TPO25阅读之二(托福阅读真题)
The surface of MarsThe surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including huge volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact cratering. Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge, an enormous geologic area near Mars’s equator. Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all: Olympus Mons, with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base. The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller-a “mere” 18 kilometers high.None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on Mars. Instead, they are shield volcanoes-volcanoes with broad, sloping slides formed by molten rock. All four show distinctive lava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on Earth. Images of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds of volcanoes. Most of the largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge, but many smaller ones are found in the northern plains.The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet’s low surface gravity. As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano, the volcano’s eventual height depends on the new mountain’s a bility to support its own weight. The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain. It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers)Another prominent feature of Mars’s surface is cratering. The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars, as well as that of its two moons, is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space. As on our Moon, the smaller craters are often filled with surface matter-mostly dust-confirming that Mars is a dry desert world. However, Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar counterparts. On the Moon, ancient craters less than 100 meters across (corresponding to depths of about 20 meters) have been obliterated, primarily by meteoritic erosion. On Mars, there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in diameter. The Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent, with Martian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them.As on the Moon, the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way.The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that look s quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. ■However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. ■Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a laye r of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surfa ce. ■Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta. ■Q1 The word “enormous” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. ImportantB. Extremely largeC. Highly unusualD. ActiveQ2 According to paragraph 1, Olympus Mons differs from volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge in that Olympus MonsA. Has more complex geologic featuresB. Shows less impact crateringC. Is tallerD. Was formed at a later timeParagraph 1Q3 The word “distinctive” in the passage is closes t in meaning toA. DeepB. ComplexC. CharacteristicD. AncientQ4 According to paragraphs 1 and 2, which of the following is NOT true of the shield volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge?A. They have broad, sloping sides.B. They are smaller than the largest volcano on Mars.C. They have channels that resemble the lava channels of volcanoes on Earth.D. They are over 25 kilometers tall.Paragraph 1 and 2Q5 The word “roughly” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. TypicallyB. FrequentlyC. ActuallyD. ApproximatelyQ6 In paragraph 3, why does the author compare Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?A. To help explain the relationship between surface gravity and volcano heightB. To explain why Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent of Earth’sC. To point out differences between the surface gravity of Earth and the surface gravity of VenusD. To argue that there are more similarities than differences between volcanoes on different planetsParagraph 3Q7 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Although direct evidence of recent eruptions is lacking, scientists believe that these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago.B. Scientists estimate that volcanoes active more recently than 100 years ago will still have extensive impact cratering on their slopes.C. If, as some evidence suggests, these volcanoes erupted as recently as 100 million years ago, they may continue to be intermittently active.D. Although these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago, there is no direct evidence of recent or ongoing eruptions.Q8 The word “considerably” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. FrequentlyB. SignificantlyC. ClearlyD. SurprisinglyQ9 According to paragraph 4, what is demonstrated by the fact that craters fill in much faster on Mars than on the Moon?A. Erosion from meteoritic impacts takes place more quickly on Mars than on the Moon.B. There is more dust on Mars than on the Moon.C. The surface of Mars is a dry desert.D. Wind is a powerful eroding force on Mars.Paragraph 4Q10 In paragraph 4, why does the author point out that Mars has few ancient craters that are less than 5 kilometers in diameter?A. To explain why scientists believe that the surface matter filling Martian craters is mostly dustB. To explain why scientists believe that the impact craters on Mars were created by meteoroidsC. To support the claim that the Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agentD. To argue that Mars experienced fewer ancient impacts than the Moon didParagraph 4Q11 According to paragraph 5, what have scientists been able to determine from studies of large impact cratering on Mars?A. Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought.B. The age of Mars’s surface can vary from area to area.C. Large impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanic activity.D. Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are.Paragraph 5Q12 According to paragraph 6, the ejecta of Mars’s crater Yuty differs from the ejecta of the Moon’s Copernicus crater in that the ejecta of the Yuty craterA. Has now become part of a permafrost layerB. Contains a large volume of dust, soil and bouldersC. Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater siteD. Was thrown a comparatively long distance from the center of the craterParagraph 6 is marked with an arrow>Q13 Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This surface feature has led to speculation about what may lie under Mars’s surface.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Q14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click VIEW NEXT. Volcanoes and impact craters are major features of Martian geology.A. Plate motion on Mars, once considered t o have played no role in shaping the planet’s surface, is now seen as being directly associated with the planet’s earliest volcanoes.B. Mars has shield volcanoes, some of which are extremely tall because of the planet’s low surface gravity.C. Although the erosive power of the Martian atmosphere ensures that Mars has fewer craters than the Moon does, impact craters are prominent on Mars’ s surface.D. Scientists cannot yet reliably estimate the age of the Martian surface because there has been too much erosion of it.E. Scientists have been surprised to discover that conditions just below the surface of Mars are very similar to conditions just below the surface of the MoonF. Studies of crater ejecta have revealed the possibility of a layer of permafrost below the surface of Mars.。
托福阅读tpo28R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
托福阅读tpo28R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文 (1)译文 (4)题目 (7)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)原文Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes①A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is a buck rub. A male deer makes a buck rub by striping the bark (outer layer) of a small tree with its antlers. When completed, the buck rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumable to other deer in the area. A rub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree. The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern UnitedStates.②Adult male deer usually produce rubs in late summer or early autumn when the outer velvet layer is being shed from their antlers. Rubs are created about one to two months before the breeding season (the rut). Hence for a long time biologists believed that male deer used buck rubs not only to clean and polish antlers but also to provide practice for the ensuing male-to-male combat during the rut. However, biologists also noted deer sniff and lick an unfamiliar rub, which suggests that this visual mark on a small tree plays an important communication purpose in the social life of deer.③Buck rubs also have a scent produced by glands in the foreheads of deer that is transferred to the tree when the rub is made. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication between deer. The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago, which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached. A decade later another study reported that adult male white-tailed deer exhibited forehead rubbing just before and during the rut. It was found that when a white-tailed buck makes a rub, it moves both antlers and forehead glands along the small tree in a verticaldirection. This forehead rubbing behavior coincides with a high level of glandular activity in the modified scent glands found on the foreheads of male deer; the glandular activity causes the forehead pelage (hairy covering) of adult males to be distinctly darker than in females or younger males.④Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. First, the chemicals deposited on the rub provide information on the individual identity of an animal; no two mammals produce the same scent. For instance, as we all know, dogs recognize each other via smell. Second, because only male deer rub, the buck rub and its associated chemicals indicate the sex of the deer producing the rub. Third, older, more dominant bucks produce more buck rubs and probably deposit more glandular secretions on a given rub. Thus the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.⑤Because both sexes of white-tailed respond to buck rubs by smelling and licking them, rubs may serve a very important additional function.Fresher buck rubs (less than two days old), in particular, are visited more frequently by adult females than older rubs. In view of this behavior it has been suggested that chemicals present in fresh buck rubs may help physiologically induce and synchronize fertility in females that visit these rubs. This would be an obvious advantage to wide-ranging deer, especially to a socially dominant buck when courting several adult females during the autumn rut. Another visual signal produced by while-tailed deer is termed a buck scrape. Scrapes consist of a clearing (about 0.5 meter in diameter) and shallow depression made by pushing aside the leaves covering the ground; after making the scrape, the deer typically urinates in the depression. Thus, like a buck rub, a scrape is both a visual and an olfactory signal. Buck scrapes are generally created after leaf-fall in autumn, which is just before or during the rut. Scrapes are usually placed in open or conspicuous places, such as along a deer trail. Most are made by older males, although females and younger males (2.5 years old or less) occasionally make scrapes.译文鹿和鹿的摩擦①一个表示白尾鹿在小树林中存在的显著标志是雄鹿擦痕。
TPO25阅读之一(托福阅读真题)
