医学微生物学常用英语词汇知识整合
医学微生物学常用英语词汇
(供七年制和五年制使用)
刘晶星编
病原生物学教研室
2002．4
医学微生物学常用英语词汇
（有*号者供五年制同学使用）
A
Abortive infection 顿挫感染
* Absorption 吸附
* Acid-fast bacilli 抗酸杆菌
Acquired immunity 获得性免疫
* Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome，AIDS 获得性免疫缺陷综合征* Actinomyces 放线菌属
Acute infection 急性感染
* Adenovirus 腺病毒
Adhesin 粘附素
A.flavus 黄曲霉
A. israelii 衣氏放线菌
* Anaerobic bacteria 厌氧性细菌
Anaerobic medium 厌氧培养基
Antibody dependent enhancement,ADE 抗体依赖的促进作用Antigenic drift 抗原漂移
Antigenic shift 抗原性转换
* Antisepsis 防腐
* Antistreptolysin O (ASO) test, 抗链球菌溶素O试验Antiviral protein,AVP 抗病毒蛋白
Apoptosis 细胞凋亡
* Apparent infection 显性感染
Arbovirus 虫媒病毒
* Artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫
* Artificial passive immunization 人工被动免疫
* Asepsis 无菌
Aspergillus 曲霉
* Assembly and release 装备与释放
* Astrovirus 星状病毒
Autotroph 自养菌
* Attenuated vaccine 减毒疫苗
B
* Bacillus 杆菌、芽胞杆菌属
* Bacillus anthracis 炭疽芽胞杆菌
Bacillus cereus 蜡样芽胞杆菌
* Bacteremia 菌血症
Bacterial infection 细菌感染
* Bacterial L form 细菌L型
* Bacteriocin 细菌素
* Bacteriophage 噬菌体
* Bacterium 细菌
Bartonella 巴尔通体属
* Bacteriodes fragilis 脆弱类杆菌
Bifidobacterium 双歧杆菌属
* Binary fission 二分裂
B.hanselae 汉赛巴尔通体
* Bioproduct 生物制品
* Biosynthesis 生物合成
Biotype 生物型
* Biovar trachoma 沙眼生物亚种
Blastospore 芽生胞子
* Borrelia burgdoyferi 伯氏疏螺旋体
* Botulin 肉毒毒素
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy,BSE 牛海绵状脑病(疯牛病)
* Bordetella pertussis 百日咳鲍特菌* Brucella 布鲁菌属
Burkitt，s lymphoma,BL 伯基特淋巴瘤
C
* Candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌
* Calicivirus 杯状病毒Campylobacter 弯曲菌属
* Capsid 衣壳
Capsomere 壳粒
* Capsule 荚膜
* Carrier 带菌者
* Carrier state 带菌状态
Cat scratch disease, CSD 猫抓病
* C.botulinum 肉毒梭菌
C.difficile 艰难梭菌
Cell membrane 细胞膜
Cellular microbiology 细胞微生物学Cell wall 细胞壁
* Chlamydia 衣原体Chlamydospore 厚膜胞子
Cholera toxin,CT 霍乱毒素
* Chronic infection 慢性感染
C.jejuni 空肠弯曲菌
* Classical biotype 古典生物型
* Clostridium 梭菌属
* Coagulase 凝固酶
* Coccus 球菌
* Colony 菌落
Colonization 定植
Complex symmetry 复合对称
* Conditional pathogen 条件致病菌
* Conjugation 接合
Core polysaccharide 核心多糖Coronavirus 冠状病毒
* Corynebacterium diphtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌* Coxsackievirus 柯萨奇病毒
