外文文献翻译演示教学

外文文献翻译演示教学
外文文献翻译演示教学

外文文献翻译

外文资料翻译

FOREIGN LITERATURE TRANSLATION

专业:金融工程

姓名:黄亚刚

指导教师:

基于组合VaR的未来现金套利风险实证分析

陈荣达a,b,c,*,李聪a,王维金a,王泽a

a浙江财经大学金融学院,中国杭州,310018

b浙江财经大学财富管理和定量投资协同创新中心,中国杭州,310018

c浙江监管和政策研究中心,中国

摘要

本文通过用ETF组合替换现货指数来构建正向套利头寸,并且最新的数据估计期货无风险套利区间。使用改进的Delta-normal方法并用尾部相关性系数代替简单的线性相关系数来测量组合的VaR。VaR的分析结果表明:未来现金套利的风险低于纯粹的期货市场或者现货市场投资。根据成分VaR和边缘VaR 的分析,我们应当通过增加期货资产头寸和减少现货头寸来最小化组合VaR,这可以最小化一定收益的风险。

1、简介

股票指数期货合约在中国期货市场产生之初,由于不完善的交易系统,期货市场和现货市场存在巨大的价格波动,这将产生许多套利机会。然而,在这种情况下,大量投资者盲目的跟踪趋势必然导致巨大的潜在风险。这些行为将严重的削弱资本市场的稳定性、滋生泡沫以及扼杀股票指数期货的积极意义。因此,关注未来现金套利的风险是非常重要的,因为它可以帮助投资者进行理性投资、规避风险以及获得稳定收益。

未来现金套利的特殊风险无论是在国内市场还是国外市场都不能被充分测量。基于copula 技术的在险价值模型是测量其它风险性资产市场风险的基本原

理性方法。在Embrechts 和 Straumann将Copula引入金融风险分析后,许多学者做了大量更加广泛和具体的研究。Sornette在粒子物理学中用?q 场理论解决了组合最优值问题。Sornette 引入了理性泡沫模型的一般化形式,即风险资产的收益分布表现为幂率尾。Clemente 和 Romano运用极值理论和Copula研究意大利资本市场并运用模特卡罗模拟方法计算多种资产组合的在险价值。回溯测试结果显示运用用极值理论和Copula的在险价值模型要比多元正态分布假设的传统方法要好。李等人通过审查银行业的风险整合机制和方法发现Copula方法直接用百分比来测量损失分布,非常适用于聚合金融风险。Rosenberg 和

Schuenmann

用VaR 和 Copula对市场风险、信用风险、操作风险进行了完整的测试并发现:与其他模型相比,用Copula模型计算的在险价值非常接近于经验的在险价值。Fernandez认为一个最优的资产收益Copula函数是精确估计在险价值所必须的。

魏等人提出了一个针对中国沪深300股指期货的Copula多分型对冲模型,并发现这个模型在大体上要比Copula-GARCH类型模型估计效果要好。

有大量文章是研究中国市场上股票指数期货VaR和风险度量,但是专门针对股票指数期货的未来现金套利风险的研究还非常稀少。邓从定性上分析股票指数期货的未来现金套利风险,并发现未来现金套利风险主要由最佳保证金的风险、现货组合跟踪误差的风险以及清算价格和沪深300指数的偏差风险构成,最大的风险将是市场风险。尽管在国内有相对少量的文章是关于中国股票指数期货未来现金套利风险的测量,但有很多论文是用不同方法来测量风险性资产和组合的市场风险。张是第一个在中国市场背景下检测Copula在金融风险分析中的应用。魏和张提出了一个多元Copula-GARCH类型,这不仅能够计算出金融市场的非线性相关性,而且可以获得更加灵活的计算在险价值的多元分

布。用这个模型和模特卡罗方法对上海股票市场的经验研究结果证明了这个模型的可行性和有效性。占和张建立了一个Copula-SV模型来分析金融组合风险。Copula-SV模型被证明在描述组合在险价值方面要比Copula-GARCH类型表现的要好,这是因为边缘分布在建立联合分布时发挥了重要作用。胡和龙从经验上将投资组合的在险价值分成边缘在险价值和成分在险价值。这为投资者的组合风险提供了更加完整的信息。