The Evolutionary Origin of PlantsThe evolutionary history of plants has been marked by a series of adaptations. The ancestors of plants were photosynthetic single-celled organisms that gave rise to plants presumably lacked true roots, stems, leaves, and complex reproductive structures such as flowers. All of these features appeared later in the evolutionary history of plants. Of today’s different groups of algae, green algae are probably the most similar to ancestral plants. This supposition stems from the close phylogenetic (natural evolutionary) relationship between the two groups. DNA comparisons have shown that green algae are plants’ closest living relatives. In addition, other lines of evidence support the hypothesis that land plants evolved from ancestral green algae used the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in photosynthesis as do land plants. This would not be true of red and brown algae. Green algae store food as starch, as do land plants and have cell walls made of cellulose, similar in composition to those of land plants. Again, the good storage and cell wall molecules of red and brown algae are different.Today green algae live mainly in freshwater, suggesting that their early evolutionary history may have occurred in freshwater habitats. If so, the green algae would have been subjected to environmental pressures that resulted in adaptations that enhanced their potential to give rise to land-dwelling or organisms.█The environmental conditions of freshwater habitats, unlike those of ocean habitats, are highly variable. █Water temperature can fluctuate seasonally or even daily and changing level of rainfall can lead to fluctuations in the concentration of chemical in the water or even to period in which the aquatic habitat dries up. █Ancient fresh water green algae must have evolved features that enable them to withstand extremes of temperature and periods of dryness. █These adaptations served their descendant well as they invaded land.selection had shaped the adaptations that helped plants overcome the obstacles to terrestrial living, plants prospered and diversified.When plants pioneered the land, they faced a range of challenges posed by terrestrial environments. On land, the supportive buoyancy of water is missing, the plant is no longer bathed in a nutrient solution, and air tends to dry things out. These conditions favored the evolution of the structures that support the body, vessels that transport water and nutrients to all parts of plant, and structures that conserve water. The resulting adaptations to dry land include some structural features that arose early in plant evolution; now these features are common to virtually all land plant. They include roots or root like structures, a waxy cuticle that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water, and pores called stomata in leaves and stems that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss. Other adaptations occurred later in the transition to terrestrial life and now wide spread but not universal among plants. These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.These adaptations allowed an increasing diversity of plant forms to exploit dry land. Life on land, however, also required new methods of transporting sperm to eggs. Unlike aquatic and marine forms, land plants cannot always rely on water currents to carrytheir sex cells and disperse their fertilized eggs. So the most successful groups of land plants are those that evolved methods of fertilized sex cell dispersal that are independent of water and structures that protest developing embryos from drying out. Protected embryos and waterless dispersal of sex cells were achieved with the origin of seed plans and the key evolutionary innovations that they introduced: pollen, seeds, and later, flowers and fruits.Paragraph 1:1.The word “presumably” in the passage is closest inmeaning toB. supposedlyC. obviouslyD. usually2. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of ancestral plants EXCEPTA. They had cellulose-based cell walls.B. They were closely related to green algaeC. They were able to store nutrientsD. They had a sophisticated multicellular structure.Paragraph 2:3.The phrase “subjected to” in the passage is closest inA. restricted byB. distant fromC. exposed toD. combined withParagraph 3:4.What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about ancient green algae?A. They lived in a generally wet environment that was sometimes dayB. They adapted better to changes in water temperature than did to other changes in the environment.C. They inhabited areas that were close to the ocean.D. They had lived primarily on landParagraph 4:5. The word “desolate” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. dustyB. hardenedC. desertedD. dried out6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Terrestrial plants had the advantages of not having rivals and having easy access to photosynthetic materialB. The abundance of photosynthetic material made life on land easier for pioneering plantsC. Once plants had eliminated their competitors and their predators, their evolutionary process proceeded smoothly.D. Plant evolution eliminated competitors and made the process of photosynthesis more efficient.7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the terrestrial world at the time it was colonized by plants?A. it was exposed to high levels of solar radiationB. it contained a limited supply of carbon dioxideC. it had developed 400million years earlierD. it lacked the presence of any organismsParagraph 5:8. the word “posed” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. sharedB. presentedC. strengthened9. According to paragraph 5, all of the following are problems that early terrestrial plants had to overcome ExceptA. a tendency to become dryB. the inability to limit surface sunlightC. the absence of a structure to support the body of the plantD. the inability to transport water and minerals through the plant10. What purpose does paragraph 5 serve in the larger discussion of the origins of terrestrial plants?A. To emphasize how long it took for ancestral plants to adjust to life on landB. To disprove the argument that land plants adapted easily to their new terrestrial environmentC. To explain how plant colonization changed the physical environment of the terrestrial worldD. To describe how ancestral plants solved the problems they confirmed in colonizingParagraph 6:11. According to Paragraph 6, The adaptation made by terrestrial plants had which of the follow ing effect?’A. Plants developed reproductive strategies usable in both land and water environmentB. the plant diversity achieved in water environments diminished on landC. seed plants became the dominant species among plantsD. a greater range of plants was able to develop12. Which of the following best describes the author’s presentation of the information about land plantsA. the author provided and overview of the evolutionary relationships between specific species of algae and land plantsB. The author discusses the transformation plants underwent in the process of changing from an aquatic to a terrestrial environmentC. the author establishes a pattern of similarity between major land and water pant groupsD. The author resents evidence to support the hypothesis that plants first fully evolved in water before finding their way to land13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Scientists believe that chemical changes and a thicker exterior, among other things, may have helped ancient algae overcome the conditions in their environment.