跨文化交际学概论期末中英
最新跨文化交际-期末复习资料-重点笔记
Culture: Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Objective Culture: history, religion, literature, language, food, etiquette, law, and customs.Subjective Culture: feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be –the concept of time, spaces, friendship, love, family, communication pattern, etc.Characteristics：Learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, dynamic, ethnocentric.Doing Culture: It is meant to be a contrast to learning “about” culture underscores the idea that communicating across cultures is a process of making meaning, of people understanding one another so they can get to know one another, build relationships, and solve problems together. It should not be words on paper, but ideas in practice.Communication: Human communication is the process through which individuals –in relationships, groups, organizations and societies –respond to and create messages to adapt to the environment and one another.Characteristics: Dynamic and interactiveIntercultural Communication: Generally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese AmericansThe form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication –people from different racesb. Interethnic communications –the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intercultural communication –communication between members of the sameculture, in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships.（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female）Communication Competence (ICC competence)The cognitive component –how much one know about communication.The affective component –one’s motivation to approach or avoid communication The behavior component –the skills one has to interact competently. Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.Pattern of Thought: The way people in a culture think influences the way they interpret strangers’ messages.World views: The grid (decentralized. This pattern does not have a fixed center) The radiating star (highly centralized. In this pattern important things are at the center and everything else radiates out from the center)The inside/ outside pattern (圈子)female maleprivate publichome market, mosque, coffee housethe outside is plain, not welcoming, even forbidding. The walls are thick to protect what is inside.highly centralized pattern: important people sit in the front middle;decentralized pattern: people sit equally.Stereotyping: People generalize to make sense of his experience. The result of the process of over generalizing based on limited or inaccurate information.The classification of stereotypes1. Negative stereotype of other cultures: Prejudice (severe prejudice)2. Positive stereotype of one’s own culture: Cultural superiority Characteristics: universal, unavoidable, stable, variable, ethnocentrismHigh context communication & Low context communicationHC culture (察言观色): Relies mainly on the physical context or the relationship for information, with little explicitly encoded.LC culture: provide most of the information in the explicit code itself.Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.High contact and low contact culture:In high contact cultures people want to get close enough to one another and to objects to sense them in these ways.People in these countries stand closer, touch more, engage in more eye contact and speak more loudly than people do in lower-contact cultures.In a low contact cultures, people rely more on sight, and especially sight at a far distance. People are most likely to stand a certain distance away to get the whole picture, without actually feeling or sensing the other person’s body heat or subtle smell. So in low contact culture as America, one is taught not to breathe on people.However, this visual space seems unfriendly and indifferent to those from high contact cultures, which favor tactile space.When a person from a high contact culture goes to a low contact culture, he or she is likely to feel that people are cold, lack human warmth, and are indifferent and pay no attention to them.low-contact: Asia ; moderate-contact: Australia, Northern Europe, United States high-contact: South America, Mediterranean, the Arab worldLarge and smell Power Distancespower distance is an attempt to measure cultural attitudes about inequality insocial relationships.In high power distance cultures, position in a hierarchy is considered to benatural and important. People are expected to show only positive emotions toothers with high status and to display negative emotions to those with low status;tend to decrease gaze in the presence of powerful people.Low Power Distance Culture: Minimize and eliminate the differences in power and status; more emotional display, increase the amount of gaze. People believe that the differences in power between boss and workers should be reduced and not mphasized.Individualism VS CollectivismThe individualism index measures the extent to which the interests of the individual are considered to be more important than the interests of the group. People from individualist cultures are more likely to act on principles that apply to everyone, principles that are universal and apply to associates and strangers alike. Collectivists are not unprincipled, but when making decisions they tend to give a higher priority to relationships than individualists do. They expect people who are involved in a group relationship to have duties and obligations to one another. Masculinity (Toughness) VS Femininity (Tenderness)Masculinity means everyone in society embraces values that have traditionally been associated with men, that is assertiveness, competitiveness and toughness. On the feminine side of the scale we find societies in which people generally embrace values that have traditionally been labeled as feminine, that is modesty, cooperation and tenderness.Strong and weak Uncertainty AvoidanceThe Uncertainty Avoidance Index seeks to measure the extent to which people in a particular society are able to tolerate the unknowns of life. In high uncertainty avoidance countries people experience more stress and a sense of urgency as they go through their daily routines. Relationships are guided by strict rules. People from low uncertainly avoidance countries do not have a strong need to control things, people, and events by clearly defining and categorizing them. Relationships are guided by strict rules.Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural CommunicationGenerally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese Americans The form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication –people from different racesb. Interethnic communications –the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intracultural communication –communication between members of the sameculture, in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships.（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female）Language&CulturePeople pay attention to basic language in cross-culture communication because of the essential role these codes play in communication and they are part of object culture. The same word may stir up different associations in people under different cultural background, e.g. the word “dog”. In eastern culture, dogs are dirty, brutal and stupid. But in western culture, dogs are lovely, loyal and obedient. They are faithful friends and compassionate animals.Language reflects culture. Language expresses cultural reality, reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, etc. For example, American businessmen often encode their meanings in metaphors and images from these sports.Chinese traditional sport culture emphasizes the harmony between human beings and oneness between man and nature. It is morality, benevolence, entertainment and longevity. But western sports culture is competition and sportsmanship.Culture shock: Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture.U-Curuemodel:Excitement→Confusion→Frustration→Effectiveness→Appreciation。
(完整版)跨文化交际英文版
