涂险峰版外国文学欧美卷笔记整理
外国文学（笔记）
外国⽂学（笔记）外国⽂学史第⼀章古代⽂学第⼀节古希腊⽂学概述⼀、古希腊⽂学产⽣的地理条件和⽂化条件位于亚⾮欧接壤的地中海的东北部，东、南、西三⾯临海，拥有很长的海岸线，海上交通四通⼋达，沿岸形成商品交换的航海线。
约BC3000年⾄BC2000年间，爱琴海上的克⾥特岛和伯罗奔尼撒半岛上的迈锡尼等地的奴⾪制经济得到发展，产⽣了克⾥特—迈锡尼⽂化（也被称为爱琴海⽂化）。
主要遗迹就是著名的克诺索斯王宫（“迷宫）古希腊⽂学就是在它的基础上直接发展起来。
第⼆节古希腊神话欧洲⽂学源头希腊神话是希腊最早的⽂学形式，⼜是欧洲⽂学的源头。
它源于民间⼝头⽂学，散见于古希腊各种⽂献中。
主要存于赫西俄德的《神谱》，将各种神话传说系统化。
⼀、前俄林波斯神系：希腊早期神话反映了⼈类处于蒙昧时代的情况：母权制、⾎缘家庭与杂婚制、吃⼈化的社会，反映⽗权制社会⽣活。
第三节荷马史诗⼀、“荷马问题”共识：荷马（Homer）是⼀个职业的民间歌⼈，⽣活年代约为公元前9－8世纪，住在希腊东部靠近⼩亚细亚⼀带。
其地位、⾝份，都与《奥德赛》卷⼋所描写的⽼乐师相似。
诗⼈之“盲”⼆、史诗的形成1、以古代⽒族战争和航海贸易等历史事实为根据2、以希腊神话为素材3、以古代民间流传的诗歌为基础BC9c荷马整理加⼯，⼝头BC6c形成⽂字BC3-2c亚历⼭⼤学派最后编定三、特洛伊战争的起因“不和的⾦苹果”Apple of Discord鲁本斯：“帕⾥斯的裁判”“⽊马记”Trojan Horse、“塞壬⼥妖的歌声”Sirens Song1、结构严密，布局精巧线索交织、倒叙⼿法、间接描写2、⼈物丰富，个性鲜明3、语⾔⽣动，格律优美“荷马式的⽐喻”4、形式完美、风格独特5、现实主义因素与浪漫主义因素相结合第四节古希腊戏剧⼀、希腊戏剧产⽣的时代背景希腊奴⾪制社会的繁荣时期民主派对抗寡头派建筑露天剧院，设春秋两季戏剧节，发放观剧津贴“悲剧之⽗”写作70个剧本，参加戏剧节⽐赛，共得17次奖。
英美文学选读笔记整理版英国Romantic
Chapter 3 ------------The Romantic Period(英国）Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.Historical background:Rousseau’s ideas provided guiding principles for the French Revolution (1789-1794)The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one.Political reforms and mass demonstrations shook the foundation of aristocratic rule in Britain.Cultural background1.Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Rousseau established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit. Goethe and his compatriots extolled the romantic spirit as manifested in German folk songs, Gothic architecture, and the plays of English playwright William Wordsworth.2. The Romantics saw man essentially as an individual in the solitary state and emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.3. In the works of the sentimental writers, we note a new interest in literatures and legends other than those of Greece and Rome. It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason.Features of the romantic literature1.Expressiveness: Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, the romantics hold that the object of the artist should be the expression of the artist’s emotions, impressions, or beliefs2. Imagination: Romantic literature puts great emphasis on the creative function of the imagination, seeing art as a formulation of intuitive, imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact, logic, or the here and now.3.Singularity: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical.4. Worship of nature: Romantic poets see in nature a revelation of Truth, the “living garment of God”.5.Simplicity: Romantic poets tend to turn to the humble people and the everyday life for subjects, employing the commonplace, the natural and the simple as their materials6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry.The Romantic period is also a great age of prose.The major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.Gothic novel was one phase of the Romantic Movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernaturalWillam BlakePoints of view:1. Politically Blake was a rebel, mixing a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine. He strongly criticized the capitalists’cruel exploitation. He cherished great expectations and enthusiasm for the French Revolution and regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets.2. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual’s imagination.His works: Poetical Sketches (1783)Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790)Songs of Innocence (1809)Songs of Experience (1794)1. Songs of Innocence (1809)It is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. In this volume, Blake, with his eager quest for new poetic forms and techniques, broke with the traditions of the 18th century. He experimented in meter and rhyme and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries2. Songs of Experience (1794)This volume of poetry paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone. A number of poems from the Songs of Innocence also find a counterpart in the Songs of Experience. The two books hold the similar subject matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.ComparisonThe two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The previous one indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect of “illusory happiness”; the poem from the latter reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.Special features:Fight for freedom, especially for the inner spiritual freedom of the individual, is a major topic in his poetry.Blake writes his poems in plain, simple and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beautyHe distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images.Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.The Tiger Give brief answers：In what sense can we say The Tiger is a poem about art/This poem is about the artistic creation. The tiger is a real and natural beast, but the image of the tiger is man made. It is the fruit of an artist s imagination .William Blake1. His workshe is a poet and an engraver. He is the first romantic poet.Childhood is central to his concernA. Songs of innocencea. a happy and innocent world, though not without evils and sufferings.b. visionB. Songs of experiencea. A world of miseryb. the nature of religion2. Distinctive featuresA. Visual imagesB. music beautyC. Symbolism in wide rangeWhat does the word "weep " meanHere weep means sweep, it is the child s lisping attempt at the chimney sweeper s street cry.The Tiger is a poem about art, about the adequacy of words and painting. Though the tiger is a real natural beast, the images and myths with which we surround it are the fruits of imagination.William wordsworth(1770-1850)Literary point of viewHe was strongly against the neoclassical poetry. He thought the source of poetic truth was the direct experience of the senses. Poetry originated from “emotion recollected in tranquility”. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also change the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.Special features:1. Wordsworth is regarded as a ‘worshipper of nature’. He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature.2. Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.His works:1. Lyrical Ballads 1798This collection of poems is generally regarded as the landmark in English literature, for it started a poetical revolution by using the common, simple and colloquial language in poetry. The poems were written in the spirit and in the pattern of the early story-telling ballads. They are simple tales about simple life told in simple style and simple language to express the simple emotions in simple lyricism.2. The Preface to Lyrical Ballads 1802The Preface deserts its reputation as a manifesto in the theory of poetry. He claimed that the great subjects of poetry were “the essential passions of the heart”and “the great and simple affections”as these qualities interact with “the beautiful and permanent forms of nature”.Interpret the poemNature and man come together explicitly in this stanza when the speaker says that his heart dances with the daffodils.The poem moves from the sadly alienated separation felt by the speaker in the beginning to his joy in recollecting the natural scene. The emptiness of speaker s spirit is transformed into a fullness of feeling as he remembers the daffodils.Questions1. Why is lyrical Ballades is regarded as the landmark in English literature2. What is the significance of William Wordsworth s poetryA. two groups of his worksB. themesa. poems about nature the fusionb. poems about human life Lucy poemsC. featuressimple themes drawn from humble life expressed in the language of ordinary peopleNostalgicSamuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)His points of view:1. Politically he was first an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution. In his later period, he was a fiery foe of the rights of man, of Jacobinism. He insisted that a government should be based upon the will of the propertied classes only, and should impose itself upon the rest of the community from above.2. Religiously, he was a pious Christian. He would regard nature, poetry and faith as the source of human restoration.3. Artistically Coleridge thought that art was the medium between man and nature, poetry was the flower of all human knowledge and that the imagination was the means to unite the thoughts and passions. He believed that art was the only permanent revelation of the nature of reality. A poet should realize the vague intimations derived from his unconsciousness without sacrificing the vitality of the inspiration.4. Philosophically and critically, Coleridge opposed the limited and rationalistic trends of 18th-century thought. He courageously stemmed the tide of the of the prevailing doctrines derived from Hume and Hartley, advocating a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life, based on what he had learnt from Kant and Schelling.His literary achievements:His achievement as a poet can be divided into 2 remarkably diverse groups: the demonic and the conversational. Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive features of the demonic group. And the conversational group generally speaksmore directly of an allied theme: the desire to go home, not to the past, but to what Hart Crane beautifully called “an improved infancy”. His poetic themes range from the supernatural to the domesticColeridge is one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language, maintaining that the true end of poetry is to give pleasure “through the medium of beauty”. He sings highly Wordsworth’s “purity of language”, “deep and subtle thoughts”, “perfect truth to nature”and his “imaginative power”.His works:There are as many different interpretations of “Kubla Khan”as there are critics who have written about it. In the criticism of the last 50 years, one may distinguish, broadly, four major approaches to this poem: (i) interpretations of it as a poem about the poetic process; (ii) readings of it as an exemplification of aspects of Colerdgean aesthetic theory; (iii) Freudian analysis; and (iv) Jungian interpretations (Maintaining Jung's psychological theories, especially those that stress the contribution of racial and cultural inheritance to the psychology of an individual.Comment on the whole poem:1. Kubla Khan who ordered a pleasure-dome and elaborate gardens to be constructed in Xanadu, is often viewed as a type of artist. His creation is a precariously balanced reconciliation of the nature and the artificial. The description of Kubla’s palace and gardens illustrates the work of the arranging and ornamenting fancy.2. The poem reveals a dramatic conflict. In the first two stanzas, the poet describes both the marvelous and magnificent palace and supernatural mysteries. The ‘sacred river’that runs through them is the link that connects them. Here, the picturesque landscape is a symbol of life and the dark ‘caverns’are a symbol of death. And the ‘sacred river’runs into infinity of death. In the third stanza, the poet tries to reach a reconciliation of the natural and the artificial by religious spells.3. The spirit of the poem is cool and non-human. One feels no real warmth even in the sunny garden. The poet, who is half-present in the end, is dehumanized behind his mask. In this poem dwells the magic, the “dream”and the air of mysterious meaning. ChristabelPart IIt is the middle of the night by the castle clock, and the owls have awakened the crowing cockTu whit tu whooAnd hark, again the crowing cock,How drowsily it crew.Sir leoline, the Baron rich,Has a toothles mastiff bitchFrom her kennel beneath the rockShe maketh answer to the clockFour for the quarters, and twelve for the hourEver and aye, by shine and shower,Sixteen short howls, not over loudSome say, she sees my lady s shroud.Sir leoline is weak in health,And may not well awakened be,But we will move as if in stealth,And I beseach your courtesyThis night, to share your couch with me.A damsel with a dulcimerIn a vision once I sawit was ……1. What does mount Abora in line five refer to .2. what does this part describeit is a description of one part of the poet s dream in which a young girl is playing a dulcimer and singing. It revels the poet s longingfor a poetic world.3. Questions List his approaches to interpret kubla khanA. The poetic processB. aesthetic theoryC. Freudian analysisD psychological analysisWhat is Coleridge s contribution to English literatureA. assessment a poet , a critic,B. two groups of poemsa. demonic神诋诗------ themes , featuresb. Conversational------ themes , featuresC. writing techniquesa. dreamlike atmosphere, Gothic elements e.g. mysticism, demonismb. compelling conversational powersstructureThe first stanzas are products of pure imagination the pleasuredome of kubla khan is not a useful metaphor for anything in particular, however, it is a fantastically prodigious descriptive act. The poem becomes especially evocative when after the second stanza, the meter suddenly tightens the resulting lines are terse and solid, almost beating out the sound of the war drums. The fourth stanza states the theme of the poem as a whole where the speaker once had a vision of the damsel singing of Mount Abora, and the dangerous power of the vision.George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)Points of view:Politically Byron has a strong passion for liberty and an intense hatred for all tyrants.Artistically, Byron continued in the tradition of classicism that had been advocated by the writers of the Enlightenment in the 18th century.Major worksDon JuanDon Juan is a great comic epic, a poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover. Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness, which, according to Byron, are virtues neglected by the modern society.Special features:Byron’s diction, though unequal and frequently faulty, has on the whole a freedom, copiousness and vigor.The glowing imagination of the poet rises and sinks with the tones of his enthusiasm, roughing into argument, or softening into the melody feeling and sentiments.Byron employed the Ottva Rima (Octave Stanza) from Italian mock-heroic poetry.Selected works1. “Song for the Luddites”This is one of the two poems written by Byron to show his consistent support or the Luddites The poet’s great sympathy for the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown“The Isles of Greece”(from Don Juan, Canto III)It is among Byron’s most effective poetical utterances on national freedomThis song consists of sixteen six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with a rhyme scheme of ababcc.1. His works and themesa. Childe Harold s pilgrimage -------a young wanderer questing for freedomb. Don Juan --------a panoramic view of different types of society2. Characterizationthe Byronic hero3. Featuresa. ideas revolt against neoclassical reason, and fight for freedomb. images Byronic heroc. artistic forms comic epicd. innovations ottva rimaA stream sometimes smooth, sometimes rapid and sometimes rushing down in cataractsDon Juan: Dedication1 Bob Southey! You're a poet--Poet-laureate,2 And representative of all the race;3 Although 'tis true that you turn'd out a Tory at4 Last--yours has lately been a common case;5 And now, my Epic Renegade! what are ye at?6 With all the Lakers, in and out of place?7 A nest of tuneful persons, to my eye8 Like "four and twenty Blackbirds in a pye;questions1. What does the tree of Liberty in the poem song for the luddites refer toIt means that the democratic movement of the working people will develop prosperously like a growing tree.2. What is the Byronic heroNarrative poems Political Corruption Religious Hypocrisy Moral degeneracyPercy bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)Major works:Proemtheus Unbound (1819)The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products”.The main idea running through this dramatic poem is that of freedom—the freedom of democracy“Ode to the West Wind”(1819)The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new spring, becomes an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive potential, and its universality. The whole poem has a logic of feeling, a not easily analyzable progression that leads to the triumphant, hopeful and convincing conclusion: “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”The poem is written in the terza rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante.In Defence of Poetry (1822)It is Shelley’s chief work of literary criticism. His emphasis is on the universal and permanent forms, qualities, and values that all great poems, as products of imagination, possess in common.Special featuresHis poetry has a great variety of poetical style. It is sometimes very rich and joyous and full of colors and odors, and sometimes marked by purity and austerity.His poetry is rich in myth, symbols and classical allusions. For him subtleties of diction were the heart and soul of poetry. His verse is particularly rich in terms describing the elements: fire, air, water, wind, and earth.His poetry has a strong dramatic power.His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech, which describe vividly what we see and feel, or express what passionately moves us.Selected readings: “Ode to the West Wind”1. The keynote in the poem is Shelley’s ever-present wish for himself and his fellow men to share the freedom of the west wind2. Shelley’s west wind