单片机 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 单片机的发展与应用
单片机 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 51系列单片机的结构和功能
单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献 51系列单片机的结构和功能Structure and function of the MCS-51Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system areall the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers .An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM(128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading /data that write,such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. ( 5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, andcan according to count or result of timing realize the control of thecomputer. ( 6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of thesource . ( 7) One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. ( 8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operation to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loopback ACC with another one. In addition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside . The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Helpremembering that agreeing with A expresses in the order. The controller includes the procedure counter , the order is depositted, the order decipher, the oscillator and timing circuit, etc. The procedurecounter is made up of counter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address counter of the procedure in fact, the content is the next IAthat will carried out in PC. The content which changes it can change the direction that the procedure carries out . Shake the circuit in 8051one-chip computers, only need outer quartz crystal and frequency to finely tune the electric capacity, its frequency range is its 12MHZ of 1.2MHZ. This pulse signal, as 8051 basic beats of working, namely the minimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harmony under the control of the basic beat, just like an orchestra according to the beat play that is commanded.There are ROM (procedure memory , can only read ) and RAM in 8051 slices (data memory, can is it can write ) two to read, they have each independent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memory of computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begin from 0000H, used for preserving the procedure and form constant. Data 8051- 8751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false 00FH, use for middle result to deposit operation, the data are stored temporarily and the data are buffered etc.. In RAM of this 128B, there is unit of 32 byteses that can be appointed as the job register, this and general microprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAM and job register rank one formation the same to arrange the location. It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in addition. General computer for first address space, ROM and RAM canarrange in different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addresses of ROM and RAM, with distributing different address space in a formation. While visiting the memory, corresponding and only an address Memory unit, can ROM, it can be RAM too, and by visiting the order similarly. This kind of memory structure is called the structure of Princeton. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memory space and data memory space on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memory space outside data memory and one in procedure memory space and one outside one, the structure forms of this kind of procedure device and data memory separated form data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the angle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kinds: (1) In the slice, arrange blocks of FFFFH , 0000H of location , in unison outside the slice (use 16 addresses). (2) The data memory address space outside one of 64KB, the address isarranged from 0000H 64KB FFFFH (with 16 addresses ) too to the location. (3) Data memory address space of 256B (use 8 addresses). Three above-mentioned memory space addresses overlap, for distinguishing and designing the order symbol of different data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM order spend MOVC ,visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice.8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0,P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register ), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharingOutput grade , P3 of mouth , P1 of P1 , connect with inside haveload resistance of drawing , every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As while inputting the mouth, any TTL or NMOS circuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a normal way . Because draw resistance on output grade of them have, can open a way collector too or drain-source resistance is it urge to open a way, do not need to have the resistance of drawing outerly . Mouths are all accurate two-way mouths too. When the conduct is input, must write the corresponding port latch with 1 first . As to 80C51 one-chip computer, port can only offer milliampere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of transistor to regard as, should contact a resistance among the port and transistor base , in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1~P3 Being restored to the throne is the operation of initializing ofan one-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PC into 0000Hinitially , make the one-chip computer begin to hold the conduct procedure from unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally,as because procedure operate it make mistakes or operate there aren't mistake, in order to extricate oneself from a predicament , need to be pressed and restored to the throne the key restarting too. It is an input end which is restored to the throne the signal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne signal high level effective , should sustain 24 shake cycle (namely 2 machine cycles ) the above its effective times. If 6 of frequency ofutilization brilliant to shake, restore to the throne signalduration should exceed 4 delicate to finish restoring to the throne and operating. Produce the logic picture of circuit which is restored to the throne the signal:Restore to the throne the circuit and include two parts outside in the chip entirely. Outside that circuit produce to restore to the throne signal (RST ) hand over to Schmitt's trigger, restore to the throne circuit sample to output , Schmitt of trigger constantly in each S5P2 , machine of cycle in having one more , then just got and restored to the throne and operated the necessary signal insidly. Restore to the throne resistance of circuit generally, electric capacity parameter suitablefor 6 brilliant to shake, can is it restore to the throne signal high level duration greater than 2 machine cycles to guarantee. Being restored to the throne in the circuit is simple, its function is veryimportant. Pieces of one-chip computer system could normalrunning,should first check it can restore to the throne not succeeding. Checking and can pop one's head and monitor