munication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.2.Culture: The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings,hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.3.Acculturations: occurs when a society undergoes drastic culture change under the influence of a moredominant culture and society with which it has come in contact.4.Intercultural communication:It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions andsymbols are distinct enough to alter the communication event.5.co-culture: when talking about groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics,perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.nguage is an organized, generally agreed on, learned symbol system used to represent theexperiences within a cultural community.7.Perception: the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and information to create ameaningful picture of the world.8.Value: is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally orsocially preferable to another.9.Culture patterns: refers to both the conditions that contribute to the way in which a people perceiveand think about the world, and the manner in which they live that world.10.Collectivism:is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups andout-groups.11.Masculinity: is the extent to which the dominant values in a society are male oriented and associatedwith ambitions, differentiated sex roles, achievements, acquisition of money and signs of manliness. 12.A high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either inthe physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the massage. A low-context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of information is vested in the explicit code.13.Context: the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of thatevent.14.World view is a culture’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, theuniverse and cosmos, life, moral and ethical reasoning, suffering, death, and other philosophical issues that influence how its members perceive their world.15.Argot is a more or less private vocabulary peculiar to a co-cultural group, and a group must have anargot if it is to be considered a co-culture.16.Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that aregenerated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.17.A learning style is a particular way that an individual receives and processes information.18.Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences and guidesour behavior toward a group of people.19.Culture shock: when we are thrust into another culture and experience psychological and physicaldiscomfort from this contact we have become victims of culture shock.20.Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s culture is primary to all explanations of reality.21.Seven characteristics of culture affect communication: learned, transmitted from generation togeneration, based on symbols, dynamic, integrated, ethnocentric, adaptive.22.Belief: our conviction in the truth of something. Learned and subject to cultural interpretation andcultural diversity.23.Individualism:refers to the doctrine, spelled out in detail by the seventeenth. The single mostimportant pattern in the US.24.Hofstede’s Value Dimensions:four parts: individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, powerdistance, and masculinity and femininity.25.Culture differs in their attitudes toward: individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance,power distance, masculinity and femininity, human nature, the perception of nature, time, activity, relationships, context, formality and informality, assertiveness and interpersonal harmony.26.Religious Similarities: sacred writings, authority, traditional rituals, speculation, ethics.27.Five religious orientations: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism.28.the family we are born into the family of orientation and take a spouse the family of procreation.29.problems of translation and equivalence：vocabulary or lexical equivalence, idiomatic and slangequivalence, grammatical-syntactical equivalence, experiential-cultural equivalence, conceptual equivalence.30.The use of argot reflects a co-culture’s need to have a language that permits them to 1.sharemembership,2. participate in their social and cultural communities,3. identify themselves and their place in the universe, 4. communicate with one another about their own social realities.31.Functions of communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, contradicting.32.The study of how movement communicates is called kinesics. Kinesic cues are those visible bodyshifts and movements that can send messages about 1.our attitude toward the other person 2. our emotional state 3. our desire to control our environment.33.Eyes serve six communication functions: 1. indicates degree of attentiveness, interest, and arousal 2.help intiate and sustain intimate relationships 3. influence attitude change and persuasion 4. regulate interaction 5. communicate emotions 6. define power and status relationships 7. assume a central role in impression management.34.kinds of vocalizations: vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers, vocal segregates.。
期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案
中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨文化交际试题注意事项一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。
考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。
试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。
二、仔细阅读题目的说明，并按题目要求答题。
答案一定要写在答题纸指定的位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。
三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。
Information for the Examinees：This examination consists of FOUR sections．These are：Section I：Listening(20 points，30 minutes)Section II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy(30 points，20minutes)SectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension(20 points，30 minutes)Section lV：Communication Analysis(30 points，40 minutes)The total marks for this examination are 100 points．Timeallowed for competing this examination is 2 hours(1 20 minutes)allowed for completing this examination is hours (120 minutes)．Section I：Listening [20 points]You are going to listen to an interview．Then choose the best answer from A，B，C and D toanswer each question．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．1．Concerning the issue of maternity，what ideas prevail among Chinese women?A．The modern concept．B．The traditional concept．C．The responsibility to the society．’D．The responsibility to the family．2．According to the passage，raising children——．A．is an unbearable burden to womenB．is a significant part of a woman’s lifeC．is the permanent task of womenD is the task 0f both a man and a woman3．Giving birth ．A．brings great pleasure to womenB．differs men from women physically and spirituallyC．makes the women’s life completeD．all the above4．Those oppose giving birth think that ．A．giving birth is something rather primitiveB．women do not need to follow their mothers’ideasC．they are not educated and influenced to live with maternityD．giving birth is necessary for women5．According to the passage，which statement is true9．A．City dwellers have children to take care of them when they get old．B．Rural dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort．C．City dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort．D．Rural dwellers have children only to ensure the bloodline．Part 2：Questions 6—15 are based on this part．(10 points)You are going to listen to a lecture on celebrating diversity．As you listen，fill in the blanks tocomplete Sentences 6—1 5．Note：Only one word is necessary for each blank．6．Diversity——our lives．7．Cultural diversity brings together the resources and talents of many people for thebenefit of all．8．Yet consider how——life would be if we all looked alike，thought alike，and acted alike!9．Together we can overcome and intolerance and work towards a more peaceful andproductive world．10．People may fear diversity simply because they are to the way things used to beand change makes t hem uncomfortable．11．Others may somehow feel ．because they perceive increased participation bytraditionally underrepresented groups in the workplace．12．Education universalizes the human ．13．The word university is to this idea．14．I believe that the is also true：if you lose a language，you lose a world．15．We can cross and feel comfortable in other worlds．This is the end of the Listening TestSectionⅡ：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 points]Instructions：There are altogether 1 5 statements below．You are offered four choices markedwith A，B，C，and D for each statement．Choose the most appropriate one and write it on theAnswer Sheet．．16. Maybe it's asking too much 0f you to follow the idea of‘love me love my dog’，but atleast you should tolerate my love for jazz．A．10ve my dog as much as loving meB．10ve everything about me because you love meC．tolerate my love for jazz music like your tolerating my dogD．10ve jazz music the same as you love my dog17．What a fabulous car—I’m very jealous．A．red with envyB．blue with envyC．green with envyD．white with envy18．As a man with plenty of guts , he is the person who is expected to bring success to this company which is on the verge of bankruptcy．A．the great white hopeB．the great red hopeC．the great green hopeD．the great black hope1 9．He is always shooting his mouth off about how many VIPs he knows．A．boastingB．imagingC．telling 1ies aboutD．denying20．I’m not surprised at the downfall of the President because of the promises he made beforehe came into office turned out to be plans that are unlikely to be fulfilled．A．Dutch courageB．fl piece of cakeC．the salt of the earthD．castles in the air21．These days Mr.．Smith looks anxious and restless．What happened?I heard his wife was in the family way this month．A．badly sickB．deadC．dyingD．pregnant22．