The Death Spiral of Utilities
2016年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析(第2套)
2016年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析（第2套）Directions： For this part， you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short ess ay on living in thevirtual world. Try to imagine what will happen when people spend more and more time in thevirtual world instead of interacting in the rea l world。
You are required to write at least 150 wordsbut no more than 200 w ords Section ADirections： In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions。
Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer。
from the four choices marked A), B)，C）and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
经济学人文章(四六级雅思精读素材)2020-08-27
The Economist August 29th 2020 Business 55Depending on whom you ask, Califor-nia is a leader in clean energy or a cau-tionary tale. Power outages in August prompted stern critiques from Republi-cans. “In California”, D onald Trump tweeted, “D emocrats have intentionally implemented rolling blackouts—forcing Americans in the dark.” In addition to pro-voking outrage and derision, however, the episode is also likely to inspire investment.The Golden State has long been Ameri-ca’s main testing ground for green compa-nies. Californians buy half of all electric cars sold in America. Theirs is the country’s largest solar market. As California deals with heat waves, fires and a goal of carbon-free electricity by 2045, the need for a reli-able grid is becoming ever more obvious.For years firms competed to generate clean power in California. Now a growing num-ber are vying to store and manage it, too. August’s blackouts have many causes,including poor planning, an unexpected lack of capacity and sweltering heat in not just California but nearby states from which it sometimes imports power. Long before the outages, however, electricity op-erators were anxious about capacity. Cali-fornia’s solar panels become less useful in the evening, when demand peaks. In No-vember state regulators mandated that utilities procure an additional 3.3 gigawatts (gw ) of capacity, including giant batteries that charge when energy is abundant and can sell electricity back to the grid.Too few such projects have come online to cope with the surge in demand for air-conditioning in the scorching summer. But more are sprouting across the state. On Au-gust 19th ls Power, an electricity firm backed by private equity, unveiled a 250-megawatt (mw ) storage project in San Die-go, the largest of its kind in America. In July the county of Monterey said Vistra Energy,a Texan power company, could build as much as 1.2gw of storage.The rooftop solar industry stands to benefit from a new Californian mandate that requires new homes to install panels on their roofs from this year. Sunrun, the market leader, is increasingly pairing such residential installations with batteries. In July, for instance, the company said it had won contracts with energy suppliers in the Bay Area to install 13mw of residential solar and batteries. These could supply power to residents in a blackout or feed power into the grid to help meet peak demand. Sunrunis so confident in its future that it has bid $3.2bn for Vivint Solar,its main rival.Another way to stave offoutages is to curb demand.Enel,a European power company,has contracts with local utilities to work with large commercial and indus-trial clients.When demand rises,Enel pays customers to reduce energy consumption,easing demand on the grid.A company called OhmConnect offers something sim-ilar for homeowners.Even as such offerings scale up,the need for reliability means that fossil fuels will not disappear just yet.On September 1st California’s regulators will vote on whether to delay the retirement of four natural-gas plants in light of the outages.The state remains intent on decarbonising its power system over the next 25years.But progress may not move in a straight line.7NEW YO RKBusinesses compete to battle California’s blackoutsEnergy utilitiesLitMany big companies may be struggling with depressed sales, but these are busy times for bribery-busters. Mexico is abuzz over allegations by an ex-boss of Pe-mex, the state oil giant, that several senior politicians received bungs from compa-nies including Odebrecht, a Brazilian con-struction firm (see Americas section). The scandal is the latest in a string of graft cases to make headlines this year, starting with Airbus’s record $4bn settlement in January over accusations of corruption for making illegal payments in various countries.Corporate bribery is hardly new. In sur-veys, between a third and a half of compa-nies typically claim to have lost business to rivals who won contracts by paying kick-backs. But such perceptions-based re-search has obvious limitations. A new study takes a more rigorous approach, and draws some striking conclusions.Raghavendra Rau of Judge Business School at the University of Cambridge, Yan-Leung Cheung of the Education University of Hong Kong and Aris Stouraitis of Hong Kong Baptist University examined nearly 200 prominent bribery cases in 60 coun-tries between 1975 and 2015. For the firms doing the bribing, they found, the short-term gains were juicy: every dollar of bribe translated into a $6-9 increase in excess re-turns, relative to the overall stockmarket. That, however, does not take account of the chances of getting caught. These have risen as enforcement of America’s 43-year-old anti-bribery law, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (fcpa ), has been stepped up and other countries have passed similar laws. The number of fcpa cases is up sharply since the financial crisis of 2007-09, according to Stanford Law School (see chart). It has dipped a bit under Presi-dent Donald Trump, who has criticised the fcpa for hobbling American firms over-seas, but remains well above historic lev-els. Total fines for fcpa violations were $14bn in 2016-19, 48 times as much as in the four years to 2007.The authors also tested 11hypotheses that emerged from past studies of bribery.They found support for some, for instance that firms pay larger bribes when they ex-pect to receive larger benefits, and that the net benefits of bribing are smaller in places with more public disclosure of politicians’sources of income.But they punctured other bits of re-ceived wisdom. Most striking, they found no link between democracy and graft. This challenges the “Tullock paradox”, which holds that firms can get away with smaller bribes in democracies because politicians and officials have less of a lock on the sys-tem than those in autocratic countries, and so cannot extract as much rent. Such find-ings will doubtless be of interest to corrup-tion investigators and unscrupulous exec-utives alike. 7Bribery pays—if you don’t get caughtBriberyA closer look at greasy palmsBrown envelopes, big chequesUnited States,Foreign Corrupt Practices ActSources:Stanford Law School;Sullivan &Cromwell*Investigations and enforcement actions †To August6543210605040302010020†10152000059095851977Enforcement actionsSanctions, $bnUtilitiesTransport Communications Basic materials Financial services Consumer goods Aerospace & defence TechnologyIndustrials Health care Oil &gas 100806040200Number of cases* by selected industry1977-2020†。
2003年12月翻译三级笔译(综合能力)全真试卷 答案
6. We hope that the measures to control prices,________taken by the government, will succeed.
A when
B since
C after
D as
该题您未回答:х 该问题分值: 1
答案:D
习惯用法。as用作关系代词，代替的是measures，引导非限定性定语从句，意为政府采取 的措施。
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2012-4-11
考试结果--维普考试资源系统
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A against
B in
C on
D ahead 该题您未回答:х 该问题分值: 1
答案:A
固定搭配。A．(work)against(time)抢时间完成工作；B．in(time)及时；C．on (time)按时、准时；D．ahead表“提前”时一般用ahead of。
答案:D
固定搭配。A．fond应为be fond of喜欢、喜爱；B．preferred更喜欢，宁愿(选 择)；C．adapted to适合，适应；D．accustomed to习惯于。此句意为：习惯于看欢 乐结局的读者可能会觉得现代母亲们的这种质朴观点令人有点不安。