* Coxiella burnetii 贝纳柯克斯体
* C.perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌
* C.pneumoniae 肺炎衣原体
* Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌
* C.tetani 破伤风梭菌
* C.trachomatis 沙眼衣原体
* Culture medium 培养基
* Cytomegalovirus,CMV 巨细胞病毒Cytoplasme 细胞质
* Cytopathic effect,CPE 细胞病变效应
D
* Darkfeild microscope 暗视野显微镜
Decline phase 衰亡期
Defective interfering particles,DIP 缺陷干扰颗粒* Defective virus 缺陷病毒
* Dengue virus 登革病毒
* Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌
* Diplococcus 双球菌
Differential medium 鉴别培养基
* Disinfectant 消毒剂
* Disinfection 消毒
* Dysbacteriosis 菌群失调
* Dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌
E
E.aerogenes 产气肠杆菌
EB early antigen，EA EB病毒早期抗原
EB nuclear antigen，EBNA EB病毒核抗原
英语词汇学及答案
英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes
微生物专业词汇汇总
微生物学英语词汇 微生物学microbiology 病毒学virology 噬菌体学bacteriophagology 细菌学bacteriology 鉴定细菌学determinative bacteriology 系统细菌学systematic bacteriology 真菌学mycology 原生生物学protistology 原生动物学protozoology 普通微生物学general microbilogy 微生物分类学microbial taxonomy 微生物生理学microbial physiology 微生物生物化学microbial biochemistry 微生物遗传学microbial genetics 微生物生态学microbial ecology 古微生物学paleomicrobiology 土壤微生物学soil microbiology 水生微生物学aquatic microbiology 海洋微生物学marine microbiology 悉生生物学gnotobiology 医学微生物学medical microbiology 兽医微生物学veterinary microbiology 农业微生物学agricultural microbiology 工业微生物学industrial microbiology 石油微生物学petroleum microbiology 食品微生物学food microbiology 乳品微生物学diary microbiology 瘤胃微生物学rumen microbiology 诊断微生物学diagnostic microbiology 病原学etiology 国际微生物学会联合会International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS 中国微生物学会Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM 世界培养物保藏协会World Federation for Culture Collection, WFCC 中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, CCCCM 美国模式培养物保藏所American Type Culture Collection, ATCC 自然发生说，无生源说spontaneous generation, abiogenesis 原界urkingdom 始祖生物progenote 古始生物界archetista 古细菌archaebacteria 原生生物protista 原生动物protozoan 原生植物protophyte 真核生物eukaryote 原核生物prokaryote 裂殖植物schizophyte 微生物microorganism 数值分类法numerical taxonomy 模式目type order 模式科type