“Well，”said the Master，“if you won’t listen to what I say，I refuse to be responsible for you and your examination chances．A．zip my lips ofB．wash hands ofC．1ick my boots ofD．sit at my feet of23．She is always hiding her light under a bushel when it comes to giving US her ideas．A．keeping ideas to herselfB．1eaving the office with her ideasC．telling everyone her bright ideasD．agreeing with others ’ideas24．It’s not easy to organize such a party，as everyone has his own likes and dislikes．A．every dog has his dayB．every tide has its ebbC．a clear conscience is a sure cardD．one man’s meat is another’s poison．25．When Greeks meet，then comes the tug of war．A．If too many people try to do, the same thing at the same time，chaos will reign．B．Empty—headed persons are always the most talkative and noisy．C．There must be something better after every piece of unpleasantness．D．When two adversaries are of equal strength of character，the contest of wills is certain to be long and hard—fought．26．Which of the following statements are true of collectivist culture?A．Disclosure of private feeling is distasteful．B．People are suspicious of outsiders．C．Uniformity is not highly thought of．D．There is a positive attitude about words of disagreement．27．I can’t stand listening to jazz．It’s just ．A．a storm in a tea cupB．not my cup of teaC．not for all the tea in ChinaD．a cuppa28．Which one in the following expressions is Not True?A．as wise as a fox．‘B．as happy as a lark．C．as strong as a horse．D．as stupid as a goose．29．Xiao wang was trying his best to explain the Chinese proverb “驴唇不对马嘴” to hisAmerican friend Bob．What he means is ．A．the donkey’s lip is not suitable to the horse’s mouthB．1eft right outC．out of left fieldD．1eft way out30．The‘ring’gesture is an insult in ．A．FranceB．the U．S．A．C．South AmericaD．TunisiaSectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension [20 points]Part 1：Questions 3 1—35 are based on this part．(10 points)Read Passage 1 and then answer Questions 3 1——35 briefly．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．Passage 1Proxemics is the Study of what governs how closely one person stands to another．People who feel close will be close，though the actual distances will vary between cultures．For Americans we can discern four main categories of distance：intimate，personal，socialand public．Intimate distance ranges from direct Contact to about 45 centimeters．Beyond this comes personal stance．．This stands at between 45 and 80 Centimeters·It is the most usual distance maintained for conversations between friends and relatives。
英语跨文化期末考试题
一、定义题：1Intercultural communication is a form of communication that aims to share information across different cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them.2Globalization : is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture. Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure基础设施, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity 后世;子孙the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities.3Culture shock: Culture shock is a common experience of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Culture shock also can be described as the feeling of confusion and disorientation that one experiences when faced with a large number of new and unfamiliar people and situations.4High context implies that a lot of unspoken information is implicitly transferred during communication.Low context implies that a lot of information is exchanged explicitly through the message itself and rarely is anything implicit or hidden.In a higher-context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher-context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a low-context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.5Definition of nonverbal communication:nonverbalsystem of symbols, signs and gestures developed and used by members of a culture to bring specific messages to expression.二、图表说明：1.需求曲线三角p412.海伦教授文化层次大纸三、翻译：红楼梦p144文化语言p121第4段管理者一词在世界范围内广泛运用，但是在不同的文化中它有着不同的重要程度和含义。
跨文化交际期末作业
Assignments:There are some case analysis for you to finish after class (You are required to state cultural phenomenon in each case)1.An American went to Chinese home. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. The visitor drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then… until the visitor was quite full.Question: Why did the American get quite full?2. An English guest: Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to eat that too.A Chinese guest: Can you imagine how many dishes I had? Only one -- a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved.Question: Are there any differences in hospitality between a Chinese and English? What are the reasons?Inthe movie The Joy Luck Club,3.Ted brought his girlfriend Rose to his family for the first time, while his mother objected to their relationship because of Rose’s Chinese immigrant identity. Then she arrogantly tried to command Rose to give up her love and marriage without Ted’s presence. On knowing this, Ted was quite angry with his mother and scolded her immediately. Try to analyze this case with the principles for establishing good interpersonal relationships or power distance in your own words. (20’)4. According to films we have watched in this semester, which one impressed you most and why? You are required to analyze the reasons with what you have learnt in our text book.(20’)5. Inthe movie Guasha Treatment, you are required to analyze the misunderstanding between Datong and John with Kluckholn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientations or any other clashes in it with Hofstede-Bond Value Dimentions.(20’)。
跨文化交际 期末复习资料 重点笔记
Culture: Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Objective Culture: history, religion, literature, language, food, etiquette, law, and customs.Subjective Culture: feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be –the concept of time, spaces, friendship, love, family, communication pattern, etc.Characteristics：Learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, dynamic, ethnocentric.Doing Culture: It is meant to be a contrast to learning “about” culture underscores the idea that communicating across cultures is a process of making meaning, of people understanding one another so they can get to know one another, build relationships, and solve problems together. It should not be words on paper, but ideas in practice. Communication: Human communication is the process through which individuals –in relationships, groups, organizations and societies –respond to and create messages to adapt to the environment and one another.Characteristics: Dynamic and interactiveIntercultural Communication: Generally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese AmericansThe form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication –people from different racesb. Interethnic communications –the parties are of the same race but of differentethnic origins.c. Intercultural communication –communication between members of the sameculture, in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships.（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female）Communication Competence (ICC competence)The cognitive component –how much one know about communication.The affective component –one’s motivation to approach or avoid communicationThe behavior component –the skills one has to interact competently. Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.Pattern of Thought: The way people in a culture think influences the way they interpret strangers’ messages.World views: The grid (decentralized. This pattern does not have a fixed center)The radiating star (highly centralized. In this pattern important things are at the center and everything else radiates out from the center)The inside/ outside pattern (圈子)female maleprivate publichome market, mosque, coffee housethe outside is plain, not welcoming, even forbidding. The walls are thick to protect what is inside.highly centralized pattern: important people sit in the front middle;decentralized pattern: people sit equally.Stereotyping: People generalize to make sense of his experience. The result of the process of over generalizing based on limited or inaccurate information.The classification of stereotypes1. Negative stereotype of other cultures: Prejudice (severe prejudice)2. Positive stereotype of one’s own culture: Cultural superiority Characteristics: universal, unavoidable, stable, variable, ethnocentrismHigh context communication & Low context communicationHC culture (察言观色): Relies mainly on the physical context or the relationship for information, with little explicitly encoded.LC culture: provide most of the information in the explicit code itself.Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.High contact and low contact culture:In high contact cultures people want to get close enough to one another and to objects to sense them in these ways.People in these countries stand closer, touch more, engage in more eye contact and speak more loudly than people do in lower-contact cultures.In a low contact cultures, people rely more on sight, and especially sight at a far distance. People are most likely to stand a certain distance away to get the wholepicture, without actually feeling or sensing the other person’s body heat or subtle smell.So in low contact culture as America, one is taught not to breathe on people.However, this visual space seems unfriendly and indifferent to those from high contact cultures, which favor tactile space.When a person from a high contact culture goes to a low contact culture, he or she is likely to feel that people are cold, lack human warmth, and are indifferent and pay no attention to them.low-contact: Asia ; moderate-contact: Australia, Northern Europe, United States high-contact: South America, Mediterranean, the Arab worldLarge and smell Power Distancespower distance is an attempt to measure cultural attitudes about inequality in social relationships.In high power distance cultures, position in a hierarchy is considered to be natural and important. People are expected to show only positive emotions to others with high status and to display negative emotions to those with low status; tend todecrease gaze in the presence of powerful people.Low Power Distance Culture: Minimize and eliminate the differences in power and status; more emotional display, increase the amount of gaze. People believe that the differences in power between boss and workers should be reduced and not mphasized.Individualism VS CollectivismThe individualism index measures the extent to which the interests of the individual are considered to be more important than the interests of the group. People from individualist cultures are more likely to act on principles that apply to everyone, principles that are universal and apply to associates and strangers alike.Collectivists are not unprincipled, but when making decisions they tend to give a higher priority to relationships than individualists do. They expect people who are involved in a group relationship to have duties and obligations to one another.Masculinity (Toughness) VS Femininity (Tenderness)Masculinity means everyone in society embraces values that have traditionally been associated with men, that is assertiveness, competitiveness and toughness. On the feminine side of the scale we find societies in which people generally embrace values that have traditionally been labeled as feminine, that is modesty, cooperation and tenderness. Strong and weak Uncertainty AvoidanceThe Uncertainty Avoidance Index seeks to measure the extent to which people in a particular society are able to tolerate the unknowns of life. In high uncertainty avoidance countries people experience more stress and a sense of urgency as they go through their daily routines. Relationships are guided by strict rules. People from low uncertainly avoidance countries do not have a strong need to control things, people, and events by clearly defining and categorizing them. Relationships are guided by strict rules.Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural CommunicationGenerally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese Americans The form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication –people from different racesb. Interethnic communications –the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intracultural communication –communication between members of the sameculture, in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships.（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female）Language&CulturePeople pay attention to basic language in cross-culture communication because of the essential role these codes play in communication and they are part of object culture.The same word may stir up different associations in people under different cultural background, e.g. the word “dog”. In eastern culture, dogs are dirty, brutal and stupid. But in western culture, dogs are lovely, loyal and obedient. They are faithful friends andcompassionate animals.Language reflects culture. Language expresses cultural reality, reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, etc. For example, American businessmen often encode their meanings in metaphors and images from these sports.Chinese traditional sport culture emphasizes the harmony between human beings and oneness between man and nature. It is morality, benevolence, entertainment and longevity. But western sports culture is competition and sportsmanship.Culture shock: Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture.U-Curuemodel: Excitement→Confusion→Frustration→Effectiveness→Appreciation如有侵权请联系告知删除，感谢你们的配合！。
跨文化交际考试英语
I.定义Chapter 1 CultureCulture(from intellectual perspective)从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
Culture(from psychological perspective)从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。
Culture(from sociological perspective)从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。
Culture(from intercultural communication perspective)从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
Culture Identity文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
Co-culture共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。
Subgroup亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1.Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2.Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末考试
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末考试————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Test PaperⅠ. Filling the blanks:1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, thecommunication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East ishigh-contextual2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view,while the East adopt s holistic view3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic andabstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductivepattern, while the East uses inductive pattern5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and ArchimedesⅡ. Choose the best answer:1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those thatare primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.DA.physical contact, eye contact, paralangua ge; space, time, manB.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silenceC.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, manD.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and all usions thanin English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective information. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.CA. adjective, objectiveB. Chinese, WesternC. impression, information C. indirect, direct3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that_______, while the Asian people believe that_______.BA. basically good; basicall y badB. evil but perfectible, basically goodC. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil;D. unknown4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______,while the Asian people believe that_______.DA. subjugation to nature; harmony with natureB. harmony with nature; mastery over natureC. harmony with nature; subjugation to natureD. mastery over nature; harmony with nature5. As to time orientation, generally s peaking, the USA is______, the Philippines,Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia, Britain, Greece, France are ______.CA. on-time oriented; in-time oriented; late-time orientedB. youth-oriented; adult-oriented; elderly-orientedC. future-oriented; present-oriented; past-orientedD. present-oriented; future-oriented; past-oriented6. In terms of activity orientation, the USA is______, the Philippines, Mexico, andLatin America are _____, and Asia is ______.DA. doing-oriented; playing-oriented, being-orientedB. playing-oriented; being-oriented; doing-orientedC. being-oriented; doing-oriented; being-in-becoming orientedD. doing-oriented; being-oriented; being-in-becoming oriented7. The dividing worldview is also referred to as mechanistic view. It goes by thefollowing different names: DA. reason versus result; religion versus art; objectivity versus imaginationB. instinct versus intuition; science versus technology; imagination versussubjectivityC. tuition versus intuition; region versus religion; subjugation versus subjectivityD. reason versus intuition; science versus religion; objectivity versus subjectivity8. The Greek thinks in order to _______. It is speculation. The Hindu thinks in order to_______. It is meditation. The Chinese thinks in order to _______. It is contemplation. CA. do; die; liveB. spectacle; meddle; contemptC. understand; think; self-cultivateD. think; self-cultivate; understand9. “Your body doesn’t know how to lie” indicates_____BA. something is wrong with your body and you can only stand.B. body language is important.C. body contact is dangerous.D. we can’t separate mind from body.10. Generally speaking, in the US, people make friends by sharing ______, while inChina, people make friends by sharing _______.BA. personal relationship; activitiesB. activities; personal relationshipC. love; bloodD. blood; love11. In terms of physical contact, the high contact countries are__________________________________, while the low contact countries are ________________________________.CA. the US, Britain, most Northern European countries; Arab world, Mediterraneancountries, IndonesiaB. the US, Britain, Japan; East European countries, Russia, Middle EastC. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, Indonesia; the US, Britain, most NorthernEuropean countriesD. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, China; the US, Britain, most NorthernEuropean countries12. Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality of communication, thehigh-contextual people are __________________________________, while the low-contextual countries are ________________________________AA. Latin Americans, Chinese, Japanese; the Americans, German, SwissB. the Americans, German, Swiss; Latin Americans, Chinese, JapaneseC. Native Americans, Chinese, Koreans; the Americans, Japanese, BritishD. the Americans, Japanese, British; Native Americans, Chinese, Koreans13. Each person has a “bubble”of space (territory). Studies show that people from________, ________, ________have a smaller personal territory than do people from ________, ________, _________.AA. South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries; North America,Britain, GermanyB. North America, Britain, Germany; South America, Arab countries, and manyAsian countriesC. South America, Britain, Germany; North America, Arab countries, and manyAsian countries.D. North America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries; South America,Britain, Germany14. In ___________ culture, the nuclear family is much more important to theindividual than the extended family, while in ____________, ________, _______, ________ culture, the extended family is very important. CA. Hispanic; American, Asian, Arabian, AfricanB. Arabian; American, Asian, African, HispanicC. American; Asian, African, Arabian, Hispan icD. African; American, Asian, Arabian, Hispanic15. In nuclear-family culture, people rely mainly on ______, ______, ________forhelp, while in extended-family culture, people rely mainly on ________for help.CA. families, friends, professionals; familiesB. families, friends, professionals; institutionsC. friends, professionals, institutions; familiesD. friends, families, institutions; professionals16. In nuclear-family culture, ______ usually comes first, while in extended-familyculture, _______ usually comes first. BA. family; individualB. individual; familyC. husband; wifeD. wife; husband17.When it comes to friendship, an American friend would feel that they had_______ if the friend gave up a real need to study to go shopping. One’s duties and obligations toward friends, even best friends are understood to ______; one does not expect friends to assume burdensome, ______ responsibilities toward oneself. A close friend in the US is a person that one feels free to ask for help, recognizing, however, that the friend may _____, if they give you a reason. This is maybe that in the West, people prefer to be ______, so they do not feelcomfortable in a relationship in which one person is ______ more and the other is dependent on what is being given. For Westerners friendship is mostly a matter of providing ______ support and ______. BA. depended too much; limitless; small; say “OK”; dependent; receiving;material; get separateB. imposed too much; have limits; long-term; say “No”; independent; giving;emotional; spend time together.C. imposed too little; have limits; short-term; say “Yes”; free; earning; financial;get involvedD. depended a little; limitless; big; say “Sorry”; independent; giving; spiritual;get together.18. In China, the duties and obligations of friendships seem virtually ________ forall practical purposes. Chinese friends give each other much ________ ________help and assistance than Western friends do. For example, they give each other _______ and might help each other _______for a _______period of time. A friend in China is someone who, sensing that you are in need in some way, offers to assist you _________.CA. impossible; more spiritual; things; practically; short; when being askedB. enormous; less spiritual; money; financially; long; unwillinglyC. unlimited; more concrete; money; financially; long; without waiting to beaskedD. limited; more concrete; things; materially; certain; if required19. In times of trouble, both American an d Chinese friends give each otheremotional support, but they do it differently. A Chinese friend is more likely to be ________ to give _______ advice to a friend, while an American friend will be ________ to give ________ advice, instead she may raise que stions to encourage her friend to consider carefully what may happen if she does one thing instead of another. CA. cautious; detailed; ready; specificB. ready; ambiguous; cautious; guidelineC. ready; specific; cautious; directD. unwilling; direct; ready; specific20. When it comes to the relationship between parents and married sons, in China, aman’s relationship with his parents is _______ than that with his wife. Thus in the event of any quarrel between his wife and his mother, a man should ____________. At most he might hope to __________, and this was regarded as ________. In America, a man’s relationship with his parents is _______ than that with his wife. He would be expected to ______________. He might even be counseled to _______________ the vicinity of his parents’home to ease the conflict. DA. more important; side with his mother; side with his father; honorable; moreimportant; side with no one; move intoB. less important; side with no one; say something; honorable; less impor tant; sidewith his father; get away fromC. less important; side with his wife; remain silent; dishonorable; more important;side with his wife; move intoD. more important; side with his mother; remain neutral; dishonorable; lessimportant; side with his wife; move awayⅢ. True or false:1.Generally speaking, China is an equal society, America is a hierarchy society. ( F )2.Generally speaking, in Chinese society, the power distance is small, while inAmerica, the power distance is large. ( F )3.Both the Asian and Western countries have the concept of “face”, and “face” has thesame social significance for these countries in that one’s face is also the face of one’s group.( F )4.The dividing worldview relies strongly on “facts” as opposed to “opinions”. ( T )5. A very rough generalization is that thinking for the Greek is to look upward, for theHindu is to look inward, for the Confucians is to look outward. (F )6.Values are explicitly stored in our mind. We are always aware of them, and we makejudgments according to them. (F )7.Values are separate from each other. Each one work alone. ( F )8.Values can be compared on a continuum rather than one of only two possiblechoices. People everywhere possess the same values to different degrees, and the importance of that common value, how it gets acted out, is a matter of degree.( T)9.“Lover” and “爱人”have the same meaning. ( F )10.I n both China and Western countries, it is very common and usual for adults tofondle other people’s babies and very small children to show their affection and friendliness. ( F )Ⅳ.Translation:1.Translate the following English into Chinese:1)Nature and Man are blended into one harmonious identity.天人合一2)Nature affects human affairs and human behavior finds response in Nature.天人感应3)Nature accords with human wishes. 天从人愿4)Your character will be tinted “red”(good) if you are in the company of “redness”,but “black”(bad) if you are in close contact with ink.近朱者赤，近墨者黑5)God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者6)Look before you leap. 三思而后行7) A single arrow is easily broken, but not a bunch.轻霜冻死单根草，狂风难毁万木林He who stirs another’s porridge often burns his own. 狗拿耗子，多管闲事8)2.Translate the following Chinese into English:1)容忍tolerance of others2)中庸之道moderation, following the middle way3)修养self-cultivation4)不重竞争non-competitiveness5)信用trust-worthiness6)贞节chastity in women7)寡欲having few desires8)服从、孝敬、尊崇、赡养父母filial piety。
跨文化交际期末考试题