13. He drove fast and arrived an hour________schedule.
答案:B
词义辨析。A．writing作品，著述，B．artistic艺术的，艺术(家)的；C． reasoning推理； D．literary文学的，从事写作的，文艺的。此句意为：毕加索的艺 术天分在他开始画素描的少年时代就已体现。
麦克白赏析PPT英文版
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第1期
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Thomas Edison’s first patented invention was a device ______ in Congress.问题1选项A.for counting votesB.that counting votesC.counts votesD.counted votes【答案】A【解析】考查后置定语。
句意：托马斯•爱迪生的第一个专利发明是在国会计算选票的装置。
A选项for counting votes表明了装置的目的，放在句子里作后置定语，符合逻辑和语法，故正确。
B选项that counting votes用that引导定语从句应该使用谓语动词counts而不是表示主动语态的非谓语动词counting，故错误；同理，C选项counts votes应该添加that，故错误。
D选项counted votes的被动语态不符合装置主动发出计票动作的语境，故错误。
因此A选项正确。
2.翻译题40. 地球快速变暖到了非常严峻的程度，而世界上最贫穷的国家成了极端气候的最大受害者。
未来的气候变化可能带来更频繁和更严重的洪涝、旱灾和其他极端气候事件，发展中国家至今还没有良好的能力对付它们。
41. 即使现在，地球上最贫穷的十亿人口所产生的排放只占全球排放的3%，而最富有的十亿人口占了全球排放的50%。
全球还有16亿人口无法获得现代能源，没有能源，国家就不能繁荣。
富国只有采取强有力的行动以腾出一些大气层的“污染空间”，当低收入国家在将来开始更多排放时，才可能使全球排放达到重新平衡。
42. 未来十年发生的事情将深刻影响可供我们后代进行的选择。
延迟或不采取行动的代价是非常高的，我们必须现在就行动，必须用全人类的聪明才智和合作精神，来对付气候危机。
43. 虽然越来越多的人都知道气候变暖，相信需要采取行动，但很少有人把它放在首位，太多的人在机会面前并没有采取行动。
Buffet案例
1.Would the PacifiCorp acquisition serve the long-term goals of Berkshire Hathaway? PacifiCorpis a major player in the quickly expanding western region, particularly Utah, one of the fastest-growing states. Utah's rising population is boosting power demand by 4% a year. That's a huge growth opportunity for MidAmerican. Plus, PacifiCorp is one of the industry's low-cost energy providers. The acquisition will bring the revenue of $10billion a year and the power generation capacity of 16,000 watts to MidAmerican, which can supply 1,280 households. Therefore, the PacifiCorp acquisition serves the long-term goals of Berkshire Hathaway.2.Was the bid price appropriate?Based on the multiples for comparable regulated utilities, we can see that the range of possible enterprise values for PacifiCorp is from $6.252 billion to $9.289 billion and the range of possible market value of equity is from $4.277 billion to $5.904 billion. In this case, Berkshire used $9.4 billion to acquire the electric utility PacifiCorp. This price is out of the range neither of possible enterprise value nor of possible market value.A very obvious question is raised here－why Berkshire was willing to purchase PacifiCorp at such high price? Buffet defined intrinsic value as the discounted value of the cash that can be takenout of a business during its remaining life. But the intrinsic value is difficult to calculate. The valuation method of comparable companies in this case measures the cost rather than the future earning because of the use of historical data. In addition, in Buffet’s point of view, Berkshire might have a good development and future after its takeover of PacifiCorp. The intrinsic value of PacifiCorpcould be more valuable than its cost. So the bid price was appropriate.3.How did Berkshire’s offer measure up against the company’s valuation implied by themultiples for comparable firms?Since PacifiCorp is a privately held company that does not pay a dividend, the dividend discount model cannot be used.An implied valuation using multiples from comparable regulated utilities is applied then.In the case, Exhibit 9 reveals some financial data for the PacifiCorp and Exhibit 10 demonstrates the implied valuation for PacifiCorp using average and median of the company. 1)Enterprise Value Multiple = Enterprise Value / Rev or EBIT or EBITDA or Net Income ofComparable CompaniesImplied value of PacifiCorp = The medium or mean of Enterprise Value Multiples* Rev or EBIT or EBITDA or Net Income of PacifiCorp2)MV Equity Multiple = MV Equity/EPS or Book Value of Comparable CompaniesImplied value of PacifiCorp = The medium or mean of MV Equity Multiples* EPS or Book Value of PacifiCorp4.What might account for the share price increase for Berkshire Hathaway at the announcement? The stock market reaction to the PacifiCorp acquisition by Berkshire Hathaway appears to portray the deal as a win-win situation, creating value for both companies.Under acquisition accounting, the $2.55 billion increase in market value of Berkshire Hathaway is the increase in goodwill of the company.The reasons are listed below.●Buffet expected that PacifiCorp would have good future earnings and could enhance theperformance of Berkshireas well. The acquisition boosted the confidence of investors.Moreover, the market was optimistic about the purchase.●The stock performance of Berkshire underperformed S&P 500 Index while the ScottishPower outperformed the index.。
全国翻译三级真题版
真题2011年的三级笔译Section 1 English-Chinese Translation ( 50 points )Translate the following passage into Chinese.This month, the United Nations Development Program made water and sanitation the centerpiece of its flagship publication, the Human Development Report.Claims of a "water apartheid," where poor people pay more for water than the rich, are bound to attract attention. But what are the economics behind the problem, and how can it be fixed? In countries that have trouble delivering clean water to their people, a lack of infrastructure is often the culprit. People in areas that are not served by public utilities have to rely on costlier ways of getting water, such as itinerant water trucks and treks to wells. Paradoxically, as the water sources get costlier, the water itself tends to be more dangerous. Water piped by utilities - to the rich and the poor alike - is usually cleaner than water trucked in or collected from an outdoor tank.The problem exists not only in rural areas but even in big cities, said Hakan Bjorkman, program director of the UN agency in Thailand. Further, subsidies made to local water systems often end up benefiting people other than the poor, he added.The agency proposes a three-step solution. First, make access to 20 liters, or 5 gallons, of clean water a day a human right. Next, make local governments accountable for delivering this service. Last, invest in infrastructure to link people to water mains.The report says governments, especially in developing countries, should spend at least 1 percent of gross domestic product on water and sanitation. It also recommends that foreign aid be more directed toward these problems. Clearly, this approach relies heavily on government intervention, something Bjorkman readily acknowledged. But there are some market-based approaches as well.By offering cut-rate connections to poor people to the water mainline, the private water utility in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, has steadily increased access to clean water, according to the agency's report. A subsidy may not even be necessary, despite the agency's proposals, if a country can harness the economic benefits of providing clean water.People who receive clean water are much less likely to die from water-borne diseases - a common malady in the developing world - and much more likely to enjoy long, productive, taxpaying lives that can benefit their host countries. So if a government is trying to raise financing to invest in new infrastructure, it might find receptive ears in private credit markets - as long as it can harness the return. Similarly, private companies may calculate that it is worth bringing clean water to an area if its residents are willing to pay back the investment over many years.In the meantime, some local solutions are being found. In Thailand, Bjorkman said, some small communities are taking challenges like water access upon themselves. "People organize themselves in groups to leverage what little resources they have to help their communities," he said. "That's especially true out in the rural areas. They invest their money in revolving funds and saving schemes, and they invest themselves to improve their villages. "It is not always easy to take these solutions and replicate them in other countries, though. Assembling a broad menu of different approaches can be the first step in finding the right solution for a given region or country.出处：.nytimes./2006/11/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-glob15.3535740.htmlSection 2 Chinese-English Translation ( 50 points )Translate the following passage into English.即使遇到丰收年景，对中国来说，要用世界百分之七的耕地养活全球五分之一的人口仍是一项艰巨的任务。
