新托福阅读指代题全解析
几招搞定托福阅读指代题
几招搞定托福阅读指代题托福阅读是让很多考生头疼的一大难题，如何提高阅读速度，怎样提升阅读成绩呢现在请大家跟三立在线小编一起来看看下面这篇文章吧。
托福阅读指代题考查辨认文中单词或词组之间指代关系的能力。
一般来说，这类关系涉及代词与先行词之间的关系，有时也涉及关系代词，如which的指代。
文中被考的代词或词组加了阴影(highlighted)。
虽然4个选项都来自原文，但是只有一个是代词的真正指代对象。
常考的代词有they, this, it, others, which等。
问题形式为：The word (or phase) X in the passage refers to.做题技巧：前往搜索，代入验证初步判断1. 主从复合句中的指代在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语（有时是宾语），表示话题的延续。
例如：College students asked to predict their own future compared to that of their classmates believed, on average, that they were more likely graduate higher in theirclass, get a better job, earn a higher salary, have a happier marriage, and bear a gifted child.The word “they”in line 2 refers toA. studentsB. classmatesC. futureD. Salary从句that they...中的代词主语they 指代主语的名词主语college students，因此第一个选项正确。
2. 并列动词中的指代如果一个句子中有两个并列的动词，第二个动词的代词宾语经常指代前一个动词后的名词宾语。
托福指代题
The four answer choices will be words or phrases from the passage. Owhich the highlighted word refers.
1.概况
These questions ask you to identify referential relationships between the words in the passage. Often, the relationship is between a pronoun and its antecedent (the word to which the pronoun refers). Sometimes other kinds of grammatical reference are tested (like which or this).
Reference Questions 指代题
指代题讲解大纲
1. 概况 2. 提问形式 3. 解题思路 4. 真题训练
1.概况
These questions ask you to identify referential relationships between the words in the passage. Often, the relationship is between a pronoun and its antecedent (the word to which the pronoun refers). Sometimes other kinds of grammatical reference are tested (like which or this).
剖析托福阅读指代关系题和变换措辞题
指代关系题基本介绍：iBT考试要求考生不仅确定词在文章段落种的意思，而且要找到指代词，即一个词可用另一个词或词组来指代。
所有答词都可用来大体一个词，词组或其所表达的意思。
指代词可使句与句之间的过渡衔接顺利。
出题形式：The word…in the passage refers to…The phrase…in paragraph refers to…解题技巧：方案一：“删除”去除不代表数字或性别的选项，区别单复数。
方案二：“代入”以选项代入法来检测词意或逻辑性，寻找具有同样语法结构的词或词组。
方案三：“靠前”每一篇文章种都有一个指代关系题。
通常代词所指的使紧靠它前面的词，但也会有例外，三篇文章总共有2至3题。
案例：A study of elderly men and women in New Zealand found that television can actually serve as a companion by assuming “the role of social contact with the wider world.” Reducing “feeling of isolation and loneliness because it directs viewers” attention away from themselves. Thus television’s replacement voices can provide comfort because they distract from a focus on being alone.The word it in the passage refers toA：companionB：isolationC：lonelinessD：television分析选项D 正确。
television 实际上在这里的意思是television programming. 电视节目能够转移人们的注意力。
新托福阅读题型解析
新托福阅读题型解析新托福考试十分重视对托福考生阅读能力的考查，并且托福考试不仅有单独的新托福阅读理解测试，还从各类型题全方位的考查考生的阅读理解能力。
以下是我为同学们整理的一篇关于托福阅读10大题型超强解析的〔文章〕，希望能够关怀同学们!新托福阅读10大题型超强解析1.托福阅读的详情题(Factual Information)解法：a. 提取题干中关键词定位原文段落中关键词所在的全部〔句子〕. 阅读定位句理解。
c. 正确选项是正确定位句的同义转述或者同义改写。
必需在意思上和语言规律结构上完全符合定位句。
详情的题的错误选项主要有以下几种：a. 该选项的全部或者局部出现了该段落根本就没有涉及的信息，概念，特知名词等等。
b. 原文定位句没有出现比较级，最高级一类的语言现象，但是选项中出现了这种无端的比较。
c. 选项中出现了定位句范围以外的信息，尽管这些信息在本段落中的确被完全提及。
d. 选项中有某些形容词或者副词起到了加重语气从而使选项的表达程度甚至方向发生了转变脱离原文语言风格表达。
留意：做详情题必需定位，切忌凭自己阅读后的总体感觉不定位某句话而做题。
2. 托福阅读的事实否认题解法：定位题干关键词回原文。
正确选项应具备：a. 原文未提及的. 与原文表达矛盾的;3. 当选项中同时出现看似未提及和明显矛盾的选项时，优先选择明显矛盾的选项。
所以，在其他类型题目能作为正确选项的在这种题型中均是错误答案。
3. 托福阅读的推论题(Inference)解法：提取题干中的关键词回文定位全部出现关键词的句子，综合各句提取结论性的信息。
该类信息通常不会被原文直接以字面意思表达出来，通常是言外之意。
错误选项的特征与详情题的错误选项特征基本相同。
一般对于推论题来说，更〔保险〕的〔方法〕是用排除法做题。
假如能排除3个错误选项，即使正确选项找不到定位点也可以把题目做出来。
但是使用排除法前提是必需阅读理解到足够多的信息。
这对阅读能力的要求是相对较高的。
新托福阅读之指代关系题
新托福阅读之指代关系题指代关系题（Reference）：考查读者认定代词与篇章中其他词语的指代关系的能力。
例题1：Passage：“…These laws are universal in their application， regardless of cultural beliefs， geography， or climate. If pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides，they could hardly be considered containers in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics， not some arbitrary decision， have determined the general form of applied-art objects， they follow basic patterns，so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits…”The word they in the passage refers toA. applied-art objectsB. the laws of physicsC. containersD. the sides of pots正确答案是A.例题2：Passage：“…The first weekly newspaper in the colonies was the Boston Gazette，established in 1719， the same year that marked the appearance of Philadelphia‘s first newspaper， the American Mercury， where the young Benjamin Franklin worked. By 1760 Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments； Philadelphia，2 newspapers and 3 other presses； and New York， 3 newspapers. The distribution，if not the sale， of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710， which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770， serving all 13 colonies…”The word which in the passage refers toA. distributionB. saleC. newspaperD. postal service正确答案是D.【。