is a symbol of “spirit”, which is a dynamic, universal force that is both destructive and constructive.3. The stanza Shelley invents for this ode is a highly complicated fusion of the sonnet and of terza rima, with a rhythm scheme ofaba bcb cdc ded eeShelley“the heart of all hearts”1. His works and themesa. Men of England ----Against Political oppression and economic exploitationb. Ode to the West Winda. theme Destructive and constructiveb. structure logic,c. form terza rima2. Featuresa. erudite,b. figures of speech e.g. personification, metaphorOde to the west wind by John MansfieldIt’s a warm wind, the west wind, full of birds criesI never hear the west wind but tears are in my eyes.For it comes from the west lands, the old brown hillAnd April s in the west wind, and daffodils.John Keats (1795-1821)Selected reading: “Ode on a Grecian Urn”:1. Main idea:In this poem Keats shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion. The poet has absorbed himself into the timeless beautiful scenery on the antique Grecian urn: the lovers, musicians and worshippers carved on the urn exist simultaneously and for ever in their intensity of joy.The poem can be divided into two parts, with the first 4 stanzas as part I, and the last stanza as part II. In the first part, Keats looks at the urn subjectively; in the second part he looks at it objectively. As a result of both ways of observation, he is finally able to see it as “a friend to man, to whom thou say’st / Beauty is truth, truth beauty.”Comprehension:In the 2nd stanza, the word “therefore”in the second line concludes a poetic argument in which silence, having symbolized the timeless and unmoving, is succeeded by music as an expression of activity and passion.In the 3rd stanza, there is a relaxation of tension, a blurring of the fineness and accuracy of the registration, and a certain hectic and feverish quality, panting, and cloyed, burning and parching, return too sharply and too immediately to the poet’s personal life.The 4th stanza blends the natural word in “green alter”with the traditional piety of ordinary people implicit in the little town and the emptied streets.In the 5th stanza, Keats is seeing the urn as a piece of fine art objectivelyAs a beautiful vase, it lures Keats into an impersonal experience of beauty.Comment on the poemThe poem can be divided into two parts, with the first 4 stanzas as part I, and the last stanza as part II. In the first part, Keats looks at the urn subjectively, i.e. that is the beauty created by the art; in the second part he looks at it objectively, i.e. the urn takes the poet back to reality, the human world of agony.The theme of the poem is the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human life.1. His works and themesa. ode to a nightingale contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agonyb. ode on a Grecian urn contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human life2. Features: empathicWilliam Blake ---------visual images, symbolism in wide range William Wordsworth --------simplicitySamuel Taylor Coleridge ------------demonism, conversational powersGeorge G. Byron------------- ideas, images, artistic forms, innovationsP. B. Shelley ----------- erudite, figures of speech John Keats --------- empathicJane Austen (1755-1817)Characterization:Major works: Pride and Prejudice (1813)The novel is noted for its vividly depicted characters of almost all kinds of people of the landed gentry class. The characters reveal themselves gradually in their dialogues or conversation; through their letters –as in the case of Collins and Lydia; and in their actions –Lydia’s flirtatious behavior, Miss Bingley’s neglect and hostility to Jane in London. Characters are revealed by comparison and contrast with others.(i) Wickham serves as a contrast to Darcy by appearing to have all the good qualities, while Darcy really has them.(ii) Miss Bingley looks like, and seems to have the manners of, a lady, while Elizabeth often does “unladylike”things.(iii) Mr. Collins’s courtship of Elizabeth, and then Charlotte, adds comedy to the novel.