the pin with theoscillograph tentatively, push and is restored to the throne the key, the wave form that observes and has enough range is exported (instantaneous), can also through is it restore to the throne circuit group holding value carry on the experiment to change.Another name of MCS is embedded micro-controller, because it can be embedded into any micro-or small-scale equipment or equipment. At present, the single-chip embedded systems and Internet connectivity is a trend. However, Internet has been used as a fat server, thin machine technology users. This technology on the Internet to store and access large amounts of data is appropriate, but for control of embedded devices has become the "sledgehammer cracking a nut," the. Embedded devices to achieve and Int ernet connection, we need the Internet to the traditional theory and practice of embedded devices are reversed. In order to make complex or simple embedded devices, such as single-chip microcomputer-controlled machine tools, single-chip microcomputer-controlled door locks, can be practical and Internet connection, requires specialized equipment for the embedded microcontroller design a web server to embed devices can be connected to Internet, and through a standard Web browser to process control.At present, in order to single-chip microcomputer as the core of embedded systems and Internet connected companies, there are many morestudies in this area. More typical in this regard have emWare and TASKING company. Embedded systems companies EmWare network program - EMIT technology. This technology consists of three main parts: the emMicro, emGateway and web browser. Which, emMicroembedded devices is a 1K-byte memory capacity accounted for only a very small web servers; emGateway stronger as a function of the user or server, and it is used to achieve more than the management of embedded devices, as well as standard access the Internet communications, as well as the support of a web browser. Web browsers use to display and embedded emObjicts data transmission between devices. If sufficient resources embedded devices, while at the same time emMicro and emGateway into embedded devices, to achieve direct access to the Inter net. Otherwise, it will require a web browser emGateway and each other. EmWare's EMIT software technology using standard Internet protocol for 8-bit and 16-bit embedded devices to manage, but costs much less traditional. At present, single-chip applications, a new problem: This is how to make the 8-bit, 16-bit single-chip microcomputer to control the product, or embedded products or equipment to achieve the interconnection and the Internet? TASKING is now to solve this problem means. The company has emWare of EMIT software packages and related supporting integration, the formation of an integrated development environment, to provide users with convenient development. Embedded Internet Union ETI (embed the Internet Consortium) is to work closelywith the development of embedded Internet solutions. Results in the near future there will be published.中文译文51系列单片机的结构和功能51系列单片机是英特尔公司生产的具有一定结构和功能的单片机产品。
单片机--机电相关专业文献翻译(中文+英文)
单片机发展及应用单片微型计算机简称单片机，是典型的嵌入式微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机，单片机又称单片微控制器，它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片，而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。
单片机由运算器，控制器，存储器，输入输出设备构成，相当于一个微型的计算机（最小系统），和计算机相比，单片机缺少了外围设备等。
概括的讲：一块芯片就成了一台计算机。
它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。
同时，学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。
它最早是被用在工业控制领域。
由于单片机在工业控制领域的广泛应用，单片机由仅有CPU的专用处理器芯片发展而来。
最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。
INTEL的8080是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，当时的单片机都是8位或4位的。
其中最成功的是INTEL的8051，此后在8051上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。
因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。
尽管2000年以后ARM已经发展出了32位的主频超过300M的高端单片机，直到现在基于8051的单片机还在广泛的使用。
在很多方面单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了广泛的应用。
事实上单片机是世界上数量最多处理器，随着单片机家族的发展壮大，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。
现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件有电子器件的产品中都会集成有单片机。
手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电子产品中都含有单片机。
汽车上一般配备40多片单片机，复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百片单片机在同时工作！单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算机的总和，甚至比人类的数量还要多。
基本结构1.运算器运算器由运算部件——算术逻辑单元（Arithmetic & Logical Unit，简称ALU）、累加器和寄存器等几部分组成。
单片机外文文献 (1)
单片机系统广义地说，微处理系统是用于处理信息的，这种信息可以是电话交谈，仪器读数或企业帐户，但是各种情况下都涉及相同的主要操作：信息处理、存储和传递。
在常规的电子设计中，这些操作都是以功能平台方式组合起来的，例如计数器，无论是电子还是机械的，都要存储当前值，并按要求将该值增1。
诸如采用计数器的电子钟之类的任一系统要使其存储和处理能力遍布整个系统，因为每个计数器都能存储和处理一些数字。
当前微处理化系统与上述的常规方法不同，它将处理，存储和传输三个功能分离形成不同的系统单元。
这种形成三个主要单元的分离方法是冯-诺依曼在20世纪40年代所设想出来的，并且是针对微计算机的设想。
从此几乎所有制成的计算机都是用这种结构设计的，尽管包含宽广的物理形式，从根本上来说他们均是具有相同的基本设计。
在微处理器系统中，处理是由微处理器本身完成的。
存储是利用存储器电路，而进入和出自系统的信息传输则是利用特定的输入/输出（I/O）电路。
要在一个微处理器化时钟中找出执行计数功能的一个特殊硬件是不可能的，因为时间存储在存储器中，而在固定的时间间隔下由微处理器控制增值。
但是，规定系统运转过程的软件包含实现计数器功能的单元。
由于系统几乎完全由软件所定义，所以对微处理器结构和其辅助电路这种看起来非常抽象的处理方法使其在应用时非常灵活。
这种设计过程主要是软件工程，而且在生产软件时，就会遇到产生于常规工程中相似的构造和维护问题。
图1.1 微型计算机的三个组成部分图1.1显示出了微型计算机中这三个单元是如何按照机器中的信息通信方式而联接起来的。
该系统由微处理器控制，它管理自己与存储器和输入/输出单元的信息传输。
外部的连接与工程系统的其余部分（即非计算机部分）有关。
尽管图中显示的只有一个存储单元，实际中有RAM和ROM两种不同的存储器被使用。
由于概念上的计算机存储器更像一个公文柜，上述的“存储器”一词是非常不恰当的；信息存放在一系列已标号的“箱子”中，而且可按问题由“箱子”的序列号进行信息的参考定位。
单片机外文文献
A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerT h e s i n g l e-c h i p m i c r o c o mp u t e r i s t h e c u l m i n a t i o n o f b o t h t h e d e v e l o p me n t o f t h e d i g i t a l c o mp u t e r a n d t h e i n t e g r a t e d c i r c u i t a r g u a b l y t h e t o w m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t i n v e n t i o n s o f t h e20t h c e n t u r yT h e s e t o w t y p e s o f a r c h i t e c t u r e a r e f o u n d i n s i n g l e-c h i p m i c r o c o m p u t e r.S o me e m p l o y t h e s p l i t p r o g r a m/d a t a m e mo r y o f t h e H a r v a r d a r c h i t e c t u r e,s h o w n i n F i g.3-5A-1,o t h e r s f o l l o w t h e p h i l o s o p h y, w i d e l y a d a p t e d f o r g e n e r a l-p u r p o s e c o mp u t e r s a n d m i c r o p r o c e s s o r s,o f m a k i n g n o l o g i c a l d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n p r o g r a m a n d d a t a m e mo r y a s i n t h e P r i n c e t o n a r c h i t e c t u r e,s h o w n i n F i g.3-5A-2.I n g e n e r a l t e r m s a s i n g l e-c h i p m i c r o c o m p u t e r i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f a l l t h e u n i t s o f a c o m p u t e r i n t o a s i n g l e d e v i c e, a s s h o w n iFig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM)R O M i s u s u a l l y f o r t h e p e r m a n e n t, n o n-v o l a t i l e s t o r a g e o f a n a p p l i c a t i o n s p r o g r a m.M a n y m i c r o c o m p u t e r s a n d m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r s a r e i n t e n d e d f o r h i g h-v o l u m e a p p l i c a t i o n s a n d h e n c e t h e e c o n o m i c a l m a n u f a c t u r e o f t h e d e v i c e s r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e p r o g r a m m