cr2详解(3M注释版)
Practice Test #2 Critical Reasoning (68 Questions)1. (24021-!-item-!-188;#058&000691)On Pacific islands, a newly arrived gecko species, the house gecko, is displacing the previously established mourning gecko in urban areas, but populations of the two species are more stable in rural areas far from human settlement. The house gecko does not attack the mourning gecko, but in areas where insects congregate it prevents the mourning gecko from feeding on them.Which of the following contributes most to an explanation of the difference between gecko populations in urban and rural areas?农村，离Human settlement远，population越stable在Insects聚集的地方HG不让MG吃虫问城市和农村为啥HG和MG的population差距大？方法：搭桥(A) In urban areas, geckos are valued because they eat so many insects.(B) Geckos defend territories against other members of the same species.(C) House geckos that arrive on islands are carried there in boats and planes.(D) In places where there are lighted buildings, insects tend to gather around the light.(E) Mourning geckos are all females and reproduce asexually, but house geckos reproduce sexually.2. (24069-!-item-!-188;#058&000703)Downtown Villieu was once a flourishing business district, but most Villieu-area businesses are now located only in the suburbs. The office buildings downtown lack the modern amenities most business operators demand today. To lure more businesses downtown, Villieu officials plan to have several modern office buildings constructed and to offer reduced local tax rates to any business that leases space in a new downtown building.Which of the following, if true, most threatens the plan's likelihood of success?Reduce local tax rates来勾引business去downtown(A) Most of the businesses currently located in downtown Villieu have long-term leases on the space they occupy there.(B) The existing office buildings in downtown Villieu have, on average, a much higher vacancy rate than do office buildings in Villieu's suburbs.(C) The local tax rates in Villieu's suburbs are significantly lower than downtown Villieu's proposed rate for businesses that lease space in the new office buildings.(D) Most of the businesses that currently lease office space in downtown Villieu also lease office space in Villieu's suburbs.(E) With the new office buildings, downtown Villieu would have a greater amount of modern office space than any other downtown business district in the region.3. (24117-!-item-!-188;#058&000708)Northern Air has dozens of flights daily into and out of Belleville Airport, which is highly congested. Northern Air depends for its success on economy and quick turnaround and consequently is planning to replace its large planes with Skybuses, whose novel aerodynamic design is extremely fuel efficient. The Skybus' fuel efficiency results in both lower fuel costs and reduced time spent refueling.Which of the following, if true, could present the most serious disadvantage for Northern Air in replacing their large planes with Skybuses?NA成功在于经济和快速的调度把原来的large飞机换成SB机，因为省油和节约加油时间他因(A) The Skybus would enable Northern Air to schedule direct flights to destinations that currentlyrequire stops for refueling.加强(B) Aviation fuel is projected to decline in price over the next several years.加强(C) The fuel efficiency of the Skybus would enable Northern Air to eliminate refueling at some of its destinations, but several mechanics would lose their jobs.不关人道主义的事情(D) None of Northern Air's competitors that use Belleville Airport are considering buying Skybuses.跟别人无关(E) The aerodynamic design of the Skybus causes turbulence behind it when taking off that forces other planes on the runway to delay their takeoffs.4. (24257-!-item-!-188;#058&001200)Which of the following most logically completes the argument?A new machine for harvesting corn will allow rows to be planted only fifteen inches apart, insteadof the usual thirty inches. Corn planted this closely will produce lower yields per plant. Nevertheless, the new machine will allow corn growers to double their profits per acre because__________.原来30，现在15，密了—>每株产量少了，但是会更profit每acre翻倍(A) with the closer spacing of the rows, the growing corn plants will quickly form a dense canopyof leaves, which will, by shading the ground, minimize the need for costly weed control and irrigation注意这里的costly(B) with the closer spacing of the rows, corn plants will be forced to grow taller because ofincreased competition for sunlight from neighboring corn plants高不高跟profit没有关系(C) with the larger number of plants growing per acre, more fertilizer will be required削弱(D) with the spacing between rows cut by half, the number of plants grown per acre will almost double这个不能翻倍，因为单株产量降低了(E) with the closer spacing of the rows, the acreage on which corn is planted will be utilized much more intensively than it was before, requiring more frequent fallow years in which corn fields are left unplanted不管环保的事情5. (24305-!-item-!-188;#058&001204)Microscopic plants called algae grow inside the top layer of sea ice in the Antarctic if enough sunlight reaches that layer of ice and enough seawater, which contains nutrients, reaches that layer after splashing onto the surface. Even though moderate snow cover reduces the sunlight that filters into the top layer, sea ice with moderate snow cover typically contains even more algae in the top layer than does sea ice with less snow cover.Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the apparent discrepancy?两个条件：阳光和营养水盖上雪，阳光相对少，但是A却更多了，为啥？(A) As the weight of accumulated snow forces ice lower in the water, more seawater splashes onto the surface and seeps through the snow.营养水更多了(B) Seawater in the Antarctic often contains higher concentrations of nutrients than does seawater in more temperate regions.无关比较(C) As the air temperature around sea ice decreases during the winter, the likelihood decreases that snow will fall and thus add to any existing snow cover.(D) The nutrients on which algae rely are common in seawater throughout the Antarctic.(E) More sunlight filters through a layer of ice than through an equally thick layer of snow.无关比较6. (24353-!-item-!-188;#058&001207)Which of the following most logically completes the passage?Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees. Garnet pays for both testing of its employees' cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol. This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment. However, RenCo does not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because __________.G花钱检查并治疗，因为省钱（几年不治花费很高），R没有动机这么做，因为？方法：找不同点(A) early treatment of high cholesterol does not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life没有不同点(B) the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are low in cholesterol诉诸专家（media），还是没两公司不同点(C) RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has顾的多更应该有动机做(D) RenCo's employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet's employees不比G高，G都做了，且save了，R没有理由没有动机做(E) the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet题干上有for many year，这里就用上了，讲了G和R的不同7. (24401-!-item-!-188;#058&001291)United Lumber will use trees from its forests for two products. The tree trunks will be used for lumber and the branches converted into wood chips to make fiberboard. The cost of this conversion would be the same whether done at the logging site, where the trees are debranched, or at United's factory. However, wood chips occupy less than half the volume of the branches from which they are made.The information given, if accurate, most strongly supports which of the following?