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.In moving from water to land, ancestral plants overcame many obstacles in order to survive.Answer Choice:A. Neither brown nor red algae are likely to be ancestors of plants because of their difference in pigmentationB. The instability of freshwater habitats caused marine algae to develop adaptations to their harsh environment.C. The colonization of land by plants was a major revolution in the history of Earth.D. Terrestrial plants adjusted to life on land by undergoing structural changes that enabled them to support themselves, resist drying, and exchange gases.E. To colonize new terrestrial habitats, plants needed to create a way of reproducing without water.F. Once plants had overcome the challenges posed by terrestrial life, they prospered by becoming less diverse.。
托福TPO2Part2阅读原文及参考答案
托福TPO2Part2阅读原文及参考答案托福TPO作为大家托福备考的模考工具，它的题目对我们有很大的参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家带来托福TPO2Part2阅读原文及参考答案，望喜欢。
托福TPO2Part2阅读原文The Origins Of CetaceansIt should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea.The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, anextinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainlyfunctional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea Fluke: the two parts that constitute the large triangular tail ofa whale1. "Blowhole: a hole in the top of the head used for breathingParagraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.托福TPO2Part2阅读题目Directions: Mark your answer by filling in the oval next to your choice.1. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?It is not difficult to imagine what they looked likeThere were great numbers of them.They lived in the sea only.They did not leave many fossil remains.Paragraph 3: The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.3. The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning toExactScarceValuableInitial4. Pakicetus and modern cetaceans have similarHearing structuresAdaptations for divingSkull shapesBreeding locations5. The word it in the passage refers toPakicetusFishLifeoceanParagraph 4: Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the T ethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning toExplainedVisibleIdentifiedLocated7. The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that BasilosaurusLived later than Ambulocetus natansLived at the same time as PakicetusWas able to swim wellCould not have walked on land8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locationsOn landBoth on land and at seaIn shallow waterIn a marine environmentParagraph 5: An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea9. Why does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans fossil included hind legs?Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of the whale.Until that time, only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.11. The word propulsion in the passage is closest in meaning toStaying afloatChanging directionDecreasing weightMoving forwardParagraph 1: Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.■Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northernPakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.Where would the sentence best fit?13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins.●●●Answer Choices1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.6. Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the water托福TPO2Part2阅读答案参考答案：1、22、13、34、35、16、27、48、49、210. 311. 412. 213-14. 1 2 5托福TPO2Part2阅读原文翻译沙漠已经占据了地球表面积约四分之一，而且最近几十年正以惊人的速度扩张。
托福TPO25阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO25阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO25阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO25阅读Passage3原文文本：The Evolutionary Origin of PlantsThe evolutionary history of plants has been marked by a series of adaptations.The ancestors of plants were photosynthetic single-celled organisms that gave rise to plants presumably lacked true roots,stems,leaves,and complex reproductive structures such as flowers.All of these features appe ared later in the evolutionary history of plants.Of today’s different groups of algae,green algae are probably the most similar to ancestral plants.This supposition stems from theclose phylogenetic(natural evolutionary)relationship between the two groups.DNA comparisons have shown that green algae are plants’closest living relatives.In addition,other lines of evidence support the hypothesis that land plants evolved from ancestral green algae used the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in photosynthesis as do land plants.This would not be true of red and brown algae.Green algae store food as starch,as do land plants and have cell walls made of cellulose,similar in composition to those of land plants.Again,the good storage and cell wall molecules of red and brown algae are different.Today green algae live mainly freshwater,suggesting that their early evolutionary history may have occurred in freshwater habitats.If so,the green algae would have been subjected to environmental pressures that resulted in adaptations that enhanced their potential to give rise to land-dwelling or organisms.█The environmental conditions of freshwater habitats,unlike those of ocean habitats,are highly variable.█Water temperature can fluctuate seasonally or even daily and changing level of rainfall can lead to fluctuations in the concentration of chemical in the water or even to period in which the aquatic habitat dries up.█Ancient fresh water green algae must have evolved features that enable them to withstand extremes of temperature and periods of dryness.█These adaptations served their descendant well as they invaded land.The terrestrial world is green now,but it did not start out that way.When plants first made the transition ashore more than 400 million years ago,the land was barren and desolate,inhospitable to life.From a plant’s evolutionary view point,however,it was also a land of opportunity,free of competitors and predators and full of carbon dioxide and sunlight(the raw materials for photosynthesis,which are present in far higher concentrations in air than in water).So once natural selection had shaped the adaptations that helped plants overcome the obstacles to terrestrial living,plants prospered and diversified。