e m o r y b e c o m m i t t e d p e r m a n e n t l y d u r i n g t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f c h i p s.C l e a r l y,t h i s i m p l i e s a r i g o r o u s a p p r o a c h t o R O M c o d e d e v e l o p m e n t s i n c e c h a n g e s c a n n o t b e m a d e a f t e r m a n u f a c t u r e .T h i s d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e s s m a y i n v o l v e e m u l a t i o n u s i n g a s o p h i s t i c a t e d d e v e l o p m e n t s y s t e m w i t h a h a r d w a r e e m u l a t i o n c a p a b i l i t y a s w e l l a s t h e u s e o f p o w e r f u l s o f t w a r e t o o l s.S o m e m a n u f a c t u r e r s p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l R O M o p t i o n s b y i n c l u d i n g i n t h e i r r a n g e d e v i c e s w i t h(o r i n t e n d e d f o r u s e w i t h)u s e r p r o g r a m m a b l e m e m o r y.T h e s i m p l e s t o f t h e s e i s u s u a l l y d e v i c e w h i c h c a n o p e r a t e i n a m i c r o p r o c e s s o r m o d e b y u s i n g s o m e o f t h e i n p u t/o u t p u t l i n e s a s a n a d d r e s s a n d d a t a b u s f o r a c c e s s i n g e x t e r n a l m e m o r y.T h i s t y p e o f d e v i c ec a n b e h a v e f u n c t i o n a l l y a s t h e s i n g l e c h i p m i c r o c o m p u t e r f r o m w h i c h i t i sd e r i v e d a l b e i t w i t h r e s t r i c t e d I/O a n d a mo d i f i e d e x t e r n a l c i r c u i t. T h e u s e o f t h e s e R O M l e s s d e v i c e s i s c o m m o n e v e n i n p r o d u c t i o n c i r c u i t s w h e r e t h e v o l u m e d o e s n o t j u s t i f y t h e d e v e l o p m e n t c o s t s o f c u s t o m o n-c h i p R O M[2];t h e r e c a n s t i l l b e a s i g n i f i c a n t s a v i n g i n I/O a n d o t h e r c h i p s c o mp a r e d t o a c o n v e n t i o n a l m i c r o p r o c e s s o r b a s e d c i r c u i t.M o r e e x a c t r e p l a c e m e n t f o r R O M d e v i c e s c a n b e o b t a i n e d i n t h e f o r m o f v a r i a n t s w i t h 'p i g g y-b a c k'E P R O M(E r a s a b l e p r o g r a m m a b l e R O M)s o c k e t s o r d e v i c e s w i t h E P R O M i n s t e a d o f R O M。
单片机外文文献翻译之欧阳育创编
单片机单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机，它最早是被用在工业控制领域。
单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。
最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。
INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。
早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。
其中最成功的是INTEL 的8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。
此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。
基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。
随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。
90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。
随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。
而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。
目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。
当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。
而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。
单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。
事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。
现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。
手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。
而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。
汽车上一般配备40多部单片机，复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作！单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算的总和，甚至比人类的数量还要多。
【推荐】单片机发展分析外文文献翻译
【word 版本下载后可任意编辑】单片机发展分析外文文献翻译外文原文Single-chipSCMisalsoknownasmicro-controller(Microcontrol lerUnit),commonlyusedlettersoftheacronymMCUthatit wasfirstusedinindustrialcontrol.OnlyasinglechipbytheCPUchipdevelopedfromadedi catedprocessor.Thefirstdesignisbyalargenumberofpe ripheralsandCPUonachipinthecomputersystem,smaller ,moreeasilyintegratedintoacomplexanddemandingonth evolumecontroldevicewhich.INTEL'sZ80isthefirstdes ignedinaccordancewiththisideaprocessor,thenonthed evelopmentofmicrocontrolleranddedicatedprocessors havepartedways.Are8-bitmicrocontrollerearlyor4bits.Oneofthe mostsuccessfulistheINTEL8031,forasimple,reliablea ndgoodperformancewasalotofpraise.Thendevelopedin8 031outofMCS51MCUSystems.SCMsystemsbasedonthissyst emuntilnowisstillwidelyused.Withtheincreasedrequi rementsofindustrialcontrolfield,begana16-bitmicro controller,becausethecostisnotsatisfactorybuthave notbeenverywidelyused.After90yearswiththegreatdevelopmentofconsumerelectronics,microcontrollertech nologyhasbeenahugeincrease.WithINTELi960series,es peciallythelaterseriesofwidelyusedARM,32-bitmicro controllerquicklyreplacehigh-end16-bitMCUstatusan denterthemainstreammarket.Thetraditional8-bitmicr ocontrollerperformancehavebeentherapidincreasecap acityincreasecomparedto80thenumberoftimes.Current ly,high-end32-bitmicrocontrollerclockedover300MHz ,theperformancecatchingthemid-90'sdedicatedproces sor,whiletheaveragemodelpricesfalltooneU.S.dollar s,themosthigh-end[1]modelonly10dollars.ModernSCMs ystemsarenolongeronlyinthedevelopmentanduseofbare metalenvironment,alargenumberofproprietaryembedde doperatingsystemiswidelyusedinthefullrangeofSCM.T hehandheldcomputersandcellphonesasthecoreprocessi ngofhigh-endmicrocontrollercanevenuseadedicatedWi ndowsandLinuxoperatingsystems.SCMismoresuitablethanthespecificprocessorused inembeddedsystems,soitwasuptotheapplication.Infac tthenumberofSCMistheworld'slargestcomputer.Modern humanlifeusedinalmosteverypieceofelectronicandmec hanicalproductswillbeintegratedsinglechip.Phone,telephone,calculator,homeappliances,electronictoys ,handheldcomputersandcomputeraccessoriessuchasamo usewitha1-2inboththeDepartmentofSCM.Personalcompu terwillhavealargenumberofSCMinthework.Generalcarw ithmorethan40SCM,complexindustrialcontrolsystemsm ayevenhavehundredsofSCMinthesametimework!SCMisnot onlyfarexceedsthenumberofPCandothercomputingthesu m,orevenmorethanthenumberofhumanbeingsSinglechip,alsoknownassingle-chipmicrocontrol ler,itisnotcompleteacertainlogicchips,buttoacompu tersystemintegratedintoachip.Equivalenttoamicro-c omputer,andcomputerthanjustthelackofamicrocontrol lerI/Odevices.Generaltalk:achipbecomesacomputer.I tssmallsize,lightweight,cheap,forthestudy,applica tionanddevelopmentoffacilitiesprovided.Atthesamet ime,learningtousetheMCUistounderstandtheprinciple andstructureofthecomputerthebestchoice.SCMandthecomputerfunctionsinternallywithsimil armodules,suchasCPU,memory,parallelbus,thesameeff ectaswell,andharddiskmemorydevices,anddifferentis itsperformanceofthesecomponentswererelativelyweak manyofourhomecomputer,butthepriceislow,usuallynotmorethan10yuanyoucandowithit......somecontrolfora classisnotverycomplicatedelectricalworkisenoughof .Weareusingautomaticdrumwashingmachine,smokehood, VCDandsoonapplianceswhichcouldseeitsshadow!...... Itisprimarilyasacontrolsectionofthecorecomponents Itisanonlinereal-timecontrolcomputer,control-lineisthatthesceneisneededisastrongeranti-jamming ability,lowcost,andthisis,andoff-linecomputer(suc hashomePC),themaindifference.SinglechipMCUisthroughrunning,andcanbemodified.Throughdiffe rentprocedurestoachievedifferentfunctions,inparti