树枝convert chip做FB，在哪里convert的花费一样，但是chip的体积比树枝的一半还小(A) Converting the branches into wood chips at the logging site would require transporting a fully assembled wood-chipping machine to and from the site.新概念，没提到(B) It would be more economical to debranch the trees at the factory where the fiberboard is manufactured.文章讲的是convert(C) The debranching of trees and the conversion of the branches into chips are the only stages in the processing of branches that it would be in United's economic advantage to perform at the logging site. only stages，没提到(D) Transportation costs from the logging site to the factory that are determined by volume of cargo would be lower if the conversion into chips is done at the logging site rather than at the factory. Cost靠体积，体积小，花费少(E) In the wood-processing industry, branches are used only for the production of wood chips forfiberboard. E only和wood-processing industry都没有提到8. (24449-!-item-!-188;#058&001338)Which of the following most logically completes the argument?Utrania was formerly a major petroleum exporter, but in recent decades economic stagnation andrestrictive regulations inhibited investment in new oil fields. In consequence, Utranian oil exports dropped steadily as old fields became depleted. Utrania's currently improving economicsituation, together with less-restrictive regulations, will undoubtedly result in the rapiddevelopment of new fields. However, it would be premature to conclude that the rapid development of new fields will result in higher oil exports, because __________.U是主要出口城市，受到两个原因影响导致老油田衰竭，出口下降，随着这些因素的消失，出口并不会增加，为什么？(A) the price of oil is expected to remain relatively stable over the next several years(B) the improvement in the economic situation in Utrania is expected to result in a dramatic increase in the proportion of Utranians who own automobiles(C) most of the investment in new oil fields in Utrania is expected to come from foreign sources(D) new technology is available to recover oil from old oil fields formerly regarded as depleted(E) many of the new oil fields in Utrania are likely to be as productive as those that weredeveloped during the period when Utrania was a major oil exporterA price无关B 经济好转导致城内用车多了，产量增加并不一定导致出口增加C 投资哪里来的对出口没有影响D 加强E 加强9. (24497-!-item-!-188;#058&001429)Beta Corporation claims that it no longer has enough work for the 60 computer data-entry workers that it is laying off. These workers have heard, however, that the company is buying 100 new computers. So the workers concluded that the company's real reason for laying them off is to fill their jobs with lower-paid workers.Which of the following, if true, would most undermine the workers' conclusion?因为买了100个新电脑，所以有工作给他们做(A) Most of the workers being laid off know how to enter data on a number of different computer systems.(B) Orders for almost all of Beta Corporation products have increased over the past year.(C) A recent memorandum from the president of Beta Corporation requested that all data generated by the company be stored in computerized form.加强了(D) Beta Corporation's computer data-entry workers are more experienced and hence more highly paid than people doing comparable work in other companies.(E) Beta Corporation's new computers will allow its current management and sales staff to perform many of the tasks that the data-entry workers were previously doing.10. (24867-!-item-!-188;#058&001810)Which of the following most logically completes the passage?For the past several years, a certain technology has been widely used to transmit data among networked computers. Recently two data transmission companies, Aptron and Gammatech, have each developed separate systems that allow network data transmission at rates ten timesfaster than the current technology allows. Although the systems are similarly priced and are equally easy to use, Aptron's product is likely to dominate the market, because __________.A和G研发系统，速度快，价格类似，但是A会占领市场，因为？找G不利的理由，以及A和G的不同(A) Gammatech has been in the business of designing data transmission systems for several years more than Aptron has 在市场的时间说明nothing(B) the number of small businesses that need computer networking systems is likely to double over the next few years，small business会加倍没有说A和G的不同(C) it is much more likely that Gammatech's system will be expandable to meet future needs，加强(D) unlike many data transmission companies, Aptron and Gammatech develop computers inaddition to data transmission systems，A和G的相同，不是区别(E) it is easier for users of the current data transmission technology to switch to Aptron's product than to Gammatech's11. (24915-!-item-!-188;#058&001837)Radio stations with radio data system (RDS) technology broadcast special program information that only radios with an RDS feature can receive. Between 1994 and 1996, the number of RDS radio stations in Verdland increased from 250 to 600. However, since the number ofRDS-equipped radios in Verdland was about the same in 1996 as in 1994, the number of Verdlanders receiving the special program information probably did not increase significantly. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?Station数量多了接收器不变 接受info的人数量不变(A) Few if any of the RDS radio stations that began broadcasting in Verdland after 1994 broadcast to people with RDS-equipped radios living in areas not previously reached by RDS stations.含有not,加上很长，优先选择，意思是few（理解为没有）S在94年后开始为原来有radio，但是原来的S不能达到的人播放(B) In 1996 most Verdlanders who lived within the listening area of an RDS station already had a radio equipped to receive RDS. 但是RDS数量没有增加，没比较(C) Equipping a radio station with RDS technology does not decrease the station's listening area.没影响，没比较(D) In 1996 Verdlanders who did not own radios equipped to receive RDS could not receive any programming from the RDS radio stations that began broadcasting in Verdland after 1994.重复文章的premises(E) The RDS radio stations in Verdland in 1996 did not all offer the same type of programming.没有对比12. (24967-!-item-!-188;#058&001893)Situation: For five years the Souper restaurant chain has maintained rapid sales growth in Danport, primarily by opening new restaurants that draw patrons away from other restaurants in their vicinity.Goal: Souper wishes to achieve continued rapid sales growth in Danport over the next two years.Proposal for consideration: Continue to open new restaurants in Danport during the next two years at the same rate as in the last two years.In light of the situation, which of the following, if true, most strongly argues that adopting the proposal would be an ineffective way of achieving the goal?以前成功，用同样的方法来保证以后成功解题：时地不全等(A) At times at which customers find Souper restaurants too crowded, they often go to other restaurants nearby. 加强(B) The Souper chain has generally opened new restaurants in locations that are in the vicinity of a large number of other restaurants.以前是，不能保证以后是(C) Souper restaurants generally offer a much smaller variety of foods than many of the other restaurants in their vicinity.提供啥没关系，只要能卖出去(D) Virtually all potential sites for new Souper restaurants in Danport are located in the vicinity of existing Souper restaurants.所有的可以开店的地方都已经有了这个店，开新店会形成竞争(E) Souper restaurants have always offered meals that are somewhat less expensive than meals at restaurants that compete with Souper for patrons.这个不会随着时间改变改变的，所以是加强13. (25752-!-item-!-188;#058&002668)An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe after the continent was blanketed by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984. Thus, it is evident that major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.Which of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?EU的夏天火山爆发导致冬天寒冷 大部分火山爆发导致变冷（比正常情况）(A) The cooling effect triggered by volcanic eruptions in 1985 was counteracted by an unusual warming of Pacific waters. 相当于支持(B) There is a strong statistical link between volcanic eruptions and the severity of the rainy season in India.