本文运用Copula-SV-t 模型测量上尾相关系数、下尾相关系数、以及用波动的现货ETF的投资组合的收益率序列替代指数现货和期货头寸。此外,Delta-normal改进方法被用来测量和分解未来现金套利市场风险的在险价值,以至于做出合适的风险控制策略来规避风险和获得稳定的收益。

2、未来现金套利头寸的建立

2.1、即期组合的建立

为了用深证100 ETF、上证50 ETF和上证180 ETF建立即期组合,我们需要估计着三种ETF的权重。目的在于用这个组合跟踪沪深300指数收益率,只要它们的价值相等,组合的收益率应该等于指数的收益率。因此,沪深300指数和ETF组合的关系式被定义为:

R t = w1?r1t + w2?r2t + w3?r3t+ εt (1)

其中,R t是沪深300指数的对数收益率,w1、w2、w3分别是深证100 ETF、上证50 ETF和上证180 ETF在组合中的权重参数,r1t、r2t、r3t分别表示深证100 ETF、上证50 ETF和上证180 ETF对数收益率,εt是跟踪误差项。最小二乘法用来估计方程(1),使εt的误差尽可能的小。使用无截距的最小二乘法

可以获得近似的权重参数,同样会产生跟踪误差,这将被用来分析套利成本。跟踪误差EC是残差平方和的均值。表1展示了最小二乘法估计结果。

表1:最小二乘法估计结果

权重T值F值R2

深证100 ETF 0.352 19.209 7204.101 0.993

上证50 ETF 0.181 5.622

上证180 ETF 0.446 10.17

从表中我们可以看到,参数和方程显著性测试都远大于临界值,这意味着参数估计是很好的,方程拟合度是非常高的。跟踪误差是0.00178,ETF组合收益率和沪深300指数的相关系数是0.993,这意味着这非常高的相关性。

图1描述了ETF组合收益率和沪深300指数收益率趋势。二者额收益率趋势非常接近,意味着很高的拟合优度。因此,构建的ETF组合可以很好的跟踪沪深300指数并能应用于未来现金套利。

2.2、未来现金套利模型

未来现金套利模型的提出有如下假设:无日结算风险;借贷利率相等;无风险利率是不变的;股息是确定的。交易成本是由现货交易佣金(FCi)、期货交易佣金(FCf)、现货交易冲击成本(SCi)、期货交易冲击成本(SCf )和用来替代指数的组合跟踪误差成本(EC)组成。相对接近实际的无套利定价区间为:

[S (1 + r)(T ?t)/365? TC , S (1 + r)(T ?t)/365 + TC] (2)

其中,TC = FCi + FCf + SCi + SCf + EC

方程式(2)是未来现金套利期货合约的理论定价模型。当期货合约价格高于无风险套利区间上限时,卖空股票期货合约的同时买进近似价值的相应即期指数,进行正向套利。然后在期货合约到期时或者未到期之前期货合约价格是有利的时候进行相反操作。与此相反,如果允许卖空,在期货价格低于无套利区间下限时,买进股票期货合约的同时卖出近似价值的相应即期指数,进行反向套利。

绕后在然后在期货合约到期时或者未到期之前期货合约价格是有利的时候进行相反操作获利。

2.3、未来现金套利实证分析

首先,在实证分析之前必须为模型中的参数选取适当的数据。以一年期利率2.75%作为无风险利率。ETF组合和沪深300指数之间的样本误差为

0.178%,非常适合未来现金套利。现货市场交易费用为0.1%,期货市场的交易费用为0.01%,现货交易的冲击成本为0.2%,期货市场的冲击成本为0.1%,这是因为期货市场的流动性比现货市场的流动性高,冲击成本更低。沪深300股指期货合约保证金为期货合约价值的12%,但是,期货公司一般会建立更高的保证金比例来控制风险,所以我们把保证金比例定为期货合约的15%。

其次,套利机会需要在抽样期间选择和确立。我们用现货指数价格扣除期货合约理论定价区间的基差无风险套利区间作为进行分析。因此,未来现金套利就是基差套利。在多头市场假设条件下,高于无风险套利区间上线的超额基差意味着期货合约价格上涨速度高于现货指数,这必将扩大基差。但是,众所