cularspecialuniquefeatures,thisisanotherdevicemuc heffortneedstobedone,somegreateffortsareverydiffi culttodo.Anotverycomplexfunctionsifthe50'swiththe UnitedStatesdeveloped74series,orthe60'sCD4000seri esofthesepurehardwarebuttoned,thenthecircuitmustb ealargePCBboard!ButiftheUnitedStatesifthe70'swith aseriesofsuccessfulSCMmarket,theresultwillbeadras ticchange!Justbecauseyouarepreparedbymicrocompute rprogramscanachievehighintelligence,highefficienc yandhighreliability!Asthemicrocontrolleronthecost-sensitive,sonow thedominantsoftwareorthelowestlevelassemblylangua ge,whichisthelowestlevelinadditiontomorethanbinar ymachinecodelanguage,andassolowwhyistheuse?Manyhi gh-levellanguagehasreachedthelevelofvisualprogram mingWhyisnotit?Thereasonissimplythatthereisnohome computerasasinglechipCPU,notashardasamassstoraged evice.Avisualizationofsmallhigh-levellanguageprog ramwhichevenifonlyonebutton,willreachtensofKofsiz e!ForthehomePC'sharddriveintermsofnothing,butinte rmsoftheMCUisnotacceptable.SCMintheutilizationofh ardwareresourcestobeveryhighforthejobsoalthoughth eoriginalisstillinthecompilationofalotofuse.Thesa metoken,ifthegiantcomputeroperatingsystemandappli cationsrunuptogethomePC,homePC,alsocannotaffordto .Canbesaidthatthetwentiethcenturyacrossthethre e"power"era,thatis,theageofelectricity,theelectro nicageandhasenteredintothecomputerage.However,thi scomputer,usuallyreferstothepersonalcomputer,refe rredtoasPC.Itconsistsofthehost,keyboard,monitoran dothercomponents.Anothertypeofcomputer,mostpeople。
单片机的发展-毕业论文外文翻译
First, the development of simulatorThroughout nearly two decades of national development process of simulation technology, according to simulator technology to be used to divide the domestic about the design of simulators can be divided into the following periods:(1) the late 70s in the mid -80The technology during this period was mainly the development of simulation systems, now is not high technology, the user request is not high.(2) the late 80's during the late -90The main use of this period with an emulation function Winbond chip production, the technology is called Bondout. Using this chip to greatly simplify the design of emulator, so the standard of domestic emulator with a large increase can be largely occupied by the user resources.Simulation performance is due to the increase in domestic production in the emulator nearly 10 years no progress has been produced using this model. Although individual companies have also tried other techniques to improve the simulation of the standard, for example, HOOKS technology, but because of their technical limitations did not succeed. Instead abroad earlier simulator technology used HOOKS, HOOKS at the initial stage due to the complexity of the technology itself, simulation performance and price as the domestic use of the simulator Bondout.With the development of IC technology, the domestic production HOOKS technology is ripe, but several major domestic manufacturers also Bondout technologies intoxicated.(3)After 2000 yearChina in 2000 emulator period changes in the market, the largest, the most striking change is the Winbond W78958 chip simulation of the production.Winbond W78958 chip during the design stage, the internal functions of the simulation only to the production simulator to simulator manufacturers in order to better promote the W78958. After several years of change, however, W78958 simulator evolved into the use of a simulation of the ASIC rather than using the standard chip, the scope of use is limited to domestic and 20,000 a year less than the amount the company also contributed to the Winbond After entering in 2002 announced that it would stop production of the chip.W78958 production, the domestic manufacturers simulator in a very embarrassing situation. W78958 use at home as a result of nearly 10 years, thedomestic user base is very large, these users will not be able to receive continued support, especially maintenance. In addition, the domestic focus in the W78958 on the technical work done can not be renewed and improved, many people in the industry that the industry will face a simulator to set up or re-shuffle of the situation.HOOKS simulator technology is no doubt W78958 manufacturers after the loss of alternatives, but the absence of long-term follow-up and attention, not the short term the majority of manufacturers of complex HOOKS mature technology products. Experts believe that the overall simulator manufacturers in transition may need 2-3 years of the cycle, and there is considerable simulator manufacturers will be eliminated, the market will have mainly concentrated in a few simulator manufacturers.Chip manufacturers as more and more resources getting stronger and stronger, with chip to chip compatible simulation simulation model, there is incomplete coverage of resources (such as additional ports, additional external interrupt), address different distribution (such as the P4 I ), to operate in different ways (such as EXTRAM, WTD) and other shortcomings. Simulation with a dedicated chip to chip or Philips simulation of more than 20 manufacturers more than 400 kinds of chips, the first simulation required more and more, so there's a new generation of simulator technology.But a new generation of patented technology makes the simulator there is no economic power can not afford to buy the beginners.Second, the development trend of single-chipIt can be said now is a single-chip opinions of the period, the world's major chip manufacturing companies have introduced their own single-chip, from the 8, 16-32, just to name a few, everything, it is compatible with mainstream C51 series of , there are not compatible, but they own each other into each other, for SCM applications world wide.Throughout the development process of single-chip, you can indicate the development trend of single-chip, generally are:1. Low-power CMOS technologyMCS-51 series of 8031 introduced the power consumption of 630mW, and now widespread in the single-chip 100mW or so, with the growing demand for low-power single-chip, and now all the basic single-chip manufacturers are use of CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). As the 80C51 on the use ofHMOS (high density metal oxide semiconductor process) and CHMOS (high-density complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). Although the CMOS low power consumption, but because of its physical characteristics to determine its speed is not high enough, and then CHMOS with high-speed and low power consumption characteristics of these features, it is more suitable in low power consumption, as battery-powered applications . Therefore, the process for some time to come will be the main way to develop single-chip2. Of micro-chipNow are generally in conventional single-chip will be the central processing unit (CPU), random access data storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and serial communication interface, system interruption, timing circuits, integrated circuit clock in a single chip, enhanced single-chip integration, such as A / D converter, PMW (pulse width