考研英语阅读理解笔记
考研阅读英语比较与对比法

考研阅读英语比较与对比法在考研阅读英语中,比较与对比法是常见的一种文章结构和问答方式。
比较与对比法主要是通过对两个或多个事物的相似之处和不同之处进行分析和比较,来揭示事物的特点和关系。
在考研阅读中,比较与对比法常见的应用场景包括:1. 文章结构:某些文章的结构主要围绕两个或多个事物的比较和对比展开,通过列举相似和不同之处来说明观点和主题。
考生需要注意寻找文章中的比较与对比线索,并理清文章的逻辑结构。
2. 解题方式:考研阅读中的多选题、配对题、总结题等常常涉及到比较与对比。
考生需要通过分析题干和选项,找出与原文中被比较事物的相似与不同之处,从而确定正确答案。
在阅读理解中,考生可以采取以下策略应对比较与对比法题目:1. 注意题干关键词:仔细阅读题干,关注与比较和对比相关的关键词,比如"compared to"、"contrast"、"similar"、"different"等。
这些关键词可以帮助考生定位并理解文章中的比较与对比信息。
2. 通读全文:在阅读过程中,要通读整篇文章,全面了解文章内容和结构。
重点关注描述两个或多个事物相似和不同之处的段落,把握文章的比较与对比线索。
3. 划分事物要素:将文章中涉及到的被比较事物的相似和不同要素进行整理和归纳,可以通过制作表格、笔记等方式记录下来。
这有助于理清思路和找出问题的答案。
4. 关注转折词语:在文章中,转折词语常常会提示作者对被比较事物之间的相似和不同关系进行对比和阐述。
注意转折词语如"however"、"but"、"on the other hand"、"in contrast"等的出现,并解读其所在句子的意思。
5. 总结概括:根据文章内容和自己的理解,总结和概括被比较事物之间的主要相似和不同之处。
恋词 考研英语 笔记整理 Unit 20

Tammy 的恋练有词课程笔记(Unit20)
sweep:【v.】席卷;横扫;迅速传播 swept 扫除 weep 哭泣 抽泣
trivial:【adj.】琐碎的;无足轻重的 形近词 triviality(n.)琐事 vital 至关重要的 生死攸关的
threefifthsformula公式handedjeffersonhisnarrowvictorypresidentialelectionsouthernstateselectoralcollege总统选举outcomen结果2007年阅读textdeliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingtaskratheritinvolvessettingspecificgoalsobtainingimmediatefeedbackoutcomedeliberatepracticeentails导致morethansimplyrepeatingtaskratheritinvolvessettingspecificgoalsobtainingimmediatefeedbackoutcomerender致使招致speculatev推测猜测2013drurisimonsohnspeculatedbigpictureleadingdecisionmakersdailysampleswereworkingdrurisimonsohnspeculatedbigpictureleadingdecisionmakersbiased有偏见的bydailysampleswereworkingdiffusev宣泄舒缓尤指不良情绪2008年阅读textalvarezsexperiencedemonstratesfindingwaysdiffusestressbeforetammy的恋练有词课程笔记unit20threatensyourhealthyourabilityfunctionalvarezsexperiencedemonstrates示范论证theimportancefindingwaysdiffusestressbeforethreatensyourhealthyourabilityfunctionexplicitlyadv明确地2013年阅读textbecausecongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederalstateimmigrationenforcementexplicitlyencouragesstateofficersshareinformationfederalcolleagues
恋词 考研英语 笔记整理 Unit 22

U ni t22A.单词识记discourage:【v.】阻止;使泄气;使失去信心形近词courage n.勇气,胆量courageous adj.勇敢的;无畏的encouragedevil:【n.】(犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教中的)魔王,撒旦;(用于强调)家伙,人;淘气鬼;冒失鬼elderly:【adj.】上了年纪的bulk:【n.】(大)体积;(大)量;庞大的身躯;巨大的体重;主体;大部分形近词b ul b n.电灯泡;球茎;鳞茎b yp ass:【v.】(通常为更快地实现某事)越过;避开;绕开;(道路)绕过c al ori e:【n.】卡,卡路里(热量单位)facilitate【v.】促进;使便利faint:【adj.】微弱的,暗淡的,虚弱的;不尽力的;敷衍的;半心半意的;晕眩的;虚弱无力的【v.】晕厥;晕倒【n.】昏厥,昏倒fashionable:【adj.】流行的;时髦的;时兴的gratitude:【n.】感恩之情;感谢engineering:【n.】工程;工程学alliance:【n.】(国家或政党的)联盟;同盟backward:【adj.】向后的,往后的;倒退的;不进反退的bait:【n.】饵;诱饵【v.】装饵于;给(鱼钩或陷阱等)上诱饵banquet:【n.】宴会;盛宴constitute:【v.】被视为;可算作;构成;组成copyright:【n.】版权;著作权costly:【adj.】昂贵的;价格高的;造成严重损失的;代价大的d am n:【ad j.】(用于加强语气)该死的;可恶的;十足的;完全的【v.】谴责;指责(政策、行动等) deputy:【n.】副职;副手;副主管;代表;议员C.单词应用D is cou rage[v]阻止2007年阅读新题型W he n a sk ed wh at the y wa nt to do,the y s ho ul d b e dis co uraged f ro m s ay ing“I ha ve no i de a.”Th ey ca n cha ng ecourageous[adj.]