定语从句基础知识

定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

关系副词有：when, where, why等。

1. 关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

(1)who, whom, that 代替的先行词是人的名词或代词：

e.g. Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是你想见的人吗？（作主语）

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。（作宾语）

(2) whose 用来指人或物

e.g. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose cover is green.

= Please pass me the book of which the cover is green.

请递给我那本绿皮的书。

(3) which, that 代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等

e.g. They planted the trees which/that didn’t need much water.

e.g. The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.

你拿的包快散了。(作宾语)

2. 关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

(1) when, where, why

关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用.

e.g. There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.

任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？

3. 判断关系代词与关系副词

用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

e.g. This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

（对）This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

（对）I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

限制性和非限制性定语从句

(1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。

e.g. This is the house which we bought last month.

这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）

(2)当先行词是专有名词或有物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句常是非限制性的

e.g. Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

查理?史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。

(3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，

e.g. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

介词+关系词

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2）that前不能有介词。

3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

as, which 非限定性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

the same…as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。

以及表示据xx所知的

I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

It is known to all that smoking is harmful to one’s health.

先行词和关系词二合一

(1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here.

(Whoever 可以用anyone who 代替)

(2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.

(what 可以用all that代替)

that 和what

当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。

I think (that) you will like the stamps.

What we need is more practice

关系代词that 的用法

(1）不用that的情况

a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。

The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous

here

b) 介词后不能用。

We depend on the land from which we get our food.

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, any, 等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。

d)先行词为序数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.

e)先行词既有人，又有物时。

e.g. All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

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