modulation circuit), WDT (watchdog), and some will be single-chip LCD (LCD) driver integrated circuits are in a single chip, this unit includes single-chip circuits on more and more powerful features. Even single-chip manufacturers can also be tailored in accordance with the requirements of users, to create a single chip with its own chip characteristics. In addition, the product is now the universal demand of small size, light weight, which requires in addition to powerful single-chip and low power consumption, but also its smaller size. Many now have a variety of single-chip package, which SMD (surface mount) is gaining popularity, making the system constituted by the single-chip micro-moving in the direction of development.3. The mainstream and multi-species coexistenceAlthough a wide variety of single-chip, unique, but still single-chip microcomputer 80C51 prevailing at the core, compatible with its structure and command system of PHILIPS products, ATMEL company's products and China Taiwan's Winbond Series Single machine. Therefore, single-chip microcomputer as the core C8051 occupied the half. Microchip's PIC and reduced instruction set (RISC) has a strong development momentum of China Taiwan HOLTEK single-chip companies in recent years, increasing production, with its high quality low-cost advantages, to occupy a certain market share. MOTOROLA addition to the company's products, several large companies in Japan's exclusive single-chip microcomputer. A certain period of time, this situation will continue to be upheld, there will not be a single-chip monopoly domination, taking the complementary interdependence,complementarity and common development.Third, the technical development of digital single-chipThe number of single-chip technology is reflected in the internal structure, power consumption, as well as the external voltage level on the manufacturing process. In these areas, more typically describes the number of single-chip level. At the moment, users need more and more single-chip, but getting higher and higher requirements. The following four areas on which the technological progress that the situation of single-chip microcomputer.1, the internal structure of the progressSingle-chip integrated in-house has been an increasing number of parts, these parts include commonly used circuits, such as: timers, comparators, A / D converter, D / A converters, serial communication interface, Watchdog circuit , LCD controller. Some single-chip control network in order to constitute or form a local network, the internal local area network control module contains the CAN. For example, Infineon's C 505C, C515C, C167CR, C167CS-32FM, 81C90; Motorola's 68HC08AZ series. Especially in the C167CS-32FM in single-chip, also contains two internal CAN. Therefore, such single-chip networks are very easy to pose. Especially in the control system more complicated, the constitute a very useful control network. In order to facilitate the use of variable frequency control of single-chip, to form the most cost-effective embedded control systems. Some set up a special single-chip internal control for variable frequency pulse width modulation control circuit, the single-chip microcomputer has Fujitsu's MB89850 series of companies, MB89860 series; Motorola's MC68HC08MR16, MR24 and so on. In these single-chip, the pulse width modulation circuit 6-channel output, can produce three-phase PWM AC voltage, and internal control with dead-zone function.Of particular note are: It is now some have adopted the so-called single-chip trinuclear (TrCore) structure. This is a system-level chips built on the (System on a chip) on the structure of the concept. This single-chip consists of three core components: a micro-controller and the DSP core, a data and program memory is nuclear and the last one is the external application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The most important feature of this single-chip is the DSP and microcontroller at the same time do so in a chip. Although the structure definition, DSP is a type of single-chip, but its role is mainly seen in the high-speed computing and special treatment as above, such as fast Fourier transform. It combines traditional single-chipintegrated single-chip greatly enhanced functionality. This is the single-chip, one of the greatest progress. This single-chip microcomputer has the most typical Infineon's TC10GP; Hitachi's SH7410, SH7612 and so on. These are high-end single-chip single-chip, MCU is 32 and the DSP 16 or 32-bit structure, the frequency of 60MHz or more generally.2, power consumption, packaging and power supply voltage of the progressNow the new single-chip power consumption is getting smaller and smaller, especially the many single-chip are a variety of work settings, which include waiting, suspended, sleep, idle, power-saving mode and so on. P87LPC762 single-chip company Philips is a very typical example, in idle, the power consumption is 1.5 mA, while in power-saving mode, the power consumption is only 0.5mA. In the most amazing power is TI's MSP430 family of single chip, it is a series of 16, there are ultra-low power work. Its low-power way LPM1, LPM3, LPM4 three. When the power supply to 3V, if the work in the LMP1, even if the external circuit is active, inactive as a result of CPU, oscillator at 1 ~ 4MHz, when power consumption is only 50? A. In LPM3, the oscillator at 32kHz, this power consumption is only 1.3? A. In LPM4 when, CPU, peripherals and not the activities of 32kHz oscillator, the power consumption is only 0.1? A. Now the level of single-chip package has been greatly enhanced, with the emergence of chip technology, a large number of single-chip also used a variety of chip technology in line with the package appears to significantly reduce the volume. In this situation, Microchip has introduced the single-chip 8-pin special attention. This is PIC12CXXX series. It contains 0.5 ~ 2K program memory, 25 ~ 128 bytes of data memory, 6 I / O port and a timer, and some also with four A / D, fully able to meet a number of low-grade system. To expand the scope of supply voltage and low voltage work is still today one of the objectives of single-chip development. At the moment, it can be single-chip 3.3 ~ 5.5V conditions. And some manufacturers, it can produce 2.2 ~ 6V to work under the conditions of the single chip. These single-chip companies are Fujitsu's MB89191 ~ 89195, MB89121 ~ 125A, MB89130 series, it should be said that the company's F2MC-8L MCU meet the vast majority of the 2.2 ~ 6V operating voltage conditions. MSP430X11X and TI's family of operating voltage is as low as 2.2V's.3, the progress of technologyBasically, the current single-chip CMOS technology used, but most use 0.6? M above the lithography process, there are individual companies such as Motorola Inc.have been using 0.35? M or even 0.25? M technology. These technological advances greatly improved the internal single-chip density and reliability.Fourth, embedded system as the core of a single-chipSCM is a new name embedded micro-controller, because it can be embedded into