下雨不是冷，偷换概念(C) A few months after El Chichn's large eruption in April 1982, air temperatures throughout the region remained higher than expected, given the long-term weather trends.对（反例）(D) The climatic effects of major volcanic eruptions can temporarily mask the general warming trend resulting from an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.支持(E) Three months after an early springtime eruption in South America during the late 19th century, sea surface temperatures near the coast began to fall.支持14. (25938-!-item-!-188;#058&002908)Most household appliances use electricity only when in use. Many microwave ovens, however, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in use. The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year. Therefore, households whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year less, on average, than do comparable households whose microwave oven is otherwise similar but has a built-in clock.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?没有clock在炉子上的用户会少用45 kilowatt-hours per year电比带clock的(A) Households that do not have a microwave oven use less energy per year, on average, than do households that have a microwave oven.比较对象错(B) Microwave ovens with a built-in clock do not generally cost more to buy than microwave ovens without a built-in clock.用电的比较，不是炉子价格的比较(C) All households that have a microwave oven also have either a gas oven or a conventional electric oven.不是assumption，有没有这些没有影响(D) Households whose microwave oven does not have a built-in clock are no more likely to have a separate electric clock plugged in than households whose microwave oven has one.(E) There are more households that have a microwave oven with a built-in clock than there are households that have a microwave oven without a built-in clock. 哪个数量多没有影响15. (25986-!-item-!-188;#058&002914)Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes. However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run. Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?降价赶走竞争者的方法不能长期盈利，因为想提价的时候会给竞争者更好的降价的机会(A) In some countries it is not illegal for a company to drive away competitors by selling a product below cost.(B) Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge. 杀鸡儆猴(C) As part of promotions designed to attract new customers, airlines sometimes reduce their ticket prices to below an economically sustainable level.(D) On deciding to stop serving particular routes, most airlines shift resources to other routes rather than reduce the size of their operations.能调走，也能调回来(E) When airlines dramatically reduce their fares on a particular route, the total number of air passengers on that route increases greatly.16. (26678-!-item-!-188;#058&003277)When an airplane is taken out of service for maintenance, it is often repainted as well, and during the repainting no other maintenance work can be done on the plane. In order to reduce maintenance time, airline officials are considering using a new nontoxic plastic film instead of paint. The film takes just as long to apply as paint does, but many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the same time.Which of the following, if true, is further evidence that using the film will help the airline officials achieve their goal?用film节约maintenance的时间(A) Unlike paint, the film gives a milky tone to certain colors. 不管时间事情(B) At the end of its useful life, the film can be removed much more quickly than paint can.(C) The film can be applied only by technicians who have received special training. 没有时间(D) The metal exteriors of airplanes have to be protected from high temperatures and caustic chemicals such as exhaust gases. 没有时间(E) Even at speeds considerably higher than the normal speed of a passenger jet, the film remains securely attached.没有时间17. (26864-!-item-!-188;#058&003368)At present the Hollywood Restaurant has only standard-height tables. However, many customers come to watch the celebrities who frequent the Hollywood, and they would prefer tall tables with stools because such seating would afford a better view of the celebrities. Moreover, diners seated on stools typically do not stay as long as diners seated at standard-height tables. Therefore, if the Hollywood replaced some of its seating with high tables and stools, its profits would increase.The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it gives reason to believe that it is likely that喜欢长腿的，因为视线好，可以看名人，但是呆的时间不比普通的长。
Beauty
Beautyfrom The Conduct of Life (1860, rev. 1876)byRalph Waldo EmersonVIII: BEAUTYWas never form and never faceSo sweet to SEYD as only graceWhich did not slumber like a stoneBut hovered gleaming and was gone.Beauty chased he everywhere,In flame, in storm, in clouds of air.He smote the lake to feed his eye With the beryl beam of the broken wave;He flung in pebbles well to hearThe moment's music which they gave.Oft pealed for him a lofty tone From nodding pole and belting zone. He heard a voice none else could hearFrom centred and from errant sphere. The quaking earth did quake in rhyme, Seas ebbed and flowed in epic chime.In dens of passion, and pits of wo,He saw strong Eros struggling through,To sun the dark and solve the curse, And beam to the bounds of the universe.While thus to love he gave his daysIn loyal worship, scorning praise, How spread their lures for him, in vain,Thieving Ambition and paltering Gain!He thought it happier to be dead,To die for Beauty, than live for bread.BeautyThe spiral tendency of vegetation infects education also. Our books approach very slowly the things we most wish to know. What a parade we make of our science, and how far off, and at arm's length, it is from its objects! Our botany is all names, not powers: poets and romancers talk of herbs of grace and healing; but what does the botanist know of the virtues of his weeds? The geologist lays bare the strata, and can tell them all on his fingers: but does he know what effect passes into the man who builds his house in them? what effect on the race that inhabits a granite shelf? what on the inhabitants of marl and of alluvium?We should go to the ornithologist with a new feeling, if he could teach us what the social birds say, when they sit in the autumn council, talking together in the trees. The want of sympathy makes his record a dull dictionary. His result is a dead bird. The bird is not in its ounces and inches, but in its relations to Nature; and the skin or skeleton you show me, is no more a heron, than a heap of ashes or a bottle of gases into which his body has been reduced, is Dante or Washington. The naturalist is led from the road by the whole distance of his fancied advance. The boy had juster views when he gazed at the shells on the beach, or the flowers in the meadow, unable to call them by their names, than the man in the pride of his nomenclature. Astrology interested us, for it tied man to the system. Instead of an isolated beggar, the farthest star felt him, and he felt the star. However rash and however falsified by pretenders and traders in it,onsmustfurnish the hint was true and divine, the soul's avowal of its large relations, and, that climate, century, remote natures, as well as near, are part of its biography. Chemistry takes to pieces, but it does not construct. Alchemy which sought to transmute one element into another, to prolong life, to arm with power, -- that was in the right direction. All our science lacks a human side. The tenant is more than the house. Bugs and stamens and spores, on which we lavish so many years, are not finalities, and man, when his powers unfold in order, will take Nature along with him, and emit light into all her recesses. The human heart concerns us more than the poring into microscopes, and is larger than can be measured by the pompous figures of the astronomer.We are just so frivolous and skeptical. Men hold themselves cheap and vile: and yet a man is a fagot of thunderbolts. All the elements pour through his system: he is the flood of the flood, and fire of the fire; he feels the antipodes and the pole, as drops of his blood: they are the extension of his personality. His duties are measured by that instrument he is; and a right and perfect man would be felt to the centre of the Copernican system. 