周知,在考虑刀所有成本的情况下基差在期货合约到期时会变为零,而且随着合约的到期,基差会逐渐收敛于零。我们可以通过卖空期货合约的同时买进相应价值的现货组合来建立正向套利策略。随着到期日的临近,期货合约价格上涨速度会低于现货价格上涨速度,这将缩小基差。在计算相关成本之后,在到期日我可以通过期货市场和现货市场的相反操作结束套利策略。套利收益来着开仓和平仓之间的基差。相反,当基差低于无风险套利区间下限时,基差应该扩大。我们可以建立反向套利策略,即买进期货合约的同时卖出相应价值的现货组合。在合约到期时平仓并获利。表格2通过相关分析展示了以上分析的结果。

表2:未来现金流基差的无风险套利区间

表中的成本包括在期货和现货交易佣金,期货与现货交易的冲击成本以及跟踪误差成本,其中佣金和冲击成本包括双边成本。为了简化计算,我们叫指数作为现货交易基准,并没有将ETF组合作为现货基准。因此,实际分析和现实情况之间将存在一定的误差。但是,未来现金套利原理要求期货市场头寸应该等于现货市场头寸,当我们仅仅分析套利机会时,误差可以忽略不计。后来,我们对这种特殊的套利进行了现金流分析。如表2显示,2010年10月26日的基差远高于无风险套利区间的上限。从套利角度分析,2010年10月26日

是这段时期的最优套利时间。因为套利机会是非常短暂的,只要基差高于无风险套利区间的上限我们就可以建立进行正向套利头寸。由于基差的持续扩大,可能是这种操作面临补交保证金的风险。

最后,我们来分析2010年10月29日的盈亏状况。当天的基差是56.08,然而无风险套利区间为(?25.4491, 40.67599),这符合正向套利的条件。表格3进一步解释了这个分析结果。

表3:未来现金套利盈亏分析

在表3中,IF的盈亏等于(3356.6 ? 3172)*300 ? 100.698 ? 95.16 = 55184 元;ETF的盈亏等于920411.1 ? 969359 ? 969.3953 ? 920.4111 = ?50837.9 元;未来现金套利的盈亏为4346.216,并且盈亏比率等于4346.216/(3356.6*300*0.15 + 969359.3) = 0.3879%。这就是说,套利组合的月收益率等于1%,这有一点低。通过分析其他套利机会,我们发现那些收益率一般低于理论值。原因在于ETF 组合和现货指数的误差非常大,意味着ETF组合的损失大于现货指数,这明显降低了实际收益率。这看来,在正向套利中,构建可以替代的现货组合时,最小化跟踪误差平方和原则是不可行的,这种方法有待完善。

3、组合VaR的实证分析

3.1、VaR的介绍及分解

VaR是一种测量和管理风险的工具,由摩根大通银行首先提出,并用来测量市场风险。自从被提出,VaR就被投资机构广泛使用。菲利普乔瑞将VaR定义为在一定置信水平下,某一目标区间的最大预期损失:

Pr ob (?P < VaR) = α

其中,?P是金融资产在一定期间内的实际损失,而VaR是在置信水平α下的最大预期损失。

又三种计算VaR的传统方法:蒙特卡洛模拟法、历史模拟法及德尔塔-正态法。在组合的收益分布是正态的假设条件下,德尔塔-正态法利用正态分布的优良特性计算组合VaR,这等于组合收益的标准差乘以相应置信水平下的临界值(分位点)。历史模拟法的实质是通过市场因子的历史变化来模拟投资组合的预期收益和损失分布,进而通过相应置信水平下的临界值(分位点)来估计VaR。模特卡洛模拟法假设资产价格的变化是符合某种随机过程,然后通过计算机模拟构建某一时间范围内的资产收益分布图生成随机价格路径,进而获得VaR值。在这三种方法中,历史模拟法和蒙特卡洛模拟法适用于含权的投资组合。然而德尔塔-正态法相对简单,它适用于不含权的投资组合。使用德尔塔-正态法,VaR,边缘VaR及成分VaR的计算如下:

VaR = ?cσω

?VaR i = c1?α × [cov(R i, R p)/σp]

CVaR i= ?VaR i × ωi .