勇敢的;无畏的2014年翻译题2007年阅读新题型If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and p ar cel o f a gene ral e du cat io n,itsai ms an d met ho ds sh oul d a pp ea l d ir ect ly to j our nal is m edu ca tor w i s a dis ci pli ne wh ich e ncourag es[adj]上了年纪的2007年阅读Text3E ve n d em ogr ap hic s a re w ork in g aga ins t t he m idd le cl as s f ami ly,as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant n ee d f or ph ys ica l a nd f ina nc ial a ssi sta nc e—h ave j ump ed ei ght fo ld i n2006年完型Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will g iv e t he m t hr ee mea ls a da y and a pl acethe bulkT hi s s ug ges ts th at di mm er bu lbs b urn lo ng er,t ha t t he re is an a dv ant ag e i n not be in g too2009年阅读Text1I ns tea d,the new ha bi ts we d eli be rat ely i ng rai n int o our sel ve s cre ate p ara ll el pat hw ay s t ha t c ancalorie[n]卡路里2008年阅读Text3G ro wth,whi ch ra rel y co nti nu es be yon d t he a ge of20,dem and s calories andfacilitate[v]促进2008年阅读Text2faint[adj]不尽力的;敷衍的2011年阅读Text1A s a d es cri ption of t he ne xt mu si c d irect or of a n o rc hes tra t ha t h as hi th ert o bee n l ed b y m us ici an sl ike G us tav M ahler an d P ie rre B ou lez,t hat s eem s l ik el y t o hav e str uck a t lea st so me Ti mes r ea der s as2007年阅读Text3Both the absolute cost of health care and the share of it borne by f am ili es ha ve ri sen—a nd newly f ashio nab le he al th-savings pl an s a re sp readi ng fr om le gisla ti ve ha lls to W al-Ma rt wo rk ers,w it h much2014年阅读Text32007年阅读Text1E ri css on gr ew up in S we den,and s tud ied n uc lea r eng in eering u nt il he realized he would have more2013年阅读Text2I n Feb ruary t he FTC a nd the Dig it al Adv er ti sin g All ia nce(D AA)agreed that the industry would getbackward[adj]向后的2009年完型Instead of casting a wistful glance backward at all the species we’ve left in the dustI.Q.-wise,it implicitly asks what the r ea l cos ts of ou r o wn i nte ll ige nc e m igh t be.banquet[adj]宴会的2011年阅读Text1H il ton i s b ui ldi ng it s own h ote l the re,w hi ch yo u m ay be su re w ill b e dec or ate d w it h Ham le tH am bur ger B ar s,the L ea r L oun ge,t he Ba nq uet B anq uet in g Roo m,an d so for th,and w ill b e v ery2008年阅读Text2C op yri gh t r es ted wi th t he jo urn al pu bli sh er,a nd re se arc her s seeking knowledge of the resultsdamn[adj]该死的;可恶的2006年阅读Text42011年阅读Text2As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs m ay be m ore w ill ing t o mak e the j ump。
西安电子科技大学少数民族骨干计划考研英语真题、笔记、参考书、大纲、录取分数线、报录比