any micro-or small-scale equipment or equipment. At present, the single-chip embedded systems and Internet connectivity is a trend. However, Internet has been used as a fat server, thin machine technology users. This technology on the Internet to store and access large amounts of data is appropriate, but for control of embedded devices has become the "sledgehammer cracking a nut," the. Embedded devices to achieve and Int ernet connection, we need the Internet to the traditional theory and practice of embedded devices are reversed. In order to make complex or simple embedded devices, such as single-chip microcomputer-controlled machine tools, single-chip microcomputer-controlled door locks, can be practical and Internet connection, requires specialized equipment for the embedded microcontroller design a web server to embed devices can be connected to Internet, and through a standard Web browser to process control.At present, in order to single-chip microcomputer as the core of embedded systems and Internet connected companies, there are many more studies in this area. More typical in this regard have emWare and TASKING company. Embedded systems companies EmWare network program - EMIT technology. This technology consists of three main parts: the emMicro, emGateway and web browser. Which, emMicro embedded devices is a 1K-byte memory capacity accounted for only a very small web servers; emGateway stronger as a function of the user or server, and it is used to achieve more than the management of embedded devices, as well as standard access the Internet communications, as well as the support of a web browser. Web browsers use to display and embedded emObjicts data transmission between devices. If sufficient resources embedded devices, while at the same time emMicro and emGateway into embedded devices, to achieve direct access to the Inter net. Otherwise, it will require a web browser emGateway and each other. EmWare's EMIT software technology using standard Internet protocol for 8-bit and 16-bit embedded devices to manage, but costs much less traditional. At present, single-chip applications, a new problem: This is how to make the 8-bit, 16-bit single-chip microcomputer to control the product, or embedded products or equipment to achieve the interconnection and the Internet? TASKING is now to solve this problem means. Thecompany has emWare of EMIT software packages and related supporting integration, the formation of an integrated development environment, to provide users with convenient development. Embedded Internet Union ETI (embed the Internet Consortium) is to work closely with the development of embedded Internet solutions. Results in the near future there will be published.Fifth, technology development of the reliability of single-chip applicationIn single-chip applications, reliability is the primary factor in the application of SCM in order to expand the scope and areas to improve the reliability of its single-chip is an effective method. In recent years, manufacturers of single-chip single-chip design in the use of a variety of new technologies to improve reliability, the performance of these new technologies in the following points:1, EFT (Ellectrical Fast Transient) technology2, EFT is an anti-jamming technology, which is defined as the sinusoidal signal oscillation circuit outside interference, the waveform will be a variety of Deburring signal superposition, if you use their plastic Schmidt circuit, it will become a burr trigger signals interfere with the normal clock, in the alternate use of Schmitt circuit and RC filter circuit, it can be eliminated or their role in these gross failure to ensure that the clock signal systems work properly. In this way, a single chip to enhance the reliability of the work. Motorola's MC68HC08 family of single chip on the use of this technology. Low-noise cabling technology and drive technologyIn a traditional single-chip, the power and ground wire in the integrated circuit pin symmetric shell, the general is in the upper left, lower right or upper right, lower left of the two pairs of symmetric points. In this way, so that power supply noise on the chip through the block of single-chip interference caused by the internal circuit. Now, put a lot of single-chip power pin arrangement and the two adjacent pins. In this way, not only reduces the current through the entire chip, while still easy to layout printed circuit board decoupling capacitor, thus reducing system noise. Now in order to meet the needs of a wide range of applications, many single-chip output capacity has been greatly improved, Motorola's single-chip I / O port of the irrigation of up to 8mA current pull over, and Microchip's single-chip can be up to 25mA. Other companies: AMD, Fujitsu, NEC, Infineon, Hitachi, Ateml, Tosbiba basically been able to achieve, such as the level of 8 ~ 20mA. These large current drive circuit chip integrated into the work of bringing in all kinds of noise, in order to reduce thisimpact, and now the use of a number of small single-chip parallel tube equivalent ways of a large pipe, and in each small Guanzi different output equivalent series resistance of the resistor in order to reduce the di / dt, which is the so-called "hopping along the softening technology", in order to eliminate transient current noise.3, the use of low-frequency clockHigh-frequency noise sources outside the clock is one, not only can interfere with single-chip applications, but also interfere with the outside circuit, so that can not meet the requirements of electromagnetic compatibility. Requirements for high reliability systems, low-frequency external clock to reduce system noise. Single-chip used in a number of internal phase lock loop technology, in the external clock is low, it can produce a higher speed internal bus, thus ensuring the speed and reduce noise. Motorola's MC68HC08 family of 1 6 / 32-bit single-chip has been adopted to improve the reliability of this technology一、仿真器的发展纵观国内近二十年的仿真技术发展历程，根据仿真器使用的技术来划分，国内仿真器的设计大约可以分成以下几个时期：(1) 70年代末期-80年代中期这个时期采用的技术主要是仿真开发系统，现在看来技术含量不高，用户要求也不高。
单片机外文文献和中文翻译
Validation and Testing of Design Hardening for Single Event Effects Using the 8051 MicrocontrollerAbstractWith the dearth of dedicated radiation hardened foundries, new and novel techniques are being developed for hardening designs using non-dedicated foundry services。
In this paper，we will discuss the implications of validating these methods for the single event effects （SEE) in the space environment。
Topics include the types of tests that are required and the design coverage (i.e.，design libraries: do they need validating for each application？）。
Finally, an 8051 microcontroller core from NASA Institute of Advanced Microelectronics （IAμE) CMOS Ultra Low Power Radiation Tolerant (CULPRiT) design is evaluated for SEE mitigative techniques against two commercial 8051 devices.Index TermsSingle Event Effects, Hardened—By—Design，microcontroller，radiation effects。
Developmentoftheone(单片机的发展)外文翻译