跨文化交际期末考试题Ⅰ. Define the following items.1.c ontext ：P492.n oise: P543.i ntercultural communication ：communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.4.i ndividualism: P995.c ollectivism: P996.h igh-context culture ：P110 a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use ofspace, and even silence.7.l ow-context culture ：P110 a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.8.v erbal communication ：communication done both orally and in written language9.n onverbal communication ：involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.II. Answer the following questions(简答题)1. What is the culture, and what are the characteristics of the culture? P45what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them.2. What’s the relationship between culture and language?Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols).Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.3. How do Japanese people refuse? P1354. How do Chinese and western people respond to others’ compliment? P1625. What kinds of nonverbal communication are often used in our daily communication? P1916. What are the functions of the nonverbal communication? P2187.What are the differences on receiving gifts bet ween Chinese and westerner?In the West, it is regarded as polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express appreciation. In Chi na, the situation is quite the reverse. Normally we Chi nese feel that if you open the gift as soon as it is give n, you might embarrass the person who gives the gift and you might be thought greedy. Therefore, Chinese people tend to open the gifts after the visitors have l eft.In China, many people send gifts without wrapping them, and if they wrap them, they usually tell the rec eiver what is inside, and the receiver will thank the se nder and put the gift aside without unwrapping themsince they already know what is inside. English receiv ers open the gifts in front of the senders of the gifts.8.Describe the different ways in showing hospit ality between Chinese culture and western culture.Chinese guests always refuse offer of drinks or foo d to demonstrate politeness in seeming not to wish t o put their host to any trouble.Sometimes an offer is not a real offer but a polite remark. After we say 'no', we usually wait for the second and third offer. If the h ost just brings the food or drink and ignores 'no', we ill accept it. Chinese like to press their guests to drink or eat to show their hospitality. While westerners alw ays accept or refuse offer of drinks or food very genui nely.Their refusal is accepted as genuine.Westerners d on’t to press. To press people to have food or drink after they have refused is frowned upon and can caus e embarrassments.III. Case Analysis (You are required to stat e cultural phenomenon in each case)Case 1Li Lan had an American friend Susan. They us ually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she faced adjusti ng to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to improve her English . Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of mo ney to pay her tuition fee. Since she has no oth er friends in the States, she turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the m oney soon.To Li Lan’s great disappointment, this time Susan didn’t seem happy to lend the money t o her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promised, they didn’t get along well from the n on.Question: Why did Li Lan feel unpleasant?Li Lan asked to borrow money from her Am erican friend Susan, which is rarely part of Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have different e xpectations of friendship.In the West, people prefer to be independent and equal rather than dependent, so they don't feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person gives more and the other person is depe ndent on what is given. Among friends they mo stly provide emotional support to each other an d spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rather than from their frie nds.While in China, people expect their friends to be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give not only e motional support to each other but also concret e help to each other, such as helping to find a j ob, solving a problem, or even giving money to help one out over a long period of time. So when a friend is in need, the first person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friend.。
期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案
中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨文化交际试题注意事项一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。
考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。
试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。
二、仔细阅读题目的说明，并按题目要求答题。
答案一定要写在答题纸指定的位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。
三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。
Information for the Examinees：This examination consists of FOUR sections. These are：Section I：Listening(20 points, 30 minutes)Section II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy(30 points, 20minutes)Sectionlll：Reading Comprehension(20 points, 30 minutes)Section lV：Communication Analysis(30 points, 40 minutes)The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Timeallowed for competing this examination is 2 hours(1 20 minutes)allowed for completing this examination is hours (120 minutes).Section I：Listening [20 points]Instructions：Part 1：Questions 1-5 are based on this part . (10 points)You are going to listen to an interview. Then choose the best answer from A, B, C and D to answer each question . Write your answers on the Answer Sheet1. Concerning the issue of maternity, what ideas prevail among Chinese women?A . The modern concept .B . The traditional concept .C . The responsibility to the society. ’D The responsibility to the family2. According to the passage, raising children ----- .A is an unbearable burden to womenB . is a significant part of a woman' s lifeC . is the permanent task of womenD is the task 0f both a man and a woman3. Giving birth.A . brings great pleasure to womenB . differs men from women physically and spirituallyC . makes the women' s life completeD all the above4. Those oppose giving birth think that _______ .A giving birth is something rather primitiveB.women do not need to follow their mothers' ideasC.they are not educated and influenced to live with maternityD.giving birth is necessary for women5. According to the passage, which statement is true9.A.City dwellers have children to take care of them when they get 01c LB.Rural dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort.C.City dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort.D.Rural dwellers have children only to ensure the bloodline.Part 2：Questions 6-15 are based on this part. (10 points)You are going to listen to a lecture on celebrating diversity As you listen, fill in the blanks to complete Sentences 6—1 5 .Note：Only one word is necessary for each blank.6. Diversity ---- o ur lives .7. Cultural diversity brings together the resources and talents of many people for the benefit of all .8. Yet consider how ---- life would be if we all looked alike, thought alike, and acted alike!9. Together we can overcome ______ and intolerance and work towards a more peaceful andproductive world10. People may fear diversity simply because they are ________ to the way things used to beand change makes t hem uncomfortable11. Others may somehow feel ______ . because they perceive increased participation bytraditionally underrepresented groups in the workplace12. Education universalizes the human.13. The word university is to this idea .14. I believe that the ______ i s also true：if you lose a language, you lose a world .15. We can cross ______ a nd feel comfortable in other worlds .This is the end of the Listening TestSection II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 points]Instructions：There are altogether 1 5 statements below You are offered four choices marked withA,B,C,and D for each statement Choose the most appropriate one and write it on the Answer Sheet 16. Maybe it's asking too much Of you to follow the idea of 'love me love my dog’, but at least you should tolerate my love for jazz .A 10ve my dog as much as loving meB 10ve everything about me because you love meC . tolerate my love for jazz music like your tolerating my dogD . 10ve jazz music the same as you love my dog17. What a fabulous car- I'l very jealous.A . red with envyB blue with envyC green with envyD white with envy18. As a man with plenty of guts , he is the person who is expected to bring success to this company which is on the verge of bankruptcyA the great white hopeB the great red hopeC the great green hopeD the great black hope1 9 . He is always shooting his mouth off about how many VIPs he knows.A boastingB imagingC.telling lies aboutD.denying20.I’ m not surprised at the downfall of the President because of the promises he made before hecame into office turned out to be plans that are unlikely to be fulfilledA.Dutch courageB.fl piece of cakeC.the salt of the earthD.castles in the air21.These days Mr.. Smith looks anxious and restless. What happened?I heard his wife was in the family way this month.A. badly sickB．deadC．dyingD．pregnant22.“Well, “ said the Master, “if you won ' t listen to what I say , I refuse to be responsible for you and your examination chances.A. zip my lips ofB.wash hands ofC.1ick my boots ofD.sit at my feet of23.She is always hiding her light under a bushel when it comes to giving US her ideas. A．keeping ideas to herselfB．1eaving the office with her ideasC．telling everyone her bright ideasD. agreeing with others 'ideas24.It' s not easy to organize such a party, as everyone has his own likes and dislikes.A．