名词后加－ous变为形容词。
名词后面加－al变为形容词。
扩展资料
1、在名词后面加－y可以变成形容词尤其是一些与天气有关的名词。
例如：rain—rainy，cloud—cloudy，wind—windy，snow—snowy。
2、在名词后加－less构成含有否定意义的形容词
例如：care—careless粗心的、，use—useless无用的、hope—hopeless没希望的.、，home—homeless无家可归的、e、一些以－ce 结尾的名词，把－ce改为－t变成形容词。
例如：difference—different，silence—silent，confidence—confident
3、在名词后加－ly变为形容词
例如：friend—friendly，love—lovely，live——lively
4、在名词后加－ous变为形容词
例如：danger—dangerous
5、名词后面加－al变为形容词
例如：music—musical；medicine—medical。
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名词解释
异构化反应——异构体之间相互转化的反应
CH3CH2CH2CH
3
AlBr3 ,HBr
CH3CHCH
3
CH
3
27
取代反应——分子中某个或几个原子或原子团被其他原子或原子团所取代的反应
CH4
+
Cl
2
漫射光
CH3Cl
+
HCl
+
Br
2
光 Br
+
HBr
烷烃的卤代反应及其反应机理：
链引发; ClCl光或热2Cl
链增长：
Cl
+
CH
4
CH
3
+
HCl
CH
3
+
Cl
2
CH3Cl + Cl
Cl
+
CH3Cl
CH2Cl
+
HCl
CH3Cl
+
Cl
2
CH2Cl2 + Cl
链终止：
Cl+ ClCl
2
Cl
+
CH
3
CH3Cl
链反应——每一步生成一个新的产物，同时产生一个新的活性基因。
开环反应——环烷烃中的小环化合物和一些试剂作用同时容易发生环破裂而与试剂相结合
的反应
+
H
2
Ni
40
CH3CH2CH
3
+
HBr
CH3CH2CH2Br
+
HBr
CH
3
CBrCH3CH
CH
3
CH
3
催化加氢——烯烃在适当催化剂作用下可加氢生成烷烃
CC
+
H
2
Pt或Ni
CC
HH
亲电加成反应——由亲电试剂作用而引起的加成反应
通式：CC+ E+Nu-CECNu
历程：
CC
E
+
CCE+CEC+Nu-C
E
C
Nu
碳正离子中间体
π络合物
慢
马氏规则——不对称烯烃与极性试剂进行加成时，试剂中带正电部分总是加到含H多的C
上。
CH3CH
CH2 + H+X
-
CH
3
CH
CH
2
X
H
与H2SO4加成：
CH
2
CH
2
+
H2SO
4
CCH3CH
3
CH
3
OSO3H
H2O
CCH3CH
3
OH
CH
3
异构化加成产物——当正电荷与邻（1,2）位的H+或甲基交换位置后，能生成更稳定的碳正
离子时，重排容易发生
H3CCHCH3CH
CH2H+H3CCHCH3CHCH31,2负氢迁移CCH3CH2CH
3
H3C
+
+
CCHCH3CH3CH3CH
2
H
+
C
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CHCH3+1,2甲基迁移CH3CCH3CH
CH
3
CH
3
+
反式加成;
1顺-2-丁烯加溴生成 等量的（2R,3R）或（2S，3Ｓ）的混合物
CHCHBrBr+BrBr
CH
3
CH
3
H
Br
Br
H
HCH3Br
CH
3
HBr
２反－２－丁烯加溴生成内消旋体（２Ｒ，３Ｓ）
CCHHCH3CH3+ BrBr
HBr
CH
3
CH
3
Br
H
过氧化物效应——日光或过氧化物存在下，烯烃与溴化氢的加成取向正好与马氏规则相反
CH
3
CH
CH
2
HBr
+
CH3CH2CH2Br
CH3CH
Br
CH
3
无日光
或过氧化物
日光或过氧化物
硼氢化反应——烯烃与硼氢化物容易发生加成反应生成三烷基硼
RCH
CH
2
+
B2H
6
THF
RCH2CH23B
环氧化反应——烯烃与过氧酸反应生成1,2-环氧化物
CH3CH
CH
2
CF3CO3F
CH3CHCH
2
O
与双碳直接相连的碳原子称为α-碳，α-碳原子上的氢叫做α-氢原子
隔离二烯烃——两个双键之间被两个或两个以上单键间隔的烯烃
共轭二烯烃——两个双键被一个单键间隔的二烯烃
二烯体——进行双烯合成的共轭二烯烃
亲双烯体——与共轭二烯烃起双烯起双烯合成反应
+
P
电环化反应——在线形共轭体系两端，由两个π电子生成一个新的σ键的反应或其逆反应
CH
3
CH
3
H
H
HCH3HCH
3
H
H
CH
3
CH
3
H
CH
3
H
CH
3
hvhv加热
加热
顺_3,4_二甲基环丁烷
反_3,4_二甲基环丁烷
分子重排反应——一个分子或离子在反应过程中发生了基团的转移和电子云的重新分布而
最后生成较稳定的分子或离子
乙烯基化反应——在试剂的分子中引进了一个乙烯基
卤化反应——在三卤化铁或铁等路易斯酸的催化下，单环芳烃很容易与卤素作用生成卤代芳
烃
磺化反应——芳烃环上的氢原子被磺酸基取代
傅-克烷基化——芳烃与卤代烷在无水AICI3的催化下，生成芳烃的烷基衍生物
1.多环芳烃的分类
1） 联苯及联多苯：多环芳烃分子中有两个或两个以上的苯环直接以单键相连
NO2
2） 多苯代脂烃类：脂肪烃中有两个或两个以上的氢原子被苯基取代
CH
2
CH
3） 稠环芳烃：多芳烃分子中有两个或两个以上的苯环以共用两个相邻碳原子的方式相互稠
合
2.二取代萘的定位规律
A
221
A
2
1
1)若是邻对位基：同环反应，处在邻对的位为主
例如：(主要产物)OHH2SO4OHSO3H ；
CH
3
HNO
3
CH
3
NO
3
2)A若是间位基：异环反应， 位为主
例如：(主要产物) NO2HNO3H2SP4NO2NO2;
3. 休克尔规则
内容：如果一个单环化合物具有闭合的共轭体系，且成环原子共平面，它的π电子数为4n+2
(n=0,1,2,3,4,5…)，则该化合物具有芳香性。
如果：π电子数= 4n，具有反芳性。
如果：π电子数≠ 4n≠ 4n+2 ，具有非芳性。
非苯芳烃的判断：自由基——不加不减 例如：.Л为6
正离子——减一 例如：+Л为2
负离子——加一 例如：Л为6