family 模式属type genus 模式种type species 模式株type strain 真菌fungi 捕食真菌predacious fungi 虫道真菌ambrosia fungi 地下真菌hypogeal fungi 虫生真菌entomogenous fungi 菌根真菌mycorrhizal fungi 木腐菌wood-decay fungi 霉菌mold, mould 半知菌imperfect fungi 子囊菌ascomycetes 粘菌slime mold, slime mould 壶菌chytrid 卵菌oomycetes 接合菌zygomycetes 担子菌basidiomycetes 核菌pyrenomycetes 盘菌cup fungi 块菌truffles 锈菌rust fungi 蘑菇mushrooms 毒蘑菇poisonous mushroom 酵母菌yeast 无孢子酵母菌asporogenous yeasts 有孢子酵母菌sporogenous yeasts 黑粉菌smut fungi
医学微生物学名词解释归纳
第一二章细菌的形态结构与生理 1、微生物：（P1）存在于自然界形体微小，数量繁多，肉眼看不见，必须借 助与光学显微镜或电子显微镜放大数百倍甚至上万呗，才能观察的一群微小低等生物体。 2、微生物学：（P2）用以研究微生物的分布、形态结构、生命活动（包括生 理代谢、生长繁殖）、遗传与变异、在自然界的分布与环境相互作用以及控制他们的一门科学 3、医学微生物学：（P3）主要研究与人类医学有关的病原微生物的生物学症 状、对人体感染和致病的机理、特异性诊断方法以及预防和治疗感染性疾病的措施，以控制甚至消灭此类疾病为的目的的一门科学 4、代时：细菌分裂倍增的必须时间 5、细胞壁：包被于细菌细胞膜外的坚韧而富有弹性的膜状结构 6、肽聚糖或粘肽：原核细胞型微生物细胞壁的特有成分，主要由聚糖骨架、 四肽侧链及肽链或肽键间交联桥构成 7、脂多糖：（P13）LPS 革兰阴性菌细胞壁外膜伸出的特殊结构，即细菌内 毒素。由类脂A、核心多糖和特异多糖3个部分组成 8、质粒：（P15）是细菌染色体外的遗传物质，双链闭合环状DNA结构， 带有遗传信息，具有自我复制功能。可使细菌或的某些特定形状，如耐药、毒力等 9、荚膜：（P16）某些细菌能分泌粘液状物质包围与细胞壁外，形成一层和 菌体界限分明、不易着色的透明圈。主要由多糖组成，少数细菌为多肽。 其主要功能是抗吞噬，并有抗原性
10、鞭毛：（P16）从细菌细胞膜伸出于菌体外的细长弯曲的蛋白丝状物，是 细菌的运动器官，见于革兰阴性菌、弧菌和螺菌。 11、菌毛：（P17）是存在于细菌表面，由蛋白质组成的纤细、短而直的毛状 结构，只有用电子显微镜才能那个观察，多见于革兰阴性菌 12、芽孢：（P18）那个环境条件下，某些革兰阳性菌能在菌体内形成一个折 光性很强的不易着色小题，成为内生孢子，简称芽孢 13、细菌L型：（P14）即细菌缺陷型。有些细菌在某些体内外环境及抗生素 等作用下，可部分或全部失去细胞壁。 14、磷壁酸：（P12）是由核糖醇或甘油残基经磷酸二酯键互相连接而成的多 聚物。为大多数革兰阳性菌细胞壁的特有成分。有两种，即壁磷壁酸和膜磷壁酸 15、细菌素：（P25）是某些细菌菌株产生的一类具有抗菌作用的蛋白质或蛋 白质与脂多糖的复合物 16、专性需氧菌：（P 23）此类细菌具有较完善的呼吸酶系统，需要分子氧作 为受氢体，只能在有氧的情况下生长繁殖。 17、热原质：（P25）是细菌产生的一种脂多糖，将它注入人体或动物体内可 引起发热反应 18、专性厌氧菌：（P23）此类细菌缺乏完善的呼吸酶系统，只能在无氧条件 下生长繁殖 19、抗生素：（P25）为某些微生物代谢过程中产生的一类能抑制或杀死某些 其他微生物或癌细胞的物质 20、兼性厌氧菌：（P23）此类细菌具有完善的酶系统，不论在有氧或无氧环
英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)解析
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
英语词汇学课后答案张维友编
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案 【Chapter 1】 7．tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl 8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid 【Chapter 2】 Ex.1 The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic
医学主题英语--单词