Development of the one-chip computerThe development of the computer system has already been developed in three directions obviously; These three directions are: Huge, single slice melts, networked. Calculate and work with the remaining huge machine of high-speed data processing in order to solve the complicated system, so huge one hold office at court high speed and deal with direction of ability diligent at present. One-chip computer while appearing, Intel Company is decline controller to imbed to name its one-chip computer (embeddedmicrocontroller). The most obvious advantage of the one-chip computer, can imbed in various kinds of instruments , equipment. This getting huge and network impossible to accomplish.In this text , introduce the newest technological progress of the one-chip computer , including the craft and technology of the digital one-chip computer, craft and technology of the fuzzy one-chip computer, the dependability technology of the one-chip computer, and the embedded system taking one-chip computer as the core.The development of the computer system has already been developed in three directions obviously; These three directions are: Huge, single slice melts, networked. Calculate and work with the remaining huge machine of high-speed data processing in order to solve the complicated system, so huge one hold office at court high speed and deal with direction of ability diligent at present. One-chip computer while appearing, Intel Company is decline controller to imbed to name its one-chip computer (embeddedmicrocontroller). The most obvious advantage of the one-chip computer, can imbed in various kinds of instruments , equipment. This getting huge and network impossible to accomplishIn this text , introduce the newest technological progress of the one-chip computer , including the craft and technology of the digital one-chip computer, craft and technology of the fuzzy one-chip computer, the dependability technology of the one-chip computer, and the embedded system taking one-chip computer as the core.Digital technical development of one-chip computer reflect at inside structure , power consumption , external voltage grade and manufacturing engineering. In theserespects , have comparatively stated the level of the digital one-chip computer typically. At present, there are more and more user's requirements for one-chip computer, but, require higher and higher. Now these four respects explain the technological progress state of the one-chip computer separately.1, The progressive one-chip computer of the inside structure has already integrated more and more parts on the inside , these parts include the generally commonly used circuit, for example: The timer , the comparator, A/D converter, D/A converter, serial communication interface, Watchdog circuit, LCD controller ,etc.. Some one-chip computer for form network of controlling or form some network, inside contain some network control module CAN. For example, C505C of Infineon Company, C515C, C167CR,C167CS-32FM,81C90; 68HC08AZ series of Motorola Company ,etc.. Especially in one-chip computer C167CS-32FM, the inside still contains 2 CANs. So, this kind of one-chip computer is very apt to form the network. Controlling specially, the system forms a very useful control network comparatively at the time of the complicatednessFor be able to convenient to use one-chip computer in controlling in frequency conversion, is it have embedded control system of economic benefits most to form. Have set up and is specially used in the pulse width controlled in frequency conversion and modulate the control circuit within some one-chip computers, these one-chip computers have MB89850 series of Fujitsu Company , MB89860 series;MC68HC08MR16 , MR24 of Motorola Company ,etc.. Among one-chip computer these, pulse width modulate circuit have 6 passway export , can produce pulse width of three-phase modulate the voltage of exchanging, and the inside includes such functions as the district controls very much.The ones that especially guided people and fixed one's eyes on are: Some one-chip computers have already adopted three so-called nuclear (TnCore ) structure now. This is structure on the concept of one grade of chips (Systemonachip ) of the system of a kind of setting-up. This kind of one-chip computer is made up of three cores: One little controller and DSP core, one datum and procedure memory core, the last one is a special-purpose integrated circuit of periphery (ASIC ). The biggest characteristic of thiskind of one-chip computer lies in doing DSP and little controller on every one at the same time . Speak DSP one kind of one-chip computer , function its it reflects to be such as Fu set up leaf person who vary above fast in supercomputing and special-purpose processing mainly on defining from structure. Is it is it improve function of one-chip computer greatly to integrate to combine between it and traditional one-chip computer. This is one of the greatest progress of the one-chip computer at present. The most typical TC10GP which has Infineon Company of this kind of one-chip computer; SH7410 of Hitachi Company, SH7612,etc.. These one-chip computers are all top-grade one-chip computers, MCU is all 32's, and DSP adopts 16 or 32 persons of structure, the operating frequency is generally in above 60MHz.2, Consumption , seal new consumption of one-chip computer lighter and lighter containing and the voltage of power now such as progress, especially a lot of one-chip computers have all set up many kinds of working ways, these working ways include waiting, suspend , the sleep is idle, working way of economizing on electricity etc.. One-chip computer P87LPC762 of Philips Company is a very typical example, when idle, its consumption is 1. 5mA, but in economizing on electricity the way, its consumption is 0. 5mA A marvellous one series, MSP430 of one-chip computer,, TI of Company most on consumption, it one series of 16, there is working way of ultralow consumption. Its low consumption way is three kinds LPM1 , LPM3 , LPM4. When the power is 3V , if work in LMP1 way, even the peripheral circuit is in the activity, because CPU does not move about , the oscillator is in 1-4MHz, there is only 50| A in the consumption at this moment. In LPM3, the oscillator is in 32kHz, there is only 1 in the consumption at this moment. 3| A. In LPM4, CPU , periphery and oscillator 32kHz do not move about , then the consumption is 0. 1A| .The encapsulation level of the one-chip computer has already been improved greatly now, with sticking to the appearance of one slice of crafts, one-chip computer adopt various kinds of is it stick to a craft encapsulation way appear to agree with jointly in a large amount too, in order to reduce the volume in a large amount. Among the situation, Microchip 8 one-chip computer of pin that Company introduce very noticeable. This is PIC12CXXX series. It contains 0. 5-2K procedure memory , byte 25-128 data memory , 6 I/O ports and a timer, some include 4 A/D, can some low-grade application of system more. Expand power voltage range and can it works to be today goal , one-chip computer of development one of still under low-voltage relatively。