'Tis curious that we only believe as deep as we live. We do not think heroes can exert any more awful power than that surface-play which amuses us.A deep man believes in miracles, waits for them, believes in magic, believes that the orator will decompose his adversary; believes that the evil eye can wither, that the heart's blessing can heal; that love can exalt talent; can overcome all odds. From a great heart secret magnetisms flow incessantly to draw great events. But we prize veryhumble utilities, a prudent husband, a good son, a voter, a citizen, and deprecate any romance of character; and perhaps reckon only his money value, -- his intellect, his affection, as a sort of bill of exchange, easily convertible into fine chambers, pictures, musonsmustfurnishic, and wine.The motive of science was the extension of man, on all sides, into Nature, till his hands should touch the stars, his eyes see through the earth, his ears understand the language of beast and bird, and the sense of the wind; and, through his sympathy, heaven and earth should talk with him. But that is not our science. These geologies, chemistries, astronomies, seem to make wise, but they leave us where they found us. The invention is of use to the inventor, of questionable help to any other. The formulas of science are like the papers in your pocket-book, of no value to any but the owner. Science in England, in America, is jealous of theory, hates the name of love and moral purpose. There's a revenge for this inhumanity. What manner of man does science make? The boy is not attracted. He says, I do not wish to be such a kind of man as my professor is. The collector has dried all the plants in his herbal, but he has lost weight and humor. He has got all snakes and lizards in his phials, but science has done for him also, and has put the man into a bottle. Our reliance on the physician is a kind of despair of ourselves. The clergy have bronchitis, which does not seem a certificate of spiritual health. Macready thought it came of the falsetto of their voicing. An Indian prince, Tisso, one day riding in the forest, saw a herd of elk sporting. "See how happy," he said, "these browsing elks are! Why should not priests, lodged and fed comfortably in the temples, also amuse themselves?" Returning home, he imparted this reflection to the king. The king, on the next day, conferred the sovereignty on him, saying, "Prince, administer this empire for seven days: at the termination of that period, I shall put thee to death." At the end of the seventh day, the king inquired, "From what cause hast thou become so emaciated?" He answered, "From the horror of death." The monarch rejoined: "Live, my child, and be wise. Thou hast ceased to taonsmustfurnishke recreation, saying to thyself, in seven days I shall be put to death. These priests in the temple incessantly meditate on death; how can they enter into healthful diversions?" But the men of science or the doctors or the clergy are not victims of their pursuits, more than others. The miller, the lawyer, and the merchant, dedicate themselves to their own details, and do not come out men of more force. Have they divination, grand aims, hospitality of soul, and the equality to any event, which we demand in man, or only the reactions of the mill, of the wares, of the chicane?No object really interests us but man, and in man only his superiorities; and, though we are aware of a perfect law in Nature, it has fascination for us only through its relation to him, or, as it is rooted in the mind. At the birth of Winckelmann, more than a hundred years ago, side by side with this arid, departmental, post mortem science, rose an enthusiasm in the study of Beauty; and perhaps some sparks from it may yet light a conflagration in the other. Knowledge of men, knowledge of manners, the power of form, and our sensibility to personal influence, never go out of fashion. These arefacts of a science which we study without book, whose teachers and subjects are always near us.So inveterate is our habit of criticism, that much of our knowledge in this direction belongs to the chapter of pathology. The crowd in the street oftener furnishes degradations than angels or redeemers: but they all prove the transparency. Every spirit makes its house; and we can give a shrewd guess from the house to the inhabitant. But not less does Nature furnish us with every sign of grace and goodness. The delicious faces of children, the beauty of school-girls, "the sweet seriousness of sixteen," the lofty air of well-born, well-bred boys, the passionate histories in the looks and manners of youth and early manhood, and the varied power in all that well-known company that escort uonsmustfurnishs through life, -- we know how these forms thrill, paralyze, provoke, inspire, and enlarge us.Beauty is the form under which the intellect prefers to study the world. All privilege is that of beauty; for there are many beauties; as, of general nature, of the human face and form, of manners, of brain, or method, moral beauty, or beauty of the soul.The ancients believed that a genius or demon took possession at birth of each mortal, to guide him; that these genii were sometimes seen as a flame of fire partly immersed in the bodies which they governed; -- on an evil man, resting on his head; in a good man, mixed with his substance. They thought the same genius, at the death of its ward, entered a new-born child, and they pretended to guess the pilot, by the sailing of the ship. We recognize obscurely the same fact, though we give it our own names. We say, that every man is entitled to be valued by his best moment. We measure our friends so. We know, they have intervals of folly, whereof we take no heed, but wait the reappearings of the genius, which are sure and beautiful. On the other side, everybody knows people who appear beridden, and who, with all degrees of ability, never impress us with the air of free agency. They know it too, and peep with their eyes to see if you detect their sad plight. We fancy, could we pronounce the solving word, and disenchant them, the cloud would roll up, the little rider would be discovered and unseated, and they would regain their freedom. The remedy seems never to be far off, since the first step into thought lifts this mountain of necessity. Thought is the pent air-ball which can rive the planet, and the beauty which certain objects have for him, is the friendly fire which expands the thought, and acquaints the prisoner that liberty and power await him.The question of Beauty takes us out of surfaces, to thinking of the foundations of things. Goethe said, "The beautiful is a manifestation ofonsmustfurnish secret laws of Nature, which, but for this appearance, had been forever concealed from us." And the working of this deep instinct makes all the excitement -- much of it superficial and absurd enough -- about works of art, which leads armies of vain travellers every year to Italy, Greece, and Egypt. Every man values every acquisition he makes in the science of beauty, above his possessions. The most useful man in the most useful world, solong as only commodity was served, would remain unsatisfied. But, as fast as he sees beauty, life acquires a very high value.I am warned by the ill fate of many philosophers not to attempt a definition of Beauty. I will rather enumerate a few of its qualities. We ascribe beauty to that which is simple; which has no superfluous parts; which exactly answers its end; which stands related to all things; which is the mean of many extremes. It is the most enduring quality, and the most ascending quality. We say, love is blind, and the figure of Cupid is drawn with a bandage round his eyes. Blind: -- yes, because he does not see what he does not like; but the sharpest-sighted hunter in the universe is Love, for finding what he seeks, and only that; and the mythologists tell us, that Vulcan was painted lame, and Cupid blind, to call attention to the fact, that one was all limbs, and the other, all eyes. In the true mythology, Love is an immortal child, and Beauty leads him as a guide: nor can we express a deeper sense than when we say, Beauty is the pilot of the young soul.Beyond their sensuous delight, the forms and colors of Nature have a new charm for us in our perception, that not one ornament was added for ornament, but is a sign of some better health, or more excellent action. Elegance of form in bird or beast, or in the human figure, marks some excellence of structure: or beauty is only an invitation from what belongs to us. 