Unit One 1. the entire previous history of humankind (人类） 2. due principally (chiefly) to 3. to rescue (save) civilization from 4. the dread (fearful) shadow of diseases 5. the conscience (觉悟）and concern of scientists 6. driving forces (动力） 7. to advance (promote) health 8. the amplification (增大）of virus 9. tissue culture (培养） 10. killed and live attenuated (减弱）vaccines 11. national immunization (免疫）days 12. monitoring (监测）methods 13. worldwide eradication (elimination) of polio 14. little reason for complacency (自满） 15. microbial (微生物）enemies 16. temporary (暂时）victories 17. be adept (skillful) at developing new defenses 18. to facilitate (使便利）the spread of epidemics 19. political and economic mismanagement (管理不善) 20. the deprivation (poverty) of population 21. to address (deal with) the largest disease burden 22. major scourge (灾祸）such as malaria and AIDS 23. in an interdisciplinary (跨学科的)way 24. talented (有才能的）young scientists 25. to underwrite (support) their mission 26. stunning pace (speed, rate) of change 27. potential, passion, and perception (洞察力）of scientists 29. to address (attend to) global health needs 30. to make deliberate (慎重的）use of it 31. to bear (keep) in mind that 32. strategically (战略上）placed on 33. the scientific underpinning (基础）of policy 34. evidence-based (循证）policy 35. policy setting (establishment) 36. to bear on (影响）the well-being of people 37. a(n) terminally ill patient (临终病人） 38. metastatic (转移）renal cancer 39. our beloved (热爱的）profession 40. our zeal (enthusiasm) for medical science 41. bedside (clinical) care 42. to conduct groundbreaking (突破的）research 43. a(n) noble (崇高的）calling 44. a(n) oral formulation ( 口月服制剂）of morphine 45. bone metastasis 转移） 46. radicular (根的）pain 47. spinal (脊柱）root 48. to counsel (忠告）the terminally ill patient 49. to reflect upon (反省）my profession 50. caring and compassionate (有同情心的） 51. chemotherapeutic (化疗的）agents 52. to shower their patients with genuine (true) love and compassion 53. emotional and physical (身体的）support 54. dignity (尊严）and compassion 55. combination (cooperation) of physicians and nurses 56. to attend to (address, meet, satisfy) the physical 28. need to be tapped (explored) needs of sick