every dog has his dayB．every tide has its ebbC．a clear conscience is a sure cardD. one man' s meat is another' s poison.25.When Greeks meet, then comes the tug of war.A.If too many people try to do, the same thing at the same time chaos will reign.B.Empty—headed persons are always the most talkative and noisy.C.There must be something better after every piece of unpleasantness.D.When two adversaries are of equal strength of character, the contest of wills is certain to be long and hard—fought.26.Which of the following statements are true of collectivist culture?A.Disclosure of private feeling is distasteful.B.People are suspicious of outsiders.C.Uniformity is not highly thought of.D.There is a positive attitude about words of disagreement27.. I can' t stand listening to jazz . It' s just ___ .A a storm in a tea cupB not my cup of teaC not for all the tea in ChinaD a cuppa28.. Which one in the following expressions is Not True?A . as wise as a fox . ’B as happy as a larkC as strong as a horseD as stupid as a goose29.Xiao wang was trying his best to explain the Chinese proverb "驴唇不对马嘴”to hisAmerican friend Bob. What he means is _________ .A.the donkey' s lip is not suitable to the horse' s mouthB.1eft right outC．out of left fieldD.1eft way out30.The 'ring' gesture is an insult in ________ .A.FranceB.the U. S. A.C.South AmericaD．TunisiaSectionlll：Reading Comprehension [20 points]Part 1：Questions 3 1-35 are based on this part. (10 points)Read Passage 1 and then answer Questions 3 1 ---------- 35 briefly. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．Passage 1Proxemics is the Study of what governs how closely one person stands to another. People who feel close will be close, though the actual distances will vary between cultures. For Americans we can discern four main categories of distance：intimate, personal, social and public . Intimate distance ranges from direct Contact to about 45 centimeters. Beyond this comes personal stance. . This stands at between 45 and 80 Centimeters , It is the most usual distance maintained for conversations between friends and relatives o Social distance coversPeople who work together or are meeting at social gatherings Distances here tend to be kept between 1 . 3 to 2 meters . Beyond this comes Public distance, much as that between a lecturer and his audienceAll Cultures draw lines between what is an appropriate and what ills an inappropriate Social o t distance for different types of realty o unship They differ,however,in where they draw these lines . Look at an international reception with representatives from the U S. and Arabic countries, conversing and you will see the American pirouetting backward surround the hall pursued by their Arab partners The Americans wilt be trying to keep a distance between themselves and their partners—which they have grown used to and regard as "normal”. They probably will not even notice themselves trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their Arab partners whom they regard as being a bit” pushy". The Arabs, On the Other hand, coming from a cherisher, e much closer distance is the norm, may feel that the Americans are a little 'stand-offish' . Finding themselves happier standing close to and even touching those they are in conversation With,they will relentlessly pursue the Americans round the room trying to close the distance between themThe appropriateness of physical contact varies between different cultures 0ne study 0f the number of times people converse in coffee shops over a one—hour period showed the following interesting variations：London, 0；Florida, 2；Paris, 10；and Puerto Rico 18b . Not only does it vary between societies, however, it also varies between different sub——cult rues within one society . Young people in Britain, for example, are more likely to touch and hug friends than the older generation This may be partly a matter of growing older,but it also reflects the fact that the older generation grew up at fl time when touching was less common for all age groups Forty years ago,for example,footballers would never hug and kiss one another on the field after a goal as they do today31.. What are the four main categories of distance for Americans?32.. How far apart should people who work together stand when communicating with each other?33.Why are Americans trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their Arabpartners?34.Why do Arabs feel that Americans are being 'stand—offish’ ?35.When conversing, do the English and Americans touch each other more than the French? Part2：Questions 3 6-40 are based on this part. (1 0 points)Read Passage 2 and then decide whether Statements 36 —40 are True or False according to the information given in the passage. Write ”T" for true and "F" for false on the Answer Sheet.Passage 2Nobody actually wants to cause offence but, as business becomes even more international, it is increasingly easy to get it wrong. There may be a single European market but it does not mean that managers behave the same in Greece as they do in Denmark.In many European countries handshaking is an automatic gesture. In France good manners require that on arriving at a business meeting a manager shakes hands with everyone present. Handshaking is almost as popular in other countries, including Germany, Belgium and Italy. But Northern Europeans, such as the British and Scandinavians, are not quite so fond of physical demonstrations of friendliness.In Europe the most common challenge is not the content of the food,but the way you behave as you eat .In France it is not good manners to raise tricky questions of business over the main course. Business has its place：after the cheese course. Unless you are prepared to eat in silence you have to talk about something ----------------------------------------------- s omething, that is, other than the business deal,which you are continually chewing over in your head.Italians give similar importance to the whole process of business entertaining.In fact, in Italy the biggest fear,as course after course appears,is that you entirely forget you are there on business. If you have the energy , you can always do the polite thing when the meal finally ends, and offer to pay. Then, after a lively discussion, you must remember the next polite thing to do—let your host pick up the bill.The Germans are notable for the amount of formality they bring to business.As a1) outsider,it is often difficult to know whether colleagues have been working together for 30 years or have just met for the first time in their life . 1f you are used to calling people by their first names this can be a little strange．To the Germans,titles are important．Forgetting that someone should be called Herr Doctor or Frau Directory might cause serious offence．It is equally offensive to call them by a title they do not possess．In Italy the question of title is further confused by the fact that everyone with a university degree can be called Nott ore and engineers,lawyers and architects may also expect to be called by their professional titles．These cultural challenges exist side by side with the problems of doing business in a foreign language. Language, of course, is full of difficulties ----------------- disaster may be only asyllable away．But the more you know of the culture of the country you are dealing with,the less likely you are to get into difficulties．It is worth the effort．It might be rather hard to explain that the reason you lost the contract was not the product or the price,but the fact that You offended your hosts in a light-hearted comment over an aperitif Good manners are admired：they can also make or break the deal．36．People in Britain shake hands just as much as people in Germany．37.In France people prefer talking about business during meals.38.It is not polite to insist on paying for a meal if you are in Italy.39.German business people don' t like to be called by their titles. 40．Italian professionals areusually addressed by their titles．Section IV：Communication Analysis [30 points]Instructions：The following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication．In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon．Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding in each case by answering Questions4 l - 43 respectively. Your analysis of each case should be about l00 —l 50 words. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Note! Your writing ability will also be assessed in this section of the testCase 1(7 points)I have an American friend. I have invited him several times, and at long last he invited me to his home one day. He told me to get there at 3 pm. I thought we could chat and have a meal together. I gave him a Chinese calendar, a woman' s scarf and a bottle of Chinese white wine. He only took out a dish of nuts, a plate of bread and a bottle of wine. After two hours chat, I found there was no hint of a meal and said good —bye to him. He only gave me a box of chocolate as a present for the New Year After I got home, I found the box had already been opened. I was Very surprised.Question 4 1：What surprised me?Case 2(10 points)Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn' t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -------------------------------------------------------- Q uanjude ------ when he arrived in Beijing．