西安电子科技大学少数民族骨干计划考研英语真题、笔记、参考书、大纲、录取分数线、报录比西安电子科技大学少数民族骨干计划考研英语真题Text3In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me, here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public(including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed asincomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search. Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim–a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by its[A]uncertainty and complexity.[B]misconception and deceptiveness.[C]logicality and objectivity.[D]systematicness and regularity.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph2that credibility process requires[A]strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C]individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph3shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A]has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C]has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34.Albert Szent-Gy??rgyi would most likely agree that[A]scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C]efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A]Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C]Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today,he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in1960,only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union;now36%do.In2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain,more than half of public-sector workers but only about15%of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving.First,they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.Third,they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party,as its name implies,has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader,Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions.The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools,the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly“backloaded”public-sector pay deals,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed,perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools,academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer,politicians have begun to clamp down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker,the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system,too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,but apublic-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36.It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A]Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B]Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C]unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37.Which of the following is true of Paragraph2?[A]Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B]Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C]Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38.It can be learned from Paragraph4that the income in the state sector is[A]illegally secured.[B]indirectly augmented.[C]excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39.The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40.John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.。
考研英语阅读理解b答题技巧

考研英语阅读理解b答题技巧技巧一:理解主旨要义做阅读理解最重要的就是要理解文章的主旨要义,通常来讲,英语文章中的主旨句会出现在第一段以及每段的首句,考生在阅读文章的过程中一定要着重理解这些重点部位。
技巧二:理解文中的具体信息找到主旨句之后,就要在阅读过程中多加留意,找出文章中的具体信息。
大家在阅读时要注意两点,首先要先看问题在阅读,带着问题看文章;其次要注意把关键词圈出来,这样能有效帮助你理解文中的有用信息。
技巧三:理解文中的概念性含义阅读理解的文章中往往隐藏这一些概念性的含义,其中不仅包括关于名词的解释,还包括人物的介绍以及大背景的介绍。
一般来说,阅读理解的问题通常不会简单地询问字面上的意思,但答案往往是在这些概念性的阐述中推理出来的。
技巧四:进行有关的推断、推理和引申由于阅读理解的答案不会摆在桌面上任你采撷,必须要你通过推理获得,所以考生在阅读过程中要进行有关的推断、推理和引申。
推理的依据通常包括三种,时间、地点、人物,大家可以通过文章中这三点的变幻获得有用信息。
技巧五:依据上下文推测生词的词义生词也是阅读理解中让人头疼的事情,我们可以把不熟悉的词汇分为两种,面熟的和面生的。
关于面熟的词汇,那么你就把你熟悉的那一部分标记出来,如果这个词语不是超纲词汇的话,那么这个单词很可能是你所熟悉的那一部分的词的引申词汇,意义也可以由此推理一下。
关于面生的词汇,就只能通过学习上下文推测和揣度了,这就必须要你多读上下文,通过理解段落的含义,推敲出词汇的大致意思。
2考研英语阅读B新题型实战解题步骤(1)通读全文。
完成此类题型的第一步就是通读全文。
考生在第一次阅读的时候无必须过于关注文章的细枝末节,只要迅速浏览一下,争取对文章有个大概了解。
为了节省时间,考生可以把重点放在首段和尾段,以及个个段落的首句和尾句,从常理上讲,文章的大意和段落大意即主题应该在这两部分有充分的提示。
在阅读过程中,尤其要注意文章中的黑体字部分,这样在头脑中就可以形成对重点强调内容的一个初步印象为了防止在阅读过程中遗忘,考生可以用简单的词语对各个分论点进行概括总结。
王轶群考研英语笔记详细整理

王轶群考研英语“翻译&写作”笔记整理阅读及作文考查要点分析:阅读A——考查:词汇+语法+语言逻辑阅读B——考查:语言逻辑(新题型)阅读C——考查:词汇+语法(翻译)阅读A=阅读B+阅读 C 从翻译(长难句分析及表达)着手。
考研英语的实质用九篇文章(完型1+阅读6+写作2)来考查学生对英语词汇、语法、逻辑的掌握。
汉,写作:汉英,都是考查表达,是英汉思维的转换)王轶群翻译&写作(二者是相通的,翻译:英一、定语和定语从句(一)定语和定从的翻译(中心词为主要部分,修饰语为次要部分)1、一般定从——采用“形容词法”还是“补充成分法”取决于定从的长短一般定从:N +adj. 译成adj.+N; N1+of+N2 N2+of+N2; N1+prep.+N2 prep.+N2+N1;N+定从定从修饰ABCD 几部分并列结构的定从:①(A ,B,C,and D)+定从②A ,B ,C+定从,and D 定从只修饰C 部分③(A,B ,and C)+定从,and D 定从修饰ABC eg :I have an apple that is red. 我有一个红苹果。
/ 我有一个苹果,苹果是红的。
定从基本翻译法则一:根据英语先主后次、汉语先次后主的原则,定从表修饰,可以将定从当作形容词,放在名词基本翻译法则一定从基本翻译法则一前面来翻译,称之为“形容词法” 。
定从基本翻译法则二:根据定从是不完整句原则,可以将其所缺成分补充完整,一个句子分译成两个分句,称之为基本翻译法则二定从基本翻译法则二“补充成分法” 。
2、嵌套定从(定从套定从/后置定语)——如:2003 年64 题& 2005 年47 题嵌套定从翻译原则:外面的大定从相对较长,采取“补充成分法” ;里面的小定从相对较短,采用“形容词法” 。
嵌套定从翻译原则3、后置定语——后置定语是定从中省略了关系词和be 动词(虚动词)之后形成的 e g :2001 年71 题:There will be television chat shows (翻译时补充上that will be)hosted by…… 后置定语翻译法则:后置定语翻译法则:将后置定语补充上关系词和be 动词,按照定从的翻译法则来处理。
恋词 考研英语 笔记整理 Unit 23

词组
get rid of:除掉;去掉;摆脱
dispose of:解决;将(某物)处理掉
cope with:对付;支应
同义词
manage v.处理;设法对付
address v.对付;处理;设法了解并解决;向……作正式讲话;向……说话
monopoly 【n.】垄断;专卖;垄断企业
形近词
possession n.占有;所有;拥有
charter[adj]根据特许状办理(或设立)的 2012 年阅读 Text 4 Reform has been vigorously opposed,perhaps most egregiously in education,where charter schools,academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Reform has been vigorously opposed,perhaps most egregiously in education,where charter schools,academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.
mock[v]嘲笑;嘲弄 2009 年阅读 Text 4 Meanwhile,many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s,as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion.“Our main end was to catch fish.” Meanwhile,many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s,as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion.“Our main end was to catch fish.”
2019商志考研英语笔记