(iv) Lady Catherine and Mrs. Bennet balance each other in their desire to marry off their daughters and in their respective vulgarities Special features:1. Jane Austen’s main concern is about human beings in their personal relations, human beings with their families and neighbors. She is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men and women in love.2. She writes within a narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the moral setting, physical setting and social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the 19th-century England, all concerning three or four landed gentry families with the trivial incidents of their everyday life.3. Her novels are surprisingly realistic, with keen observation and penetrating analysis. She keeps the balance between fact and form as no other English novelist has ever done.4. Austen uses dialogues to reveal the personalities of her characters. The plots of her novels appear natural and unforced. Her characters are vividly portrayed and everyone comes alive.5. Her language, which is of typical neoclassicism, is simple, easy, naturally lucid and very economical.1. WorksSense and Sensibility Pride and Prejudice2. Story and Themesa. human beings in their personal relationsb. love and marriagec. the provincial life of the late 18th century Englandd. maturity achieved through the loss of illusion3. Features : brought the modern novel to its maturitya. structure deftb. irony sharpc. characterization vividd. style lucidQuestions1. Brief questionMake a comment on pride and prejudicea. storyb. themec. characterizationd. importance2. Topic discussionComment on Jane Austen s literary creation and literary achievementsJane Austen s contribution to English literaturewhy do we say that Jane Austen brought modern novel to its maturity。
【VIP专享】外国文学笔记整理打印版(古希腊到十八世纪部分)
外国文学笔记整理打印版（古希腊到十八世纪部分）第一章古代文学西方古代文学包括：古希腊罗马文学和早期基督教文学。
(它们是氏族社会向奴隶制过渡时期的产物)。
古希腊罗马文学和早期基督教文学中分别体现出来的世俗与人本色彩和神圣与超越色彩共同构成西方文学(和文化)的两个源头。
恩格斯说：“没有希腊文化和罗马帝国的基础，也就没有现代的欧洲”。
第一节古代文学概述一古代希腊文学(欧洲文学的源头之一)(一)主要成就：神话、史诗和戏剧，此外还有寓言、抒情诗和文艺理论等(二)主要特征：理解后简答题希腊神话的主要特征：1鲜明的人本色彩，命运观念。
从诸神的恣情纵欲，到盗火者的狂热殉情；从阿喀琉斯多愤怒，到美狄亚的残忍复仇。
一切都是世俗，活生生的。
绝无宗教恐怖的压抑和彼岸天国的诱惑。
2现实主义和浪漫主义并存。
古希腊文学的许多篇章从不同程度，不同侧面反映了当时社会。
为后人提供了第一手资料，也有相当一部分作品充满了神奇的想象、怪诞色彩、表现出浓厚的浪漫主义色彩。
3种类繁多，且具有开创性。
除神话，史诗外还有悲剧，喜剧、寓言、故事、教谕诗、抒情诗、散文、小说等(三)古希腊文学的发展状况。
分为三个时期：第一时期(由氏族社会向奴隶社会过渡时期)史称“荷马时代”(英雄时代)：主要成就：神话、史诗代表作家：赫西俄德教谕诗《工作与时日》：现存最早一部以现实生活为题材的诗作。
叙事诗《神谱》：最早一部比较系统地叙述宇宙起源和神的谱系的作品。
等二时期(奴隶制社会形成至全盛时期)史称“古典时期”：主要成就：戏剧成就最大，另外还有抒情诗、散文、寓言、悲剧、喜剧、文艺理论。
抒情诗中琴歌成就重大：萨福：柏拉图称她为“第十位文艺女神”。
独唱琴歌代表诗人：阿那克瑞翁：创造“阿那克瑞翁体”。
合唱琴歌代表诗人：品达：代表作《胜利颂》寓言：《伊索寓言》(散文体)主要反映奴隶制社会劳动人民的思想感情，是劳动人民生活教训和斗争经验的总结(《农夫和蛇》《乌龟和兔子》等。
全盛时期欧洲文学史上著名的三大悲剧诗人：埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯喜剧诗人：阿里斯托芬几次著名的战役后，出现了正式的历史著作。
外国文学复习笔记
外国文学史复习笔记名词解释：1、希腊神话是原始氏族社会的精神产物，是古希腊人集体创造的口头创作，是欧洲最早的文学形式，大约产生于公元前8世纪前。
内容上大体分为神的故事和英雄传说。
2、骑士文学是贵族骑士阶级创作的以歌颂骑士精神为主题的世俗文学，分为骑士传奇和骑士抒情诗。
3、流浪汉小说是文艺复兴时期起源于西班牙，流行于欧洲的一种小说样式。
有三个特点：1.以第一人称叙述主角半自传性经历，2.人物颠沛流离，或无家可归，或有家不回，大规模展现社会场景，环境变幻不定；3.时间线性结构松散，记流水账。
4、文艺复兴是14世纪到16世纪欧洲资产阶级反封建反教会的思想文化运动。
它有两种表现形式：复兴希腊罗马文化、宗教改革。
运动打着复古旗号，实质是推出资产阶级的新思想新文化。
5、古典主义是17世纪产生于法国流行于欧洲的资产阶级反封建的文学艺术思想和流派，它是王权调和两个阶级矛盾的产物。
有三个特点：政治上拥护王权，思想上推崇理想，艺术上模仿古代。
6、狂飙突进运动是18世纪德国资产阶级反封建反教会的文学艺术运动。
参加者多为市民作家，以青年歌德、席勒为代表。
7、启蒙文学是18世纪产生于法国影响到全欧洲的资产阶级反封建反宗教的思想文化革命运动，它是文艺复兴的继续和发展。
知识点：一、上古文学1、希腊文学分期：英雄时代（神话、史诗）古典时代（戏剧、抒情诗）希腊化时代（新喜剧）2、希腊神话三大特点：①人神同形同性（最本质特点）②系统性强，形成了“奥林波斯神统”③想象性强、故事性强、哲理性强、史料价值高。
（希腊众神有五个：全权万能的天神宙斯、智慧和发明女神雅典娜、爱与美之女神阿佛洛狄忒、太阳神和艺术神阿波罗、反叛和殉道的先知神普罗米修斯。
）3、英雄时代到古典时代的城邦制希腊文化发生了两个变化：从感性过渡到理性，从史诗过渡到抒情诗。
4、西方思想鼻祖苏格拉底（欧洲第一个殉道者）：①批判继承智者学派，引导并完成了哲学转向②他奠定了西方思想文化中信仰与理性并重的双重传统。
外国文学(笔记)
外国文学史第一章古代文学第一节古希腊文学概述一、古希腊文学产生的地理条件和文化条件位于亚非欧接壤的地中海的东北部，东、南、西三面临海，拥有很长的海岸线，海上交通四通八达，沿岸形成商品交换的航海线。
约BC3000年至BC2000年间，爱琴海上的克里特岛和伯罗奔尼撒半岛上的迈锡尼等地的奴隶制经济得到发展，产生了克里特—迈锡尼文化（也被称为爱琴海文化）。
主要遗迹就是著名的克诺索斯王宫（“迷宫）古希腊文学就是在它的基础上直接发展起来。
第二节古希腊神话欧洲文学源头希腊神话是希腊最早的文学形式，又是欧洲文学的源头。
它源于民间口头文学，散见于古希腊各种文献中。
主要存于赫西俄德的《神谱》，将各种神话传说系统化。
一、前俄林波斯神系：希腊早期神话反映了人类处于蒙昧时代的情况：母权制、血缘家庭与杂婚制、吃人化的社会，反映父权制社会生活。
第三节荷马史诗一、“荷马问题”共识：荷马（Homer）是一个职业的民间歌人，生活年代约为公元前9－8世纪，住在希腊东部靠近小亚细亚一带。
其地位、身份，都与《奥德赛》卷八所描写的老乐师相似。
诗人之“盲”二、史诗的形成1、以古代氏族战争和航海贸易等历史事实为根据2、以希腊神话为素材3、以古代民间流传的诗歌为基础BC9c荷马整理加工，口头BC6c形成文字BC3-2c亚历山大学派最后编定三、特洛伊战争的起因“不和的金苹果”Apple of Discord鲁本斯：“帕里斯的裁判”“木马记”Trojan Horse、“塞壬女妖的歌声”Sirens Song1、结构严密，布局精巧线索交织、倒叙手法、间接描写2、人物丰富，个性鲜明3、语言生动，格律优美“荷马式的比喻”4、形式完美、风格独特5、现实主义因素与浪漫主义因素相结合第四节古希腊戏剧一、希腊戏剧产生的时代背景希腊奴隶制社会的繁荣时期民主派对抗寡头派建筑露天剧院，设春秋两季戏剧节，发放观剧津贴“悲剧之父”写作70个剧本，参加戏剧节比赛，共得17次奖。
欧美文学笔记整理
19世纪文学一、概述一、现实主义思潮的产生现实主义产生于19世纪30年代，持续到20世纪初期，波及法、英、俄、北欧、美国等地。
各国首部：法《红与黑》（1831）、《匹克威克外传》（1836—1837）、《钦差大臣》（1836）（名词解释）批判现实主义特指十九世纪在欧洲形成的一种文艺思潮和创作方法，既指以细节的真实为基础的文学描写方法，也是一种普遍的态度，它反对理想化，逃避主义以及其他一些浪漫主义特征，更清醒的认识生活中的实际问题。