医学微生物学名词解释100题
微生物名词解释重点 1.微生物:是存在于自然界的一大群体型微小、结构简单、肉眼直接看不见,必须借助光学显微镜或电子显微镜放大数百倍数千倍甚至数万倍才能观察到的微小生物的总称. 2.非细胞型微生物:无典型的细胞结构,是最微小的一类微生物.无产生能量的酶系统,只能在活细胞内生长增殖.核酸只有一种类型RNA或DNA,如病毒. 3.原核细胞型微生物:细胞核分化程度较低,具备原始细胞核,呈裸露DNA环状结构,无核膜、核仁.细胞器很不完善,只有核糖体. 4.真核细胞型微生物:细胞核分化程度较高,有核膜和核仁,细胞器完整. 5.致病微生物(病原微生物):能够引起人类和动植物发生疾病的微生物. 6.条件致病微生物:在正常情况下不致病,只有在特定情况下导致疾病的一类微生物. 7.菌落:菌落是细菌在固体培养基上生长,由单个细菌分裂繁殖成一堆肉眼可见的细菌集团. 8.质粒:质粒是染色体外的遗传物质,存在于细胞质中,为闭合环状的双链DNA,带有遗传信息.控制细菌的某些遗传性状,可独立复制,不是细菌生长必不可少的,失去质粒的细菌仍然能正常生活. 9.芽胞:芽胞是某些细菌在一定条件下,在菌体内部形成一个圆形或椭圆形小体,是细菌的休眠形式. 10.细菌L型:细菌的细胞壁的肽聚糖结构受到理化或生物因素的直接破坏或合成被抑制,这种细胞壁受损的细菌在高渗环境下仍可存活者,称细菌细胞壁缺陷型或细菌L型. 11.中介体:中介体是细菌部分细胞膜内陷、折叠、卷曲形成的囊状物,多见于革兰阳性菌.它能有效的扩大细胞膜的面积,相应的增加了呼吸酶的含量,可为细菌提供大量的能量.功能类似于真核细胞线粒体,又称为拟线粒体. 12.普通菌毛:普通菌毛是遍布于某些细菌表面的很细、很短、直而硬的丝状物,每菌可达数百根,为细菌粘附结构,能与宿主细胞表面的特异性受体结合.与细菌的致病性密切相关. 13.性菌毛:性菌毛比普通菌毛长而粗,呈中空管状结构.由致育因子F质粒编码. 14.菌毛:菌毛是某些细菌表面存在着的一种直的、比鞭毛更细、更短的丝状物.与细菌的运动无关.由菌毛蛋白组成,具有抗原性. 15.鞭毛:鞭毛是在许多细菌的菌体上附有的细长并呈波状弯曲的丝状物,为细菌的运动器官. 16.荚膜:荚膜是某些细菌在细胞壁外包绕一层粘液性物质,为多糖或蛋白质的多聚体,用理化方法去除后并不影响菌细胞的生命活动.凡粘液性物质牢固地狱细胞壁结合,厚度≥0.2μm,边界明显者为荚膜. 17.微荚膜:微荚膜是某些细菌在一定的环境条件下其细胞壁外包绕的一层粘液性物质,厚度＜0.2μm者为微荚膜. 18.异养菌:异养菌必须以多种有机物为原料,如蛋白质、糖类等,才能合成菌体成分并获得能量.包括腐生菌和寄生菌.所有病原菌都是异养菌,大部分属于寄生菌. 19.热原质:热原质是细菌合成的一种极微量的注入人体或动物体内能引起发热反应的物质.为细胞壁的脂多糖结构,故大多源于革兰阴性菌. 20.细菌素:细菌素是某些菌株产生的一类具有抗菌作用的蛋白质.其作用范围窄,仅对有近缘关系的细菌有杀伤作用.可用于细菌分型和流行病学调查. 21.培养基:培养基是由人工方法配制而成的,专供微生物生长繁殖使用的混合营养制品. 22.消毒:消毒是指杀死物体上病原微生物的方法,并不一定杀死芽胞和非病原微生物. 23.灭菌:灭菌是指杀灭物体上所有微生物的方法,包括病原微生物的繁殖体,芽胞和非病原微生物. 24.无菌和无菌操作:无菌是指不存在活菌.无菌操作指防止细菌进入人体或其他物品的操作技术. 25.防腐:防腐是防止或抑制细菌生长繁殖的方法. 26.滤过除菌法:滤过除菌法是用物理阻留的方法将液体或空气中的细菌除去,而达到无菌的目的.此法主要用于一些不耐高温灭菌的血清、毒素、抗生素以及空气等的除菌. 27.变异:在一定条件下,若子代与亲代之间以及子代与子代之间的生物学性状出现差异称变异. 28.转座子:转座子是一类在细菌的染色体、质粒或噬菌体之间自行移动的遗传成分,是基因组中一段特异的具有转位特性的独立的DNA序列. 29.基因转移:基因转移是外源性的遗传物质由供体菌转入某些受体菌细胞内的过程. 30.转化:转化是供体菌裂解游离的基因片段被受体菌直接摄取,使受体菌获得新的性状. 31.接合:接合是细菌通过性菌毛互相沟通,将遗传物质(主要是质粒DNA)从供体菌转移给受体菌的方式. 32.普遍性转导:普遍性转导是以温和噬菌体为载体,将供体菌的一段DNA转移到受体菌内,使受体菌获得新的性状,如转移的DNA是供体菌染色体上的任何部分,则称为普遍性转导. 33.局限性转导:在转导过程中,如所转导的只限于供体菌染色体上特定的基因,则称为局限性或特异性转导. 34.溶原性转换:溶原性转换是当噬菌体感染细菌时,宿主菌染色体中获得了噬菌体的DNA片段,使其成为溶原状态时而使细菌获得新的性状. 35.原生质体融合:原生质体融合是将两种不同的细菌经溶菌酶或青霉素等处理,失去细胞壁成为原生质体后进行相互融合的过程.