Question 42：Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America．Case 3(13 points)When Zhang Tao traveled in America , he lived in the home of his American friend , Bill．0nce after he had traveled back,he found Bill was in a bad mood．When he asked what the problem was,Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water．Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future,and have a fast shower to save water．Zhang Tao felt uneasy．How could the host set such rules for his guest!Question 43：Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy?试卷代号：1028中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨文化交际试题答案及评分标准(供参考)2004年7月Section I：Listening [Bo points] Part 1. (10 points, 2 points each.)1. B2. B3. D4. A5. CPart 2. (10 points, 1 point each. The exact words are required.)6. enriches7．shared8．dull9. prejudice10．accustomed11 ．threatened12．spirit13．related14．reverse1 5．boundariesSection II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 points'](30 points,2 points each．)16.B 17.C 18.A 19.A 20.D21.D 22.B 23.A 24.D 25.D26.B 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.CSectionlll：Reading Comprehension [20 points]Part 1. (10 points, 2 points each. 0. 5 point off for each grammar/ spelling mistake, but at most 1 point can be deducted for each item for the grammar / spelling mistakes. The exact wording is not required, but the meaning must be the same.)3.1. Intimate, personal, social and public.32.Between 1. 3 and 2 meters.33.Because they are trying to follow their own standards about the appropriate distance to maintain．34.Because in the Arabian culture, standing very close is the norm.35.N0.Part 2．(10 points,2 points each．)36. F 37. F 38. T 39. F 40. TSection W：Communication Analysis [30 points]Question 41.Case 1(7 points,5 points for the analysis,2 points for overall language quality．)1)In China,a visit to home always includes a meal．And the guest always brings a relatively richpresent to the host．And the present should be well wrapped or untouched．2)In the west,a visit to home only means a meeting,not necessarily including a meal．And thepresent is treated not as importantly as it is in China．3)I acted in a way that was based on Chinese customs,So I felt the American way was veryinteresting(unusual)．Question 42．Case 2(1 0 points,8 points for the analysis,2 points for overall language quality．) 1)On the topic of hospitality, the Chinese stress is on warmth and demonstrating friendship.They take the guest to a famous or luxurious restaurant to have a very good (expensive) meal to show their hospitality．And the Chinese are used to having a big meal．The more dishes they put out, the greater the warmth and friendship they show , 2)In western countries,people stress on freedom．They give the guest great freedom to choose their own foods．And westerners tend to have only one main course and some juice or dessert, which is viewed as casual in the eyes of the Chinese. [Note ! If the student answers that Western people have only three courses, this is also correct!]3)Lin lived in American surroundings and should have adjusted himself quickly to the newworld(1ifestyle). He should have known the custom there first, and felt more at ease in Mike' s home.Question 43．Case 3(13 points, 11 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality ,) 1)In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality．They try to take care of the guest,and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease．2)In America,people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually,naturally and truthfully．3)Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality．He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him4)Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings he should have known about the customs there sooner.。
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跨文化交际学概论期末中英(共14页)
-本页仅作为预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页- 第一章 跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际 ——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程。 跨文化交际日益引起人们的注意的原因：是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。 认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段： A语言的产生； B文字的使用； C印刷技术的发明； D近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展； E跨文化交际。 近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、对跨文化交际的不同理解 有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。 文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。 在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。
第二章 跨文化交际学 一、跨文化交际学在美国 Intercultural Communication 与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切。 首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。 Edwar Hall的《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨） 1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议在日本东京举行。 70年代，影响最大的书籍：《跨文化交际学选读》 跨文化交际学内容： (1) Richard Porter 8态度、社会组织、思维模式、角色规定、语言、空间的组织与利用、时间观念、非语言表达 (2) Porter. Samovar 3 观点（价值观、世界观、社会组织）、语言过程（语言、思维模式）、非语言过程（非语言行为、时间观念、对于空间的使用） (3) 心理学家Michael Argyle 6 语言、非语言交际、社会行为准则、家庭和同事的关系、做事的动力和动机、思想观念 二、跨文化交际学在欧洲 （与语言学关系密切） 国际跨文化教育训练与研究学会SIETAR International Jenny Thomas 《跨文化语用失误》：语用—语言失误；社交—语用失误。不绝对，因为语境可能不同。
主流文化 亚文化 地区文化 小群体文化 （不同年龄、职业、性别群体3
前苏联的跨文化交际学主要表现在它的国情语言学方面，维列夏金和科斯托马罗夫是创始人。 三、跨文化交际学在我国 （始于80年代初期） 重点在于外国教学以及文化与语言的关系。 研究集中于：语言与交际的关系；非语言交际；中西习俗对比；中西经营管理模式比较；国民性研究。 四、跨文化交际学的多学科性质．．．．．（没有一套一成不变的理论和研究方法） 它的理论与材料来之于众多学科，影响较大的是人类学、心理学和传播学。 人类学，尤其是文化人类学——实地观察、调查访问。 心理学，主要是社会心理学与跨文化心理学——精确的数据和严密的分析。 传播学，是跨文化交际学的基地——重视理论。 语言学和语言教学领域——利用收集的语言材料，提出注意目的语的文化。 教师和研究人员一般认为对他们最有帮助的是人类学和语言学。 第二部分 基本概念：文化与交际 第三章 文化的定义与特征 一、文化的定义 文化的定义为何重要 首先，在跨文化交际学中文化是一个至关重要的问题。研究时，不可避免进行文化对比。 其次，在研究任何学科前，术语的界定是前提。关系到学科本身的科学性和经确定。 第三，对于文化定义的讨论能够帮助我们了解文化的性质和特点。 文化的界定：1)人学角度，强调文化的本质关系到人的本质，文化的本质是创造 2）社会功能的角度，强调文化是生产力，是信息和知识，是一种文化心态和符号系统 3）传播学角度，强调传播是文化的本质，没有传播就没有文化。 文化的定义：历史上创造的所有的生活样式，包括显型的和隐型的，包括合理的、不合理的以及谈不 上是合理或不合理的一切，它们在某一个时期作为人们行为的潜在指南而存在。Kluckhohn指出：A文化具有相对性 B文化可作为人们行动的指南 1）文化时人们通过长时间的努力所创造出来的，是社会的遗产； 2）文化既包括信念、价值观念、习俗、知识等，也包括实物和器具； 3）文化时人们行动的指南，为人们提供解决问题的答案； 4）文化并非生而知之，而是后天所学会的； 5）价值观念是文化的核心，可以根据不同的价值观念区分不同的文化。 二、文化的特性：A文化是人类所独有的，是区别人类和动物的主要标志。文化是社会遗产，而不是生理的遗传。正是人类有了语言，人类知识才得以积累，文化财得以传承。 B文化不是先天所有的，而是通过后天习得的。 C文化中的大部分是不自觉的。 D文化是人们行动的指南。文化支配着人的行动。 E文化时动态的，文化的形态与一定的历史时期相联系。文化一旦形成就具有一定的稳定性，但同时又是不断变化的。 三、文化在跨文化交际中的地位 贯穿研究课题的主线就是文化，文化是跨文化交际研究的核心。 对跨文化交际影响较大的文化因素：A一个民族的历史 B一个民族的传统 C宗教思想 D价值观念 E社会组织形式 F风俗习惯 G政治制度 H社会发展阶段 第四章 交际 一、交际与传播 有语言学背景的学者大多使用“交际”，而从事传播学教学和研究的学者都采用“传播”。 二、传播的定义 传播与人类的历史同样长。自从有了人类，就产生了传播。传播是对于人的社会性的确定。 传播学大致形成于30~40年代的美国。 张国良的定义：所谓传播，即人类传授信息的行为或过程。 （传播就是信息的传送和接受，一方发出信息，另一方接受信息，这一过程就是传播。） 三、传播的种类 传播 人类传播 社会传播： 人际传播、组织传播、大众传播(电视手段) 非社会传播：内向传播 (自我传播) 非人类传播 四、传播的模式 早期影响最大的：Harold Lasswell 5W模式 传者——讯息——媒介——受者——效果 特点：优点——简明扼要； 缺点——忽略社会环境、反馈 线性模式：增加信号、噪音（干扰因素） 信源 → 发射器 → 信道 → 接收器 → 信宿 ↑ 噪音源 循环式的模式：加入“反馈” 5
Lyle的模式：特点——把传播放在社会环境中考察 （基本群体——更大的社会结构——社会总系统） 五、传播模式与跨文化交际 编码、译码是两个最容易出问题的环节（即使相同语言、文化背景的人们都可能出问题） 我们观察人们的跨文化交际过程，不能孤立地看，而是要考虑到传者和受者的周围的群体以及整个的社会环境。 第三部分 跨文化交际的过程 第五章 语言交际 一、语言与文化密不可分（语言反映一个民族的文化，同时有受到文化的巨大影响。） 语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的写照。 .①亲属称谓是语言反映文化的一个突出例证。 ②中国人的辩证思维方法与崇尚对称和谐的文化心理也大量反映在汉语词语中。 二、萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说 人们普遍认为——文化影响语言，语言反映文化。 萨丕尔和沃尔夫：语言不仅反映文化的形态，而且语言结构部分地或全部地决定人们对于世界的看法。 A语言主要是反映而不是创造价值观念方面的社会文化准则。 B世界上的语言拥有许多结构上的共同成分，其数量超过人们目前所认识到的。 C语言与社会行为是平等的成分，不能确定何者为主。 三、词义与文化 （词汇与文化的关系最密切） 文化词汇：是指特定文化范畴的词汇，它是民族文化在语言词汇中直接或间接的反映。 与一般词汇的界定：A文化词汇本身载有明确的民族文化信息，并且隐含着深层的民族文化的涵义； B文化词汇与民族文化，包括物质文化、制度文化和心理文化有各种关系。 对于词汇意义通常作“指示意义”及“隐含意义”的区分。 词义的七种主要类型：概念意义、内涵意义、风格意义、感情意义、联想意义、搭配意义、主题意义 概念意义和内涵意义：1）A、B概念意义相同，内涵意义相同或大致相同； 2）A、B概念意义相同，内涵意义不同； 3）A、B概念意义相同，A有内涵意义，B无内涵意义。 四、语用规则与文化 语用规则掌握困难的原因：A很多语用规则还没有总结成文字，记录在书中； B与语言规则相比，语用规则大多数情况下人们并不自觉。 五、交际风格与文化 6
人们认为合理的通常是自己所习惯的，与自己的习惯性违背的东西往往被认为是不合理的，不合逻辑的。实际上，逻辑并不是存在于所有文化中的固定不变的东西，逻辑概念本身有着很深的文化烙印。 Karl Pribram将世界上的思维模式、说理方法归纳为四类： 第一类借助于某些普遍接受的概念说理；（法国、地中海国家、罗曼语系国家） 第二类强调归纳和验证，而对抽象概念抱怀疑态度；（英、美、澳、新、加） 第三类属直感式说理方法，强调整体与局部的协调，常引证权威；（德语及斯拉夫语国家） 最后一类是马克思主义的辩证说理方法，基于事物本身包括对立面这一基本事实。 . 美国人的思维模式比作“桥式”，直接明白地传达给对方。 日本人的思维模式比作“垫脚石式”，采取迂回、隐含的方法。 学者们通常都把“归纳法”（个别→一般）说成是东方的交际模式，把“演绎法”（一般→个别）说成是西方的交际模式。 第六章 非语言交际 一、非语言交际的界定 一切不使用语言进行的交际活动统称之为非语言交际。 体态语是非语言交际的重要组成部分，包括眼神、手势、身势、面部表情、体距、体触等。非语言交际还包括副语言（副语言亦称为伴随语言，包括音质、音幅、音量、语速以及会话中发出的一些非语言的声音）、对时间与空间的利用。 二、非语言交际的特点与作用 （文化起着重要的支配作用） 非语言交际与语言交际在五个方面存在区别： A语言交际遵循语法规则，具有严谨的结构，而非语言交际却没有正式的规则和模式，没有固定的结构； B语言交际使用特定的符号，而非语言交际却没有一套具有明确意义的符号； C语言交际在讲话的时候进行，在停止讲话的时候中断，是非连续性的，非语言交际是连续不断的； D语言是后天习得的，而不是生而知之，非语言交际的手段一部分是人类的本能，有些是后天习得的； E从神经生理学的角度看，在从事语言交际与非语言交际时使用的大脑“半球”不同。（语左，非语右）。 非语言交际通常起补充、否定、重复、调节、替代或强调的作用。一般来说，在语言交际和非语言交际传达的信息冲突时，人们倾向于相信后者。 三、眼神、手势、身势、面部表情及服饰 1. 眼神 女性比男性更多地注视对方，因为妇女比男人更重视人际关系，更重视人们之间的感情交流。