上面的公司摘自Ref对德尔塔-正态法的描述。它假设组合的收益是标准正态分布;然而绝大数金融数据表现出明显的尖峰和肥尾现象。当组合收益分布

的峰度系数高的时候,德尔塔-正态法计算的VaR将产生较大的误差。因此,VaR,边缘VaR及成分VaR的计算应该做如下调整:

VaR = ?cθσω

?VaR i = c1?α×θ×[cov(R i, R p)/σp]

CVaR i= ?VaR i × ωi

其中ω是组合的初始价值,σ预期收益标准差,c标准正态分布的临界值(分位点),?VaR i是资产i的边缘VaR,σp是组合预期收益的标准差, cov(R i,

R p)是资产i收益率和组合收益率的协方差,α是假设的显著性水平,c1?α是在置信水平为1?α的标准正态分布临界值(分位点),CVaR i是资产i的成分VaR,ωi是资产i在组合中的权重,θ= 1 + ψ ln (k/3),其中k是投资组合收益率分布的峰度,ψ是一个常数置信水平,在99%的置信水平下ψ=0.4,θ是由Bangia, Diebold, Schuermann和Stroughair在1999年提出用来反映投资组合收益率的峰度,主要是用来接解决金融数据陡峭的尖峰和厚尾。在正态分布情况下,k=3,θ=1,并且不需要对模型进行调整;否则我们需要计算θ,并对模型进行调整。因为未来现金套利不含权,我们可以使用调整的德尔塔-正态法测量风险。

3.2、对未来现金套利组合VaR的实证分析

现在计算在99%置信水平下的套利头寸的日VaR。期货市场和现货市场都在下一个交易日上涨,那么我们使用混合Copula-SV-t模型来描述这两个市场的尾部相关系数。套利组合由1,006,980元的期货市场空头和969,359现货市场多头组成。通过使用SV-t模型来模拟ETF组合和期货合约收益率分布,它们的日波动率分别为0.0121623 和 0.01179。此外,现货市场和期货市场的峰度可以通过

上面的公司获得,它们分别为1.2165, 1.1944 和1.1941。表示展示了套利头寸在2010年10月19日的VaR分析结果。

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达到优生优育的目标。 4.编制科学的测量工具,多种方法综合运用。 5.注重文化,环境各种因素对早期教育的影响。 【参考文献】 [1]李彩红.早期教育对幼儿体格和智能的影响[J].中国妇幼保健,2010年34期:5029-5030. [2]杨宁.儿童游戏:行为种系发生与个体发生之间的桥梁——三论进化、发展和儿童早期教育[J].学前教育研究,2010年11期:3-11. [3]程沿彤.走出早教误区学会读懂孩子[J].黑龙江科技信息,2010年36期:227. [4]吴小姝.121例婴幼儿智能发育测试结果分析[J].安徽卫生职业技术学院学报,2010年06期:40-41. [5]刘颖.医院内对弃婴进行早期教育初探[J].山西护理杂志,1993年04期:29-30. [6]郭映红.家长参与对早期教育的影响——国内外相关研究述评[J].市场论坛,2010年11期:103-104. [7]王建春.浅谈婴幼儿语言发展与智力开发的关系[J].黑河学刊,2010年12期:172-175. [8]袁爱玲.学前创造教育课程及其理论构建[D].重庆,西南师范大学(博),2001. [9]裴小倩.全球化背景下有关中国学前教育的地域文化研究 [D].上海,华东师范大学(博).2010. [10]傅敏敏.关于培养幼儿早期阅读兴趣的研究[D].上海,华东师范大学(硕).2005. [11]卜维勤.绘画·成才:早期艺术教育对话[M].天津:新蕾出版社,2000年01月第1版. [12]陈汉生.教子成才的奥秘[M].郑州:中原农民主板社,1992年03月第1版.

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( 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目: About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名: 学 院:土木工程学院 系 别:建筑工程系 专 业:土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级:土木08-4班 指导教师:

英文原文: Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the

土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译修订版

土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译修订版 IBMT standardization office【IBMT5AB-IBMT08-IBMT2C-ZZT18】

外文文献翻译 Reinforced Concrete (来自《土木工程英语》) Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In

外文文献—动画讲课教案

外文文献—动画

Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of film animation, as there were several people working on projects which could be considered animation at about the same time. Georges Méliès was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. An Egyptian burial chamber mural , approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word. A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been invented in 180 AD. The phenakistoscope, praxinoscope, and the common flip book were early popular animation devices invented during the 19th century. These devices produced the appearance of movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much

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