【西大2017版】[0057]《英语词汇学》网上作业题及答案
[0057]《英语词汇学》 第一次作业 [论述题] Exercise 1 Definitions Define the following terms with illustrative examples. 1. aliens 2. denizens 3. homophones 4. metonymy 5. dialect 6. backformation 7. acronym 8. semantic loan 9. bilingual dictionary 10. polysemy 参考答案： Exercise 1 Definitions 1. aliens Aliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. For examples, "coup d'état”, "résumé”, "régime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings. 2. denizens Denizens are easily associated with already existing native words. They are successfully assimilated. They are foreign words which have been conformed to native English in accent, form (spelling) and even in adoption of an English affix. E.g. uncertain (the English prefix un- + certain, French by origin). 3. homophones Homophones are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. sun, son; piece and peace; etc. 4. metonymy Metonymy is one way of meaning transference whereby the name of one thing is changed for that of another, to which it is related by association of ideas. For example, when I say "I am reading Shakespeare (meaning Shakespeare's works), I am using metonymy. 5. dialect Dialect refers to a variety of a language peculiar to some districts and having no normalized literary form. For example, Shanghai dialect is spoken peculiarly in Shanghai but there's no literary work peculiarly written in Shanghai dialect. 6. back formation
医学微生物学常用英语词汇word精品
医学微生物学常用英语词汇 （供七年制和五年制使用） 刘晶星编病原生 物学教研室 2002．4 医学微生物学常用英语词汇有* 号者 供五年制同学使用） A Abortive infection 顿挫感染 * Absorption 吸附 * Acid-fast bacilli 抗酸杆菌 Acquired immunity 获得性免疫 * Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ，AIDS 获得性免疫缺陷综合征* Actinomyces 放线菌属 Acute infection 急性感染 * Adenovirus 腺病毒 Adhesin 粘附素 A. flavus 黄曲霉 A. israelii 衣氏放线菌 * Anaerobic bacteria 厌氧性细菌 Anaerobic medium 厌氧培养基 Antibody dependent enhancement,ADE 抗体依赖的促进作用Antigenic drift 抗原漂移 Antigenic shift 抗原性转换 * Antisepsis 防腐 * Antistreptolysin O (ASO) test, 抗链球菌溶素O 试验 Antiviral protein,AVP 抗病毒蛋白 Apoptosis 细胞凋亡 * Apparent infection 显性感染 Arbovirus 虫媒病毒 * Artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫 * Artificial passive immunization 人工被动免疫 * Asepsis 无菌 Aspergillus 曲霉 * Assembly and release 装备与释放 * Astrovirus 星状病毒
(完整版)英语词汇学英语词汇学习题3及答案
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
英语词汇学作业答案