'Tis a law of botany, that in plants, the same virtues follow the same forms. It is onsmustfurnisha rule of largest application, true in a plant, true in a loaf of bread, that in the construction of any fabric or organism, any real increase of fitness to its end, is an increase of beauty.The lesson taught by the study of Greek and of Gothic art, of antique and of Pre-Raphaelite painting, was worth all the research, -- namely, that all beauty must be organic; that outside embellishment is deformity. It is the soundness of the bones that ultimates itself in a peach-bloom complexion: health of constitution that makes the sparkle and the power of the eye. 'Tis the adjustment of the size and of the joining of the sockets of the skeleton, that gives grace of outline and the finer grace of movement. The cat and the deer cannot move or sit inelegantly. The dancing-master can never teach a badly built man to walk well. The tint of the flower proceeds from its root, and the lustres of the sea-shell begin with its existence. Hence our taste in building rejects paint, and all shifts, and shows the original grain of the wood: refuses pilasters and columns that support nothing, and allows the real supporters of the house honestly to show themselves. Every necessary or organic action pleases the beholder. A man leading a horse to water, a farmer sowing seed, the labors of haymakers in the field, the carpenter building a ship, the smith at his forge, or, whatever useful labor, is becoming to the wise eye. But if it is done to be seen, it is mean. How beautiful are ships on the sea! but ships in the theatre, -- or ships kept for picturesque effect on Virginia Water, by George IV., and men hired to stand in fitting costumes at a penny an hour! -- What a difference in effect between a battalion of troops marching to action, and one of our independent companies on a holiday! In the midst of a military show, and a festal procession gay with banners, I saw a boy seize an old tin pan that lay rusting under a wall, and poising it on the top of a stick, he set onsmustfurnishit turning,and made it describe the most elegant imaginable curves, and drew away attention from the decorated procession by this startling beauty.Another text from the mythologists. The Greeks fabled that Venus was born of the foam of the sea. Nothing interests us which is stark or bounded, but only what streams with life, what is in act or endeavor to reach somewhat beyond. The pleasure a palace or a temple gives the eye, is, that an order and method has been communicated to stones, so that they speak and geometrize, become tender or sublime with expression. Beauty is the moment of transition, as if the form were just ready to flow into other forms. Any fixedness, heaping, or concentration on one feature, -- a long nose, a sharp chin, a hump-back, -- is the reverse of the flowing, and therefore deformed. Beautiful as is the symmetry of any form, if the form can move, we seek a more excellent symmetry. The interruption of equilibrium stimulates the eye to desire the restoration of symmetry, and to watch the steps through which it is attained. This is the charm of running water, sea-waves, the flight of birds, and the locomotion of animals. This is the theory of dancing, to recover continually in changes the lost equilibrium, not by abrupt and angular, but by gradual and curving movements. I have been told by persons of experience in matters of taste, that the fashions follow a law of gradation, and are never arbitrary. The new mode is always only a step onward in the same direction as the last mode; and a cultivated eye is prepared for and predicts the new fashion. This fact suggests the reason of all mistakes and offence in our own modes. It is necessary in music, when you strike a discord, to let down the ear by an intermediate note or two to the accord again: and many a good experiment, born of good sense, and destined to succeed, fails, only because it is offensively sudden. I suppose, the Parisian milliner who dresses the world from her onsmustfurnishimperious boudoir will know how to reconcile the Bloomer costume to the eye of mankind, and make it triumphant over Punch himself, by interposing the just gradations. I need not say, how wide the same law ranges; and how much it can be hoped to effect. All that is a little harshly claimed by progressive parties, may easily come to be conceded without question, if this rule be observed. Thus the circumstances may be easily imagined, in which woman may speak, vote, argue causes, legislate, and drive a coach, and all the most naturally in the world, if only it come by degrees. To this streaming or flowing belongs the beauty that all circular movement has; as, the circulation of waters, the circulation of the blood, the periodical motion of planets, the annual wave of vegetation, the action and reaction of Nature: and, if we follow it out, this demand in our thought for an ever-onward action, is the argument for the immortality.One more text from the mythologists is to the same purpose, -- Beauty rides on a lion. Beauty rests on necessities. The line of beauty is the result of perfect economy. The cell of the bee is built at that angle which gives the most strength with the least wax; the bone or the quill of the bird gives the most alar strength, with the least weight. "It is the purgation of superfluities," said Michel Angelo. There is not a particle to spare in natural structures. There is a compelling reason in the uses of the plant, for every novelty of color or form: and our art saves material, by more skilful arrangement, andreaches beauty by taking every superfluous ounce that can be spared from a wall, and keeping all its strength in the poetry of columns. In rhetoric, this art of omission is a chief secret of power, and, in general, it is proof of high culture, to say the greatest matters in the simplest way.Veracity first of all, and forever. Rien de beau que le vrai. In all design, art lies in making your object pronsmustfurnishominent, but there is a prior art in choosing objects that are prominent. The fine arts have nothing casual, but spring from the instincts of the nations that created them.Beauty is the quality which makes to endure. In a house that I know, I have noticed a block of spermaceti lying about closets and mantel-pieces, for twenty years together, simply because the tallow-man gave it the form of a rabbit; and, I suppose, it may continue to be lugged about unchanged for a century. Let an artist scrawl a few lines or figures on the back of a letter, and that scrap of paper is rescued from danger, is put in portfolio, is framed and glazed, and, in proportion to the beauty of the lines drawn, will be kept for centuries. Burns writes a copy of verses, and sends them to a newspaper, and the human race take charge of them that they shall not perish.As the flute is heard farther than the