A:When it comes tothe slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling orpolishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend$12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly Stopped showing up.biting her nails=scratch one’s head不知所措,束手无策;when it comes to名词,主谓。
a用法:引出文章topicb翻译为:当提到。
时当谈及。
时Writing: when it comes to 题目,opinions vary。
Many tend to claim that 。
Others,however,may contend thatclaim 主张,认为 some——some peopleHold many——many peopleArgue few——Contend those——注:日本人——Those who are from japan,(写作:简单问题复杂化。
)省略“people”Those who are from average universities。
Top university谓语。
B、This is an explosive situation(危急关头,可怕局面)for any industry(行业), particularly a declining one.Slowing/Falling/Declining/Fading*slowing 减速的 *falling 日以下跌的,逐渐下跌的Acceleration加速falling communication costsSlowdown减速 falling transportation costs/spending/budgetGrowing industrial competitiveness of emerging economies*declining 衰退的,走下坡路的A declining industry global economic decline例:北师大now is on the decline while 东北师大is now on the riseIndustry 行业Energy-intensive industryAuto industryOne作代词仿:This is an explosive situation for any country,particularly for a developing one。
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考研英语阅读理解笔记 一、阅读文章 1.来源:西方的报刊杂志2.文体:议论文,说明文,记叙文,应用文3.历年考题:多为社会科学,自然科学,人文科学4.大纲5.key word: 1、Close reading, 2、阅读三步走 3、精读击破法 1、 Close reading: 第一、精读要达到:首先,分析文章,对题目中的四个选项要做分析。正确的选项要做分析,错误的选项也要做分析。其次,把文章中的单词要背会、要全部熟悉掌握。长句子要摘取下来背诵,翻译。对于重点文章,有时需要背诵全文。 第二、如何精读文章:首先是单词量;其次是难句;最后是解题思路。 第三、对于文章则可以多角度的读,题目也可以多角度的分析。 2、精读击破法复习方式 第一、精度的角度。首先是单词量;其次是对阅读中的长句、难句进行分析;最后要对题目进行分析。 第二、泛读的目的。第一是增强背景知识;第二是锻炼抓住文章中心的能力。 第三、建议要读以下三本杂志:Time, Newsweek,Economist. 二、阅读三步走: 1.通读全文,抓住中心(不推荐采用先看题目后读文章的做法)1)通读全文。 1 首段 2 其他各段的段首段尾句。2)抓住中心。 1文章叙述的主要内容是什么?2文章中有无 提到核心概念?3作者大致态度是什么? 2.仔细审题返回原文1)通常是由题干出发,使用寻找关键词定位原则。大写字母,地名,时间,数字等。2)自然段定位原则:出题顺序与行文的顺序是大体一致的。3.重叠选项,得出答案。重叠原文?即对照原文。⑴原则一:1∶1原则(通读时间与做题时间对等)⑵原则二:首段原则(不要怕重复和回读)首段的作用:1中心段 2抛砖引玉⑶原则三:首末句原则,即除首段和末段,其余各段的首末句一定要读懂,其他各句正常阅读 三、阅读困难: 1.单词量不大(要熟看考研英语大纲),句型结构复杂(将每篇文章中的难句摘录下来,加以背诵) 2.作者的观点具有一点的隐蔽性3.选项的迷惑性四、做题误区: 1.做得太快,做题靠印象或直觉。2.先看题后读文章与先读文章后看题目的比较。 四六级考试可先看题后读文章。考研阅读:通读全文,重点读首段、其他各段的段首、段尾句。然后其他部分可以略读。 3.不知如何做记号。阅读中需要做记号的有: 第一、标志类、指示类的信息。(时间、地点、人名、国名)。 第二、显示文章结构的信息。(中心句、核心概念、以及两个标志词 although 表转折;furthermore 表递进)。 五、标点符号 1.“。”句号,分隔句子。以“。”为单位,把段分隔成块,而后逐个击破。 2.“,”逗号,两个逗号之间是补充说明成份时,在阅读过程中可以跳过去不读。英文中的逗号是无力连接两个句子的, 3.“:”冒号,后面进一步补充说明前面的内容,冒号的前后有一个从抽象到具体的过程。 4.“;”分号,并列结构,语义上的并列,结构上的并列。 5.“——”破折号,两个“——”之间是补充说明成份,可以先不去读。 6.““””引号,引用某人的观点,反讽,讽刺。引用的目的:不论是正面还是反面引述都是为了说明核心概念、中心思想。否则就没有意义。 7.“()”补充说明,解释生词。 六.阅读方法总结 微观阅读方法 1. 抓主干 2. 看标点符号 3. 被动变主动 4. 消减否定法 5. 重新断句 6. 对照法----即抓一些重点词:namely, likewise, in other words, that is to say. (1) 如in other words 等词组 (2) 转折词: but, yet, although, however, in contrast. (3) 表结果的词: thus, as a result, consequence. (4) 表递进的词: furthermore, in addition to. (5) 表重要的词: prime, above all, first of all. 宏观阅读方法 怎样对待一篇文章 1. 一般来说任何文章都是讲一个主题。 2. 注意看清文章是由几个自然段构成。同时要看清文章的段与段之间是顺成结构还是转折结构。 3. 注意抓两类文体:A议论文抓作者中心观点和作者态度。