代表作家有法国的司汤达、巴尔扎克，英国的狄更斯，俄国的托尔斯泰等；代表作品有《红与黑》、《人间喜剧》、《艰难时世》、《复活》等。
二、现实主义文学形成的原因1、资本主义制度的确立和发展。
英国在19世纪中后期先后完成工业革命，英国进入了“维多利亚时代”，成为头号强国，法国成为第二经济强国，金钱成为衡量人们的唯一尺度。
2、科技和哲学的发展、观念的更新。
19世纪的自然科学飞速发展，主要成就有细胞学说、能量转化学说和进化论。
作家把科学的思维介入文学创作当中。
（理想、逻辑思维）巴尔扎克：法国社会将是一个历史家，我只能当它的书记。
黑格尔的辩证法，费尔巴哈的人本学说，孔德的实证哲学，空想社会主义哲学对这一文学思潮的产生也起了推动作用。
3、自身发展的结果。
“模仿说”（亚里士多德）：文艺复兴时期文学是对社会的反映和批判。
启蒙文学时期文学对社会的分析；浪漫主义文学对心理描写的注重，对自然风景的描述等等。
三、现实主义文学的特征1、真实、客观地反映生活。
马克思称狄更斯等人是“现代英国的一批杰出小说家。
”他指出：“他们在自己的卓越的，描写生动的书籍中向世界揭示的政治和社会真理，比一切职业政客，政论家和道学家加在一起所揭示的还要多。
”2、强烈的暴露性、批判性、改良性，多写社会中的丑和恶。
批判现实主义这一词有高尔基提出，批判的现实主义揭发了社会的恶习，描写了个人在家庭传统，宗教教条和法规压制下的‘生活和冒险’，却不能够给人指出一条出路。
外国文学史朱维之欧美卷
外国文学史朱维之欧美卷外国文学史这本书，特别是朱维之的欧美卷，简直就是一部精彩的文化大餐。
哎，讲真的，翻开这本书，就像打开了一个神秘的宝盒，里面装满了各种有趣的故事、人物和思想。
咱们从古希腊的戏剧开始说起，想想那些穿着白色长袍的演员们，在舞台上眉飞色舞，生死之间的戏码，真是让人感到肾上腺素飙升。
哦，别忘了那些希腊神话，神、英雄、妖怪，简直就是个超级英雄联盟。
谁能不提一下苏格拉底和他的哲学？这个老头儿用提问来启发别人，简直就是“提问之王”，活脱脱一个“问题制造机”。
咱们都知道，善于提问的人往往是最聪明的。
然后呢，咱们再看看文艺复兴时期，文艺复兴可真是个了不起的时期。
人们开始关注人性，绘画、雕塑、文学都像是打了鸡血一样，开始蓬勃发展。
达芬奇、米开朗基罗这些名字不就是响当当的巨星吗？他们在艺术上可谓是开疆拓土，真是有才华的家伙。
再加上莎士比亚，这位剧作家简直是“千古一帝”，他的作品至今仍然在各大舞台上演绎。
谁能不被《哈姆雷特》的复杂情感和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的浪漫悲剧所打动呢？说到这里，想象一下莎士比亚当时的写作环境，蜡烛闪烁，羽毛笔在纸上舞动，真的是一幅动人的画面。
再转到启蒙时代，哎呀，这个时期的思想家们真是人才济济。
伏尔泰、卢梭这些大咖，让人感觉脑袋都跟着发热。
伏尔泰那句“我不同意你的观点，但我誓死捍卫你说话的权利”真是经典中的经典，听着就让人振奋。
卢梭呢，他的《社会契约论》可是把“自由、平等、博爱”提上了台面，让大家都开始思考社会的本质。
想想当时的欧洲，那可是个风起云涌的年代，思想的火花在每一个角落都在碰撞，真是热闹非凡。
接下来就是浪漫主义的登场，这可是个充满激情和梦想的时期。
拜伦、华兹华斯、雪莱这些文人个个都是才情横溢，诗歌如泉涌。
他们把大自然、爱情、自由等主题描绘得如梦如幻，真让人心驰神往。
尤其是拜伦，那种“我为我所爱的人而歌”的情怀，简直让人感到满满的浪漫气息。
想象一下，他在田野间吟诵诗句，微风拂面，简直是画中仙。
《外国文学》知识点总结笔记-24页精选文档
外国文学笔记第一章名词解释1、二希传统：古希腊--罗马文学和希伯来—基督教文学是欧洲文学的两大源头，西方文化的两大渊源。
2、荷马时代（英雄时代）：荷马史诗广泛地反映出希腊社会从原始公社制向奴隶制过渡时期的经济、政治、军事方面的情况以及当时希腊人民的生活和斗争，这一时期被称为希腊历史上的“荷马时代”。
主要文学成就是神话和史诗。
知识点1、柏拉图《柏拉图文艺对话录》理念论：a在文艺和现实的关系上，认为只有理念世界才是真实的世界b强调文艺的社会功用，认为文艺必须对社会有益，必须服务于政治c文艺才能的来源是灵感说（迷狂说）2、亚里士多德《诗学》是欧洲第一部具有完整体系的文艺理论著作，提出了一系列重要的文艺观点（阿里斯托芬和柏拉图的文艺观还是不成体系的）。
《修辞学》文艺理论著作《诗学》a否定柏拉图艺术是影子的影子的说法，认为艺术的本质是摹仿，客观世界是真的，摹仿的艺术也是真实的b卡塔西斯说：悲剧引发观众的怜悯、恐惧，促进感情的进化，陶冶人的情感。
这是从审美和心理学的意义上对悲剧的研究。
c在《诗学》中第一次给悲剧下了比较完整的科学定义：“悲剧是对一个严肃完整、有一定长度的行动的摹仿；它的媒介是语言，具有各种悦耳之音，分别在剧的各部分使用；摹仿方式是借人物的动作来表达，而不是采用叙述法；借引起怜悯与恐惧来使这种情感得到陶冶。
”重要作家及作品简答题一、希腊神话的特点、影响、地位1、希腊神话中的神是高度人格化。
2、浓郁的人本主义色彩、追求光明，酷爱现实生活，以人为本，肯定人的力量。
3、地位和影响无可比拟，思想性和艺术性相当高。
希腊神话是世界神话中保存最完整，也是内容最丰富的神话。
知识点十二主神宙斯（众神之王）丽达与天鹅达那厄、伊俄赫拉神后婚姻生育兼天空之神朱诺波塞冬涅普顿宙斯之弟，海神得墨忒耳宙斯之姐，农神赫斯提亚、维斯塔宙斯的姐妹家神阿波罗宙斯之子太阳神阿耳忒弥斯狄安娜宙斯之女月亮女神雅典娜智慧女神阿瑞斯宙斯与赫拉之子战神马尔斯阿佛洛狄忒爱与美之神维纳斯赫准斯托斯宙斯之子匠神、火神武尔坎赫尔墨斯与帕里斯宙斯之子神使、尚旅之神麦鸠利简答题1、《荷马史诗》的社会价值a是欧洲文学史上最早最杰出的英雄史诗，它歌颂了古代英雄的集体主义和英雄主义精神，肯定了现实生活和人的力量b荷马史诗是研究古希腊社会的重要文献2、《荷马史诗》的艺术成就a剪裁得当，布局巧妙，结构完整b人物形象个性鲜明c语言质朴、自然，善用比喻，“荷马式比喻”3、“荷马式比喻”：荷马史诗中的诗句流畅、自然、优美、比喻生动形象，常借用自然界的动植物比喻人，被后人赞誉为“荷马式的比喻”。
00540-外国文学史--(吐血整理)史上最完整版笔记小抄
第一章古代文学第一节概述西方古代文学包括古代希腊、古代罗马文学、早期基督教文学。
一古代希腊文学(欧洲文学的源头之一)(一)主要成就:神话、史诗和戏剧,此外还有寓言、抒情诗和文艺理论等。
(二)古希腊文学的特征与价值:1、古希腊文学有着鲜明的人本色彩和命运观念。
2、现实主义与浪漫主义并存。
古希腊文学的众多篇章程度不同地从多个侧面反映了当时的社会生活,为后人提供了第一手资料;也有相当一部分作品充满了神奇的想象、怪诞的夸张和优美的抒情,表现出浓厚的浪漫色彩。
3、种类繁多,具有开创性。
古希腊文学种类齐全,具备了后世几乎所有的文学样式。
除神话、史诗外,还有悲剧、喜剧、寓言、故事、教谕诗、抒情诗、散文、小说等等。
价值:主要成就:神话、史诗和戏剧,此外还有寓言、抒情诗和文艺理论等。
(三)古希腊文学发展的三个时期:1、第一时期(公元前12世纪-前8世纪)(由氏族社会向奴隶社会过渡时期)史称“荷马时代”(英雄时代):主要成就:神话、荷马史诗代表作家:赫西俄德代表作:(1)教谕诗《工作与时日》(又译《田功农时》:这是古希腊流传下来的最早一部以现实生活为题材的诗作。
(2)叙事诗《神谱》:最早一部比较系统地叙述宇宙起源和神的谱系的作品,是研究古希腊神话的重要史料。
2、第二时期(公元前8世纪-前4世纪中叶)(奴隶制社会形成至全盛时期)公元前8世纪-前6世纪,史称“大移民时代”(奴隶制城邦逐渐形成):主要成就:抒情诗和寓言抒情诗中琴歌(一种伴随着音乐的歌曲类诗体)成就重大。
萨福:古希腊最著名的女诗人,柏拉图称她为“第十位文艺女神”。
独唱琴歌代表诗人阿那克瑞翁:创造“阿那克瑞翁体”。
合唱琴歌代表诗人品达,代表作《胜利颂》,17世纪古典主义把他的诗看作是“崇高诗歌”的典范。
寓言:《伊索寓言》(散文体):主要反映奴隶制社会劳动人民的思想感情,是劳动人民生活教训和斗争经验的总结(《农夫和蛇》《乌龟和兔子》等。
“伊索寓言”:相传为公元前6世纪的奴隶伊索所作,故称《伊索寓言》。
(完整版)外国文学史笔记
外国文学史笔记题型：填空名词解释简答作品赏析一古代文学1 概述（1）西方文学的渊源：①第一渊源是希腊、罗马（重理性、重现实）②第二渊源是基督教（重感情、重精神）（2）早期基督教文学起源：二希传统：①古希腊文学②希伯来文学（3）希腊神话起源于：古希腊文学、早期基督教文学（4）赫西奥德的《神谱》从文化角度看：①它反映了朴素宇宙起源观与自然演化。
②它蕴含了一种以“命运”为动力的社会进化思想。
2 荷马史诗（1）古希腊早期文学的最高成就是荷马史诗（2）代表作：《伊利昂纪》（《伊利亚特》）、《奥德修纪》（《奥德赛》）（3）《伊利亚特》：24卷，描写特洛伊战争，该战争是公元前12世纪末的一场部落斗争。
它写了特洛伊战争最后一年中51天内发生的故事，主题是“阿基琉斯的愤怒”。
它反映了古希腊广阔的社会现实，是古希腊社会生活的百科全书。
（4）《奥德赛》：24卷，描写奥德修斯设计木马计躬下特洛伊城之后再海上漂泊十年，最终回乡与妻子团聚的故事。
（佩涅罗佩的织物：拖延的策略）（5）荷马史诗的价值观：①表彰了集体主义和个人英雄主义精神②展现了人的意志③表现了积极乐观的生活态度（6）荷马史诗的思想倾向：热爱现实，肯定人的奋斗精神，强调对人生采取积极的态度，具有神意论色彩与贵族政治色彩。
（7）荷马史诗的艺术特征：①结构巧妙，布局完整②塑造了众多的英雄人物，有共性也有个性③用自然、质朴的口语写成④在描述人物与事件时，用了约八百个从日常生活和自然现象中选取来的比喻，构成“荷马式的比喻”（8）古希腊的神的特点：神与人同形同性，具有人的形貌、性格与情感（9）古希腊史诗中英雄特点：①出生高贵不凡（都由神与人结合所生）②相貌俊美，身材高大，器宇轩昂③都有拔山之力，盖世战技，且都勇猛异常（10）爱情海文明最初时期：米诺斯文明（11）阿里阿德涅之线——奥妙所在（12）希腊神话受哪些因素影响：①埃及宗教的影响（迷宫，半人半兽……）②北方游牧民族神话的影响（战神）③巴比伦神话的影响（神谱）3 希腊戏剧（1）古希腊戏剧是雅典奴隶主民主政治的产物（2）希腊戏剧三大悲剧诗人：①埃斯库罗斯：“悲剧之父”②索福克勒斯：“戏剧艺术的荷马”，代表作《俄狄浦斯王》被亚里士多德称“十全十美的悲剧”③欧里庇得斯：被称为“舞台上的哲学家”，他的剧作标志着“英雄悲剧”的终究。