托福阅读文章分类(OG+TPO1-31)
托福阅读文章分类（更新至TPO 30）1. 自然科学1.1地质学1.1.1冰川类1OG：Green Icebergs2TPO 15：Glacier Formation3TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages1.1.2地质现象1 OG：Geology and Landscape2TPO 01：Groundwater3TPO 02：Desert Formation4TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer 5TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean6TPO 12：Water in The Desert7TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8TPO 21：Geothermal Energy 9TPO 24：Lake Water10TPO27：The Formation of Volcanic Islands11TPO28：Groundwater1.2天文学1.2.1火星类1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars2TPO 25：The Surface of Mars1.2.2其他行星类1TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite2. 生物科学2.1植物学1Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2TPO01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii 5TPO 22：Spartina6TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants 2.2动物学2.2.1动物特点1 OG：Swimming Machines2OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3TPO04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4TPO 13：Biological Clock5TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship2.2.2动物变化1Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4TPO 15：Mass Extinctions2.2.3动物行为1TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings3TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation4TPO 17：Animal Signals in The Rain Forest 5TPO27：Predator-Prey Cycles6TPO28：Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes 2.3生态/环境学2.3.1生态系统1TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions4TPO29：Competition5TPO30：The Pace of Evolutionary Change 2.3.2环境特点1Sample：Electricity from Wind2TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3TPO 10：Variations in The Climate4TPO 18：Lightning5TPO 23：Urban Climates3. 社会科学3.1艺术3.1.1绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2TPO04：Cave Art in Europe3TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6TPO27：Crafts in the Ancient near East7TPO29：Characteristics of Roman Pottery 3.1.2建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3TPO02：Early Cinema4 TPO03：Architecture5TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film6 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography7TPO30：The Role of Play in Development 3.2历史/考古学3.2.1工业化介绍1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization2TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution5TPO29：The History of waterpower6TPO30：The Invention of the Mechanical Clock3.2.2贸易/经济介绍1TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia 5TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping 3.2.3农业发展介绍1TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture3.2.4国家/城市特点1OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece3TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan 4TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East3.2.5人口变化特点1TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3TPO 20：Westward Migration4TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos6TPO28：Early Saharan Pastoralists3.3心理/生理学1 OG：Aggression2 OG：The Expression of Emotion3 TPO 06：Infantile Amnesia4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep3.4社会学1 TPO 09：Reflection in Teaching2TPO 13：Types of Social Groups3TPO 14：Children and Advertising4. 其他学科类1 OG：Loie Fuller2 TPO 06：William Smith3TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?。
托福tpo阅读文本及答案汇总(PDF)
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新托福TPO2阅读原文Early Cinema及译文
新托福TPO2阅读原文(三):Early CinemaTPO-2-3：Early CinemaThe cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose. Thomas Edison's peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894. It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films (or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The Kinetoscope parlors functioned in a similar way. Edison was more interested in the sale of Kinetoscopes (for roughly $1,000 apiece) to these parlors than in the films that would be run in them (which cost approximately $10 to $15 each). He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. About a year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope parlor in 1894, showmen such as Louis and Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orville and Woodville Latham (with the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William Dickson) perfected projection devices. These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience.With the advent of projection in 1895-1896, motion pictures became the ultimate form of mass consumption. Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time. But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor. Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures, their creative control remained limited. What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public—an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.译文：TPO-2-3：早期影院电影院的播放技术从最初的西洋镜形式演变为将影像投影到幽暗的影院屏幕，这一转变使得电影院大众化消费成为可能。
托福阅读tpo 2 Early Cinema早期影院原题解析
阅读原文：The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose. Thomas Edison's peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894. It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films (or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).电影院的播放技术从最初的西洋镜形式演变为将影像投影到幽暗的影院屏幕，这一转变使得电影院大众化消费成为可能。