B说明文抓说明对象和作者态度。 4. 注意文章的一些固有结构 (1) 起承传合型:注意抓出起、合的前后呼应。 (2) 花开两朵型:注意抓出两个核心概念的区别和联系。 (3) 问题答案型:一般来说,问题就是文章的中心,阅读的目的是为了寻找答案。 (4) 平铺直叙型 :注意抓首段和中心。 正确答案的特征 1. 正确答案经常与中心思想有关。 2. 正确答案的位置:段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。----最常见的三个位置。 3. 正确答案经常运用的原则:同义替换,正话反说、反话正说。 4. 从语气角度看:正确答案当中经常含有不肯定语气词和委婉表达的用词。如:can, may, might, possible, not necessarily, some. 5. 正确答案经常具有概括性和深刻性,不能只见树木不见森林。 错误答案的特征 1.第一个大层次:(1)正反混淆(选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反) (2)无中生有(未提及的概念) (3)所答非所问(虽然选项的说法没有问题,符合原文,但和题干也搭不上边) 2.第二个大层次:(1)过分绝对 (2)扩大范围(注意隐蔽性的扩大范围 mostly) (3)因果倒置 Because (4)常识判断 (5)推的过远 (6)就事论事 (7)偏离中心 (8)变换词性 段落固有模式 1. 中心句(段首句)-----具体论述-----中心句(段尾句) 如果段首句和段尾句是呼应的话,那么它们之间的话是支持句,可能反着说一下,但最终支持段首或段尾主题句的。 例如:P1 ,第二段、 P12 , 倒数第二段、 P31 ,第三段、 P34 ,第二段 2. 中心句(段首句)-----具体论述 3. 过渡句-----具体论述 例如:P2 ,最后一段、 P40 ,第一段 4. 中心句(段首句)-----具体论述------转折------具体论述 例如:P25 ,第二段 5. 具体论述-----中心句(段尾句 6. 句句展开式(无明显主题句)。指比较短的段落。如只有三、四行的段落。这样就没有必要在段首给出一个中心,后面再展开。而是直接把事情给描述一下就可以了。 指代题 1. 返回原文,找出出题的指代词 2. 向上搜索,找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子 3. 将找出的词、词组或句子的意义代入替换该指代词,看其意思是否通顺 4. 将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较,找出最佳答案 主旨题的解题思路—串线摘帽 即在自然段少的时候串串线,串线法解不出来时,大帽子、小帽子摘一下。 主旨题 1、标志:mainly about, mainly discuss, the best title. 2、串线法:(主要针对自然段少的文章)抓首段和其余各段的第一句话,把意思连成一个整体。要注意总结性的提示词和转折词,特别要注意中心句。(针对自然段多的文章,主旨题最好联系中心句。找一个和中心句最贴近的) 3、小心首段陷阱。 4、逆向思维及快速作文法。 5、主旨题错误选项的干扰特征经常是: 第一、局部信息。即选项的内容小于文章的内容。 第二、范围过宽。即选项的内容大于文章的内容。 词汇题 最基本的思路:搜索代入。 搜索法:即把搜出的结果和选项对比一下。 代入法:即当搜索不出来时,把选项分别代入原文,看看哪一个通,那么就是哪一个。 1.返回原文找出该词会出现的地方2.注意结合上下文理解该单词的意思3.如该词为简单词汇,则其字面意思必然不是正确答案4.词汇题的正确答案经常隐藏在该词汇的原文出现的附近。注意不能靠单词词义直接往下推。 5.寻找时注意同位语、特殊标点、定语从句以及前后缀。特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。比如:让猜一个名词词组(动词词组)的意思,我们就向上向下搜索名词词组(动词词组)。 例证题 1.当文中出现example, case, illustration2.返回原文,找出该例证所在的位置,既给该例子定位。3.90%向上,10%向下搜索该例证周围区域找出该例证的论点。注意:举例的目的是支持论点。或举例子是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题?不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。 4.找出该论点,并与4个选项比较,得出选项中与观点最一致的答案。5.错误题的干扰特征经常是:就事论事。? 即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。(╳) 句子理解题 1.返回原文找出该句子2.对原文原句语法和词义进行精确剖析,应该重点抓句子字面含义。若该句的字面含义不能确定,则依据上下文进行判断。注意:局部含义是有整体决定的。 3.一般来说,选项中的正确答案与原句子完全相同只不过用其他英语词汇表达而已4.句子理解题错误选项的干扰特征:推的太远,做题特别应注意把握住推的度作者态度题的解题思路 1、标志:attitude 2、应精确理解四个选项的含义:opposition, suspicion, approve, indifference, impartial. 3、不要参杂自己的观点。 4、可以寻找文中的一些具有感情色彩的词。比如:fortunately, excessively, too many. 5、可以抓论述的主线(把第一段读透,把其它各段的段首段尾句拉出来,看看它整篇文章的谋篇结构就可以了。)及举例的方式。 6、特别应注意首先看清楚是“谁对谁”的态度。 推理题 注意:做题时不能想得太多,推的过远。是否能把原文读懂才是关键。 1.标志:infer , imply, learn, inform.2.看可否通过题干返回原文,或依据选项返回原文。一般要围绕文中的一两个重点进行推理。推理题无论通过题干能不能定位,我们都要把它固化到文章的一两点上。 3.依据原文的意思进行判断,先不要进行推理。若有一个选项跟原文意思一模一样,则该项为正确答案。推理题不是考察我们的想象力,它实际是考察我们原文中的某几个点。如一个、两个点所涉及的问题我们读透了没有。因此,不推的比推的好;推的近的比推的远的要好。 4.注意推理题最近答案原则。直接推出的比间接推出的好。判断题 1.看可否通过四个选项具体化到文中一点或者根据自然段原则定位。2.每个选项都应返回原文,不能只凭主观印象进行判断。