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涂险峰版外国文学欧美卷笔记整理 第五章 18世纪欧洲文学 第一节概述 一、启蒙运动 二、欧洲文学 （一）、主要类型 1.启蒙文学（主体） a.特征：强烈的政治性；充分的民主性；明确的目的性。 b.打破古典主义的垄断，推动了文学多样化发展，文学门类丰富齐全，还创造引入了多 种新文体，如哲理小说、书信小说、对话体小说、教育小说和正剧等。 c.古典主义的发展：英国自弥尔顿以来出现蒲柏，德国歌德席勒的创作确立了魏玛古典 主义在德国不可动摇的主导地位，俄国古典主义发展…… 2.伤感主义文学 a．诗歌：墓园诗派对死亡的无奈、对生死的冥想 b．小说：塞缪尔·理查生、劳伦斯·斯特恩《感伤的旅行》（感伤主义流派名称的来源）3.哥特小说 对欧美小说和恐怖小说的兴起具有直接的推动作用 （二）、各国文学 1．英国文学 小说： A．丹尼尔·笛福（英国现实主义小说的奠基人） 《鲁滨逊漂流记》 B．乔纳森·斯威夫特 《格列佛游记》 C．塞缪尔·理查生（英国感伤主义文学开创者） D．劳伦斯·斯特恩 《项狄传》 E．菲尔丁 《弃儿汤姆·琼斯传》（18世纪英国小说总结者和后世英国小说的开创者） 重要因素：身世、隐私、流浪、道德、宽恕、圆满 主要品格：滑稽，对现实的讽刺 诗坛： 继古典主义诗人蒲柏之后，威廉·布莱克、罗伯特·彭斯的创作将欧洲诗歌引向浪漫主义戏剧： 查得·谢立丹 2.法国文学 A.勒萨日 B．孟德斯鸠 《波斯人信札》欧洲第一部书信体小说，也是欧洲第一部重要的哲理小说 C．伏尔泰把哲理小说这一体裁推向高峰 《查第格》《天真汉》《老实人》（最出色的哲理小说，采用流浪汉小说形式） D．德尼·狄德罗“百科全书派”领袖法国启蒙文学的代表作家 哲理小说：《修女》、《拉摩的侄儿》、《宿命论者雅克》 法国市民悲剧的倡导者和理论家：严肃剧《私生子》、《家长》 《论戏剧诗》系统地阐述了他的正剧理论 E．卢梭 F．博马舍 费加罗三部曲 3.德国文学 第一阶段：启蒙运动时期 A.高特舍特 B．莱辛：戏剧评论《汉堡剧评》 戏剧创作《艾米丽亚·迦绿蒂》 第二阶段：狂飙突进运动时期 歌德席勒 第三阶段：古典时期 歌德 席勒 主要成就就是戏剧创作：《强盗》、《阴谋与爱情》…… 古典主义美学理论《审美教育书简》 第二节卢梭 一、社会政治学论著：《社会契约论》 二、最重要的文学作品： 1.哲理小说《爱弥儿》，采用教育小说的形式，为当时法国盛行的哲理小说增添了一种新体裁。 2．文学自传《忏悔录》 3．书信体小说《新爱洛绮丝》 A．内容：由家庭教师圣·普乐和贵族小姐尤丽之间的书信组成。是一部凄婉动人的时代悲剧，歌颂纯洁爱情，批判封建专制主义，发出反封建反教会的呼声。 B．艺术成就：采用书信体，展现了人物内心世界，对《少年维特的烦恼》产生了有益影响；对自然美景和田园风光进行的细致描写，启迪了浪漫主义重视描绘大自然的风格；借助发生在中世纪的原型人物和故事，真实色彩，反思历史正视现实。 第三节歌德 一、书信体小说《少年维特的烦恼》 1、地位：狂飙突进时期最重要的德国文学作品，也是第一部获得世界声誉的德国文学 作品 2、内容：叙述市民青年维特在爱情与事业两方面的挫折与失意。抨击了封建等级制度 对德国青年一代的排挤和破坏，文笔优美感伤，情致细腻真切。 二、1776年，离开魏玛前往意大利，潜心于古代希腊罗马艺术研究，逐渐形成古典主义文艺观并恢复创作。 《陶里斯岛的伊菲格尼》由狂飙突进精神转向古典主义的标志 二、诗剧《浮士德》 1.取材：德国16世纪的民间传说 2.结构：分为两部，第一部25常不分幕，第二部25场分为5幕 人生经历5个阶段：知识生涯；爱情生涯；政治生涯；艺术生涯；事业生涯 3.思想：通过知识悲剧和爱情悲剧明确指出，个人的知识追求和爱情生活属于小世界， 唯有投身于改造自然的伟大活动，个人力量和才华才能尽情施展，才能达到人生真 谛。 4.人物形象：A.浮士德不断进取、苦苦追求真理的形象，德意志民族的进步力量和 精神的化身。 B．靡菲斯特：与浮士德形成矛盾统一的辩证关系，驱动浮士德不断求索的进程。 第六章 19世纪欧美文学（一）：浪漫主义 第一节概述 一、19世纪初期欧洲社会及主要思潮 工业革命法国大革命民族主义和自由主义 二、19世纪浪漫主义文学 1.德国 A．早期：耶拿派 B．之后：海德堡派格林兄弟《儿童与家庭童话集》民间文学的发掘 C．后期浪漫派：小说家 E.T.A.霍夫曼以风格怪诞著称，被视为颓废派神秘主义始祖。政治抒情组诗《德国，一个冬天的童话》，标志他从早期浪漫派转向现实主义。 2.英国 A、诗歌：第一代：“湖畔派诗人”为代表 第二代：以拜伦、雪莱、济慈为代表 B、“历史小说之父”司各特 3.法国 雨果《克伦威尔·序言》法国浪漫主义文学运动宣言 夏多布里昂 缪塞自传性长篇小说《一个世纪儿的忏悔》 乔治·桑终其一生都是一个理想主义者《印第安娜》 4.俄国及东欧 普希金俄国浪漫主义文学主将，也是俄国现实主义文学奠基人 莱蒙托夫《恶魔》诗歌基本主题是自由与死亡 波兰诗人密茨凯维奇和匈牙利诗人裴多菲 5.美国 华盛顿·欧文（美国文学之父）和库柏是美国民族文学奠基人 爱默生超验主义思想的创造者 亨利·梭罗《瓦尔登湖》 霍桑美国文学史上浪漫主义小说和心理分析小说的开创者 麦尔维尔 爱伦·坡 惠特曼《草叶集》 第二节华兹华斯 一、与柯勒律治合作出版《抒情歌谣集》 二、“自然的歌者”:使日常的东西在不平常的状态下呈现在心灵面前，并将浪漫主义的一 个主要特征——自然主义个性化为三个独特的标记 A．强烈的地方意识 B．如画美 C．儿童崇拜 三、《丁登寺》 两个重要主题：回归自然，以及对童年时代的回忆 第三节拜伦 一、《恰尔德·哈恰尔德游记》 二、《唐璜》 三、《英国诗人和苏格兰评论家》 第四节雨果 法国浪漫主义文学领袖 一、代表作《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》、《九三年》 二、《克伦威尔·序》论述浪漫主义的两个原则：“怪诞“与“对照” 三、思想特点：强烈的政治性和现实性；人道主义是贯穿始终的主导思想 四、艺术特点：对照手法的运用；追求夸张与怪诞；史诗气质；存在许多闲笔和题外话 五、《巴黎圣母院》 第五节荷尔德林 第六节霍夫曼 德国浪漫派晚期的代表人物 著名的长篇小说《魔鬼的万灵药水》 《金罐》现实和幻想的交替具有突发性和多发性，突兀多层的变化为霍夫曼的小说营造了神秘、离奇和恐怖的色彩 叙事方式多样，自由联想、内心独白、多层次结构等手法也成为现代小说常见技巧 作品揭示人性扭曲及人与人之间关系的异化，已触及现代主义文学的重要主题，对巴尔扎克、爱伦·坡、卡夫卡、陀思妥耶夫斯基等人小说影响 第七节霍桑（1804——1864） 多以新英格兰地区为背景，创作主要分两种类型，清教主义是他思想核心 一、故事或传说，即短篇小说：《好小伙布朗》、《教长的黑面纱》 二、长篇小说：《红字》 第八节惠特曼（1819——1892） 《草叶集》： 《我自己的歌》：对于“我”和“自己”的理解；超验主义、泛神主义、神秘主义的内容；形式和风格特色 对于美国现代诗歌和诗人的影响 第七章 19世纪欧美文学（二）：现实主义文学 第一节概述 一、19世纪现实主义文学 艺术特征：力求客观真实地反映生活；塑造典型环境中的典型人物；虽不局限于某种体裁，但在19世纪现实主义文学繁荣时期，长篇小说空前繁荣。 三、各国现实主义文学 1.法国 A．二三十年代，率先提出蕴含现实主义精神的文学主张，并在创作中体现出强烈的社会批判意识司汤达《红与黑》，法国现实主义诞生的标志；巴尔扎克《人间喜剧》，新的高峰 B．50年代开始，趋向科学式的冷静。福楼拜《包法利夫人》，这一趋向的典范；小仲马《茶花女》，人道主义的温情关怀；都德《小东西》；莫泊桑短篇小说 C．19世纪中后期，巴黎公社文学 2.英国 相对温和，带有改良色彩 A．产生于30年代，四五十年代达到繁荣。狄更斯；萨克雷《名利场》，英国现实主义 文学中批判意识最强的作家；勃朗特姐妹，夏绿蒂《简·爱》，艾米莉《呼啸山庄》。B．19世纪三四十年代，宪章派诗歌。 C．70年代，哈代、萧伯纳、高尔斯华绥。 3.俄国 批判锋芒直指农奴制度 A．30年代：开拓者普希金、莱蒙托夫；俄国现实主义传统的确立者果戈理《死魂灵》。 B．五六十年代：冈察洛夫《奥勃罗摩夫》；屠格涅夫；车尔尼雪夫斯基《怎么办？》；奥斯特洛夫斯基。 C．60-80年代，俄国现实主义达到高峰：陀思妥耶夫斯基与托尔斯泰双峰并峙；谢德林《戈洛夫略夫一家》；契诃夫短篇小说。 4美国 80年代才真正开始 A．50年代废奴文学奠基，斯托夫人《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 B．马克·吐温，现实主义文学杰出代表，成名作《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》、代表作《哈克贝利·芬历险记》，其它短篇小说；亨利·詹姆斯，开美国心理分析小说先河；诺里斯《章鱼》；斯蒂芬·克莱恩；欧·亨利短篇小说。 C．世纪之交：杰克·伦敦《野性的呼唤》 5.欧洲其他国家 德国海涅《德国，一个冬天的童话》 波兰显克微支《你往何处去》 丹麦安徒生，童话 挪威易卜生 第二节司汤达（1783-1842） 一、生平：1799供职于拿破仑作战部队，1802年离开部队到巴黎学习，1806随拿破仑征 战欧亚大陆，1814年大革命失败开始漂泊，1817“司汤达综合症”，1821遭驱逐重返巴黎，1842年因脑溢血逝世。 二、作品：文论《拉辛与莎士比亚》是与法国古典主义文学的论争之作，法国现实主义理 论的奠基之作；《红与黑》现实主义的杰作；《巴马修道院》。反映风云激荡时代及其极端的唯我主义。生前文名落寞。 三、《红与黑》 内容书名的象征小说的历史真实感于连的形象爱情的描写以及他的爱情观艺术特色心理描写