cart, see how surely a beautiful form strikes the fancy of men, and is copied and reproduced without end. How many copies are there of the Belvedere Apollo, the Venus, the Psyche, the Warwick Vase, the Parthenon, and the Temple of Vesta? These are objects of tenderness to all. In our cities, an ugly building is soon removed, and is never repeated, but any beautiful building is copied and improved upon, so that all masons and carpenters work to repeat and preserve the agreeable forms, whilst the ugly ones die out.The felicities of design in art, or in works of Nature, are shadows or forerunners of that beauty which reaches its perfection in the human form. All men are its lovers. Wherever it goes, it creates joy and hilarity, and everything is permitted to it. It reaches its height in woman. "To Eve," say the Mahometans, "God gave two thirds of all beauty." A beautiful woman is a practical poet, taming her savage mate, planting tenderness, hope, and eloquence, in all whom she approaches. Some favors of condition must go with it, since a certain serenity is essential, onsmustfurnishbut we love its reproofs and superiorities. Nature wishes that woman should attract man, yet she often cunningly moulds into her face a little sarcasm, which seems to say, `Yes, I am willing to attract, but to attract a little better kind of a man than any I yet behold.' French memoires of the fifteenth century celebrate the name of Pauline de Viguiere, a virtuous and accomplished maiden, who so fired the enthusiasm of her contemporaries, by her enchanting form, that the citizens of her native city of Toulouse obtained the aid of the civil authorities to compel her to appear publicly on the balcony at least twice a week, and, as often as she showed herself, the crowd was dangerous to life. Not less, in England, in the last century, was the fame of the Gunnings, of whom, Elizabeth married the Duke of Hamilton; and Maria, the Earl of Coventry. Walpole says, "the concourse was so great, when the Duchess of Hamilton was presented at court, on Friday, that even the noble crowd in the drawing-room clambered on chairs and tablesto look at her. There are mobs at their doors to see them get into their chairs, and people go early to get places at the theatres, when it is known they will be there." "Such crowds," he adds, elsewhere, "flock to see the Duchess of Hamilton, that seven hundred people sat up all night, in and about an inn, in Yorkshire, to see her get into her post-chaise next morning."But why need we console ourselves with the fames of Helen of Argos, or Corinna, or Pauline of Toulouse, or the Duchess of Hamilton? We all know this magic very well, or can divine it. It does not hurt weak eyes to look into beautiful eyes never so long. Women stand related to beautiful Nature around us, and the enamored youth mixes their form with moon and stars, with woods and waters, and the pomp of summer. They heal us of awkwardness by their words and looks. We observe their intellectual influence on the most serious student. They refine and consmustfurnishlear his mind; teach him to put a pleasing method into what is dry and difficult. We talk to them, and wish to be listened to; we fear to fatigue them, and acquire a facility of expression which passes from conversation into habit of style.That Beauty is the normal state, is shown by the perpetua l effort of Nature to attain it. Mirabeau had an ugly face on a handsome ground; and we see faces every day which have a good type, but have been marred in the casting: a proof that we are all entitled to beauty, should have been beautiful, if our ancestors had kept the laws, -- as every lily and every rose is well. But our bodies do not fit us, but caricature and satirize us. Thus, short legs, which constrain us to short, mincing steps, are a kind of personal insult and contumely to the owner; and long stilts, again, put him at perpetual disadvantage, and force him to stoop to the general level of mankind. Martial ridicules a gentleman of his day whose countenance resembled the face of a swimmer seen under water. Saadi describes a schoolmaster "so ugly and crabbed, that a sight of him would derange the ecstasies of the orthodox." Faces are rarely true to any ideal type, but are a record in sculpture of a thousand anecdotes of whim and folly. Portrait painters say that most faces and forms are irregular and unsymmetrical; have one eye blue, and one gray; the nose not straight; and one shoulder higher than another; the hair unequally distributed, etc. The man is physically as well as metaphysically a thing of shreds and patches, borrowed unequally from good and bad ancestors, and a misfit from the start.A beautiful person, among the Greeks, was thought to betray by this sign some secret favor of the immortal gods: and we can pardon pride, when a woman possesses such a figure, that wherever she stands, or moves, or leaves a shadow on the wall, or sits for a portrait to the artist, she confers a favor on the world. And yet -- it is not beauty that inspires the deepesonsmustfurnisht passion. Beauty without grace is the hook without the bait. Beauty, without expression, tires. Abbe Menage said of the President Le Bailleul, "that he was fit for nothing but to sit for his portrait." A Greek epigram intimates that the force of love is not shown by the courting of beauty, but when the like desire is inflamed for one who is ill-favored. And petulant old gentlemen, who have chanced to suffer some intolerable weariness from pretty people, or who have seen cut flowers to some profusion, or who see, after a world of pains have beensuccessfully taken for the costume, how the least mistake in sentiment takes all the beauty out of your clothes, -- affirm, that the secret of ugliness consists not in irregularity, but in being uninteresting.We love any forms, however ugly, from which great qualities shine. If command, eloquence, art, or invention, exist in the most deformed person, all the accidents that usually displease, please, and raise esteem and wonder higher. The great orator was an emaciated, insignificant person, but he was all brain. Cardinal De Retz says of De Bouillon, "With the physiognomy of an ox, he had the perspicacity of an eagle." It was said of Hooke, the friend of Newton, "he is the most, and promises the least, of any man in England." "Since I am so ugly," said Du Guesclin, "it behooves that I be bold." Sir Philip Sidney, the darling of mankind, Ben Jonson tells us, "was no pleasant man in countenance, his face being spoiled with pimples, and of high blood, and long." Those who have ruled human destinies, like planets, for thousands of years, were not handsome men. If a man can raise a small city to be a great kingdom, can make bread cheap, can irrigate deserts, can join oceans by canals, can subdue steam, can organize victory, can lead the opinions of mankind, can enlarge knowledge, 'tis no matter whether his nose is parallel to his spine, as it ought to be, or whether he has a nose at all; whether honsmustfurnishis legs are straight, or whether his legs are amputated; his deformities will come to be reckoned ornamental, and advantageous on the whole. This is the triumph of expression, degrading beauty, charming us with a power so fine and friendly and intoxicating, that it makes admired persons insipid, and the thought of passing our lives with them insupportable. There are faces so fluid with expression, so flushed and rippled by the play of thought, that we can hardly find what the mere features really are. When the delicious beauty of lineaments loses its power, it is because a more delicious beauty has appeared; that an interior and durable form has been disclosed. Still, Beauty rides on her lion, as before. Still, "it was for beauty that the world was made." The lives of the Italian artists, who established a despotism of genius amidst the dukes and kings