新托福阅读指代题
b
• The word these in the passage refers to • A. religious ceremonies • B. descriptions • C. types of ware • D. pots • Long and often lyrical descriptions of the
• 4. the word it refers to • A. the advent of projection • B. the viewer’s relationship with the image • C. a similar machine • D. celluloid • With the advent of projection, the viewer’s
• 从句中的主语跟主干句子中的一致对应,
• 3. the word it in the passage refers to
• A. pakicetus
• B. fish
• C. life
• D. ocean
• It has beeen suggested that pakicetus on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
B
• The word it refers to • A. the problem • B. blood • C. the turtle • D. body temperature • The problem is that as blood flows through the
托福阅读之指代关系题
托福阅读之指代关系题托福考试是由美国教育考试服务处举办的为申请去美国或加拿大等国家上大学或入研究生院学习的非英语国家学生提供的一种英语水平考试。
新托福由四部分组成，分别是阅读、听力、口试、写作。
每部分满分30分，整个试题满分120分。
指代关系题（Reference）：考查读者认定代词与篇章中其他词语的指代关系的能力。
例题1：Passage：“…These laws are universal in their application， regardless of cultural beliefs， geography， or climate． If pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides， they could hardly be considered containers in any traditional sense． Since the laws of physics， not some arbitrary decision， have determined the general form of applied－art objects， they follow basic patterns， so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits…”The word they in the passage refers toA． applied－art objectsB． the laws of physicsC． containersD． the sides of pots正确答案是A．例题2：Passage：“…The first weekly newspaper in the colonies was the Boston Gazette，established in 1719，the same year that marked the appearance of Philadelphia‘s first newspaper， the American Mercury， where the young Benjamin Franklin worked． By 1760 Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments； Philadelphia， 2 newspapers and 3 other presses； and New York， 3 newspapers． The distribution， if not the sale， of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710， which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770，serving all 13 colonies…”The word which in the passage refers toA． distributionB． saleC． newspaperD． postal service正确答案是D．。
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新托福阅读指代题全解析 http://www.gter.net/?action-viewnews-itemid-17245 北京新航道学校副校长 李传伟
一、问题形式 被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。指代题的形式如下： The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to
二、解题步骤 1．根据解题技巧确定答案 2．代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺
三、基本原则 1．就近指代 所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。例如， Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.
The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy
本题涉及的是一个词组this problem。寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。根据就近原则，前一句中的主语the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步确定为答案。将其代入原文，符合语义和逻辑，因此第三个选项为正确答案。第一个选项和第三个选项都和this problem相距较远，而且代入时语义和逻辑上不通，因此为干扰选项。
2．数格一致 被指代对象通常与指代词在数（如单数或复数）和格（主格或宾格）两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词，复数代词they指代复数名词。 四、主要思路 1．主从复合句中的指代 在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。例如， The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.
The word they in the passage refers to qualities fins grooves depressions 在这一例子中，从句so that they„中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语the fins，因此第二个选项为正确答案。
如果主从复合句中一个句子（可以是主句，也可以是从句）使用被动语态，包含被动语态的句子中的主语常指代另一句中的宾语。例如， Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.
The word none in the passage refers to food plant or animal energy big body 在本例中，if引导的从句使用了被动语态，代词主语none指代前面主句中的宾语energy。因此，第三个选项为正确答案。
2．并列动词中的指代 如果一个句中有两个并列的动词，第二个动词的代词宾语经常指代前一个动词后的名词宾语。例如， Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.
The word “that” in line 27 refers to (A) contemporary art (B) opportunity (C) audience (D) distinction 句中有两个并列的动词recognizing和 taking (into account)，其中recognizing的宾语是distinction，而taking 的宾语是that。根据上述技巧，that指代distinction。因此，（D）为正确答案。 3．平行结构中的指代 平行结构主要包括some/most/many/such/each„, others„; not only„but also„; the former„the latter等。在这种结构中，平行结构两个部分的两个代词经常指代同一对象：前一句中的名词主语。例如， In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.
The word others in the passage refers to chambers paintings beasts parades 原文包含平行结构some„others，它们都指代前一句中的名词主语beasts，因此第三个选项为正确答案。
4．所有格的指代 所有格代词经常指代其前面与其最接近的名词。例如， Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.
The word “their” in line 1 refers to (A) folk (B) nations (C) countries (D) objects
根据所有格指代的解题技巧，their指代前面位置最近的名词objects，因此（D）为正确答案。
5．指代的接力棒现象 这一现象是指被考的代词对应前面一个相同的代词，而前面的代词指代更前一句中的名词。例如， While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location.
The word “they” in line 8 refers to (A) North Americans (B) news shows