1、American women were________the right to vote until1920after many years of hard struggle. 1.A.ignored 2.B.neglected 3.C.denied 4.D.refused 2、The antonym of soft is in“a________voice”and in“a________cushion”. 1.A.rough,hard 2.B.rough,rough 3.C.hard,rough 4.D.hard,hard 3、The figure of speech employed in“My father is a sanitary engineer”is _________. 1.A.hyperbole 2.B.euphemism 3.C.litotes 4.D.metonymy 4、Mrs.Smith is afraid that she and her husband don’t see_________on New Year Resolutions. 1.A.face to face 2.B.eye to eye 3.C.back to back
4.D.heart to heart 5、Among the synonymous group,old man,daddy,dad,father and male parent,_______ would most probably used by a lawyer in the court. 1.A.dad 2.B.old man 3.C.father 4.D.male parent 6、Our teacher is now not with us.Aha!When the________is away,the________ will play. 1.A.tiger,monkeys 2.B.cat,mice 3.C.hawk,birds 4.D.old,young 7、I could give an opinion________,but I would rather think about it. 1.A.off the sleeve 2.B.off the cuffs 3.C.off the cuff 4.D.off the sleeves 8、Choked traffic has been a(n)________to urban transportation system. 1.A.archenemy 2.B.primary enemy
医学微生物学名词解释
名词解释 2．病原微生物：对人类和动物、植物具有致病性的微生物称病原微生物。 3．非细胞型微生物：没有细胞结构，由核酸和蛋白质组成，只能在活细胞内生长繁殖的最小的一类微生物。4．原核细胞型微生物：仅有原始核质，无核膜和核仁，细胞器不发达的微生物。 5．真核细胞型微生物：细胞核分化程度高，有核膜和核仁，细胞器完整的微生物。 6．正常菌群：是指正常人体体表及与外界相通的腔道中存在着多种微生物，正常情况下它们与宿主间以及它们之间保持相对平衡，通常对人体有益无害，称为正常菌群。 7．菌群失调：是指在原微生境或其他有菌微生境内正常微生物群发生的定量和定性的异常变化。这种变化主要是量的变化，故也称比例失调。 8．条件致病菌：某些微生物在正常情况下不致病，但在正常菌群当其菌群失调、定位转移、宿主转换或宿主抵抗力的严重降低时，可引起疾病，称条件致病菌。 1.细菌：是—类具有细胞壁的单细胞原核微生物。它们形体微小，以微米(μm)为测量单位，结构简单，无成形的细胞核，无核膜和核仁，除核蛋白外无其他细胞器。 2.L型细菌：细菌细胞肽聚糖受到破坏或肽聚糖的合成被抑制后，在高渗条件下，有部分细菌仍能存活而变成细胞壁缺陷细菌，称为L型细菌。 3.质粒：是细菌染色体外的遗传物质，存在于细胞质中，为闭合的环状双股DNA，带有遗传信息，控制细菌的某些特定的遗传性状。 4.荚膜：某些细菌如肺炎球菌、炭疽杆菌等在细胞外面有一层较厚的粘液性物质，称为荚膜。 5.鞭毛：有些杆菌、弧菌及螺形菌的菌体上具附有细长、弯曲的丝状物。细菌的运动器官。 6.菌毛：有些细菌表面在电镜下可见有较鞭毛短而细的丝状物。包括性菌毛和普通菌毛两种。 7.芽胞：某些菌在一定环境条件下，细胞质脱水、浓缩，在菌体内形成折光性强、不易着色的圆形或卵圆形的小体。l.前噬菌体：在溶原状态下，整合在细菌染色体上的噬菌体基因组称为前噬菌体。 2.溶原性细菌：温和噬菌体的基因与宿主菌染色体基因组整合，带有前噬菌体的细菌。 1.耐药性变异：细菌对某种抗菌药物由原来的敏感变为耐受的变异现象。 2.转化：受体菌直接摄取供体菌游离的DNA片段并整合到受体菌的基因组中，使受体菌获得新的性状。 3.转导：以温和噬菌体为载体，把供体菌的遗传物质转移给受体菌，使其获得新的性状。 4.溶原性转换：温和噬菌体的DNA作为一种外源性基因与细菌染色体通过溶原性整合而重组，使细菌的遗传结构发生改变而导致细菌性状的改变。 5.接合：细菌间通过性菌毛相互沟通，将质粒上的遗传物质从供菌转移给受菌，使受菌获得新的特性。1．血浆凝固酶：是致病性葡萄球菌产生的一种侵袭性酶。在体外，此酶能使含有抗凝剂的人或兔血浆发生凝固。在体内，凝固酶能使纤维蛋白沉积在菌体表面，形成保护层，使细菌具有抗吞噬作用。另外，由于纤维蛋白的沉积和细菌被固定，一方面使感染易于局限化，另一方面，可能是导致细菌栓子形成和局部毛细血管栓塞，一旦细菌栓子脱落可造成远距离转移和迁徙病灶形成。临床上检测此酶常作为鉴别葡萄球菌有无致病性的重要指标。 2．SPA：即葡萄球菌A蛋白(staphylococcal protein A)，是存在于葡萄球菌细胞壁的一种表面蛋白。SPA可与人类和多种哺乳动物IgG Fc段结合。SPA与IgG结合后的复合物具有抗吞噬、促细胞分裂、引起变态反应、损伤血小板等多种生物学活性。另一方面，SPA与IgG Fc结合后IgG的Fab段仍能特异性结合抗原，可用于协同凝集试验，检测多种细菌抗原或抗原抗体复合物。 3．链球菌溶血素O：是A群链球菌产生的一种外毒素，能溶解红细胞，并对机体多种细胞有毒性作用。人体感染溶血性链球菌后，血清中可出现大量抗链球菌溶血素O(抗“O”)抗体。检测抗“O”可作为链球菌感染后变态反应性疾病(风湿热、肾小球肾炎)的辅助诊断。 1．大肠菌群指数：是指1 000ml水中或100ml(g)食品中，大肠菌群的数量。采用乳糖发酵法检测。在卫生细菌学检查中，可反映待测样品受粪便污染的程度。我国的卫生标准是饮用水的大肠菌群指数不得超过3。2．肥达试验：系用已知的伤寒杆菌O、H抗原和甲、乙型副伤寒杆菌的H抗原，与不同稀释度的待检血