单片机英文参考文献 带页码
单片机英文参考文献带页码单片机作为一种重要的电子设备，广泛应用于工业控制、智能仪表、数据采集等领域。
随着科技的发展，单片机技术也在不断进步，因此，了解单片机的发展历程、技术特点和应用领域等方面的参考文献对于学习和研究单片机技术是非常重要的。
一、单片机的发展历程单片机的发展可以追溯到20世纪70年代，当时计算机技术刚刚进入微型化阶段，一些工程师开始尝试将计算机技术应用到工业控制领域，从而发明了单片机。
随着技术的不断进步，单片机的种类和性能也在不断改进，目前已经形成了多种不同的系列和型号。
二、单片机的技术特点单片机是一种集成度非常高的芯片，它集成了中央处理器（CPU）、内存、输入输出接口等重要部件，因此具有很高的灵活性和可定制性。
同时，单片机也具有很高的可靠性和稳定性，因此广泛应用于各种需要高精度控制和数据采集的场合。
此外，单片机还可以通过编程和调试等方式进行二次开发，从而满足不同用户的需求。
三、单片机的主要应用领域1. 工业控制领域：单片机在工业控制领域中的应用最为广泛，它可以实现对生产线的自动化控制、机器人的运动控制等。
2. 智能仪表领域：单片机可以用于智能仪表的控制系统，可以实现自动化测量、数据采集、显示等功能。
3. 数据采集领域：单片机可以通过接口与各种传感器相连，实现对各种数据的采集和处理，广泛应用于各种需要大量数据处理的场合。
4. 消费电子领域：单片机也可以用于一些简单的智能设备，如智能家居、智能门锁等。
四、参考文献[1] 王洪伟. 单片机技术的发展与应用[J]. 信息技术, 2019,43(2): 34-37.[2] 张涛. 单片机的技术特点及应用领域[J]. 电子技术与软件工程, 2020(10): 108-110.[3] 李晓明. 单片机在智能仪表中的应用[J]. 自动化仪表, 2018, 39(5): 56-59.[4] 王伟. 单片机的可靠性设计[J]. 电子技术应用, 2021,47(6): 55-58.[5] 刘洋. 单片机的二次开发与应用[J]. 自动化技术与应用, 2017, 36(3): 69-72.以上参考文献均为英文文献，其中第一篇文献提供了单片机技术的发展历程和应用领域的详细介绍；第二篇文献介绍了单片机的主要技术特点；第三篇文献介绍了单片机在智能仪表中的应用；第四篇文献从可靠性设计角度介绍了单片机的重要特点；第五篇文献则从二次开发的角度介绍了单片机的重要应用。
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外文原文 6 THE Application and Development of Microcontroller Unit Monolithic integrated circuits are a computer chip. It uses technology will have a data processing ability of the microprocessor (cpu), storage in rom （ program memory and data storage ram ）, the input, output interfaces circuit (I/O) integration interface i turned around with a chip in that small, constitutes a very good and the computer hardware system, where the application under the control of a monolithic integrated circuits can be accurate, fast and efficient procedures provided in advance to complete the task. So, a monolithic integrated circuits will have a computer chip of all the functions. Thus, the microprocessor （ monolithic integrated circuits has generally cpu ） chips are not functional, it can independently complete modern industrial control required for intelligent control functions, it is monolithic integrated circuits of the biggest characteristic. Monolithic integrated circuits, however, and different from machines （ a microprocessor chips, the memory chip and input and output interfaces chip in with a piece of printed circuit board of a microcomputer ）, Monolithic integrated circuits chip in developing ago, it is only a function vlsi will have a strong, If of application development, it is a small microcomputer control system, but it machine or a personal computer (pc is essential. the difference between). Monolithic integrated circuits of the application of chips at the level of application, the user （ monolithic integrated circuits learners with users understand the structure of the chip ） monolithic integrated circuits and instruction system, and the integrated use of technology and system design to the theory and techniques, in this particular chip design application, thereby, the chip with a particular function. 外文原文 6 Different monolithic integrated circuits have different hardware and software, or the technical features are different, Character depends on a hardware chip monolithic integrated circuits the internal structure of the user to use some monolithic integrated circuits, we must know this type of product whether to meet the needs of the facilities and application of the indicators required. The technical features include functional characteristics, control and electrical attributes, These information to manufacturers in the technical manual. Software features refers to an instruction system and development support of the environment, the quality of instruction or monolithic integrated circuits for reference, data processing and logical processing, output characteristics and to the power input requirements, etc. Development support of the environment, including the instructions of compatible and portable. support software (contains can support the development and application software and hardware resources. resources). To take advantage of the model of development of a monolithic integrated circuits application systems, learn its structural features and technological characteristic is required. Monolithic integrated circuits to control system will ever use of sophisticated electronic circuit or circuit, a control system to achieve the software controls and enable intelligent, It is monolithic integrated circuits to control areas, such as communications products and household appliances, the instruments and processes to control and control devices, the application of more monolithic integrated circuits sector. Monolithic integrated circuits, of course, the application is not limited to the application or the category of the economic performance is more important it is a fundamental change in the traditional methods designed to control and mind control techniques. it is a revolution is an important milestone. Can say now is the policy, a hundred schools of thought contend "monolithic integrated circuits, World chip all the company unveiled his monolithic integrated circuits, from 8, 16 to 32 bits, and,外文原文 6 with mainstream c51 series of, and there is not compatible with each other, but they, as complementary to monolithic integrated circuits, the application of the world provide a broad. Throughout monolithic integrated circuits of the development process, the trend of a monolithic integrated circuits, has ： 1.the low TDP COMS Mcs -51 8031 a series of TDP for 630mw, and now a monolithic integrated circuits, and generally in 100mw. As to ask for lower TDP monolithic integrated circuits, and now each monolithic integrated circuits are used in the basic cmos (complementary metal oxides semiconductor technology). Like 80c51 adopt a hmos (the high density metal oxides semiconductor technology) and chmos (complementary high density metal oxides semiconductor technology). Cmos although TDP low, but owing to their physical characteristics to their work at a speed isn't high enough, but it has a high-speed chmos TDP and low, these features are more appropriate to ask for lower TDP in a battery operated applications. so this process will be for a period of development. the main way to monolithic integrated circuits。 2.the tiny single Now the universal are monolithic integrated circuits will be the central processor (cpu) and access data storage (ram), read-only program memory (rom), parallel or serial interface and system, the timing of the integrated circuit or circuit in a single chip in a monolithic integrated circuits, integration with such as a d converters, pmw (the wide modulation scheme), wdt (watchdog). Some monolithic integrated circuits will lcd (lcd) driven circuit are integrated in a single chip in monolithic integrated circuits of the unit the circuit is more and more powerful functions. even monolithic integrated circuits can be even to the user requirements, making with their own characteristics. monolithic integrated circuits. In addition, this product is for small volume, light weight, but the functions and TDP monolithic integrated circuits are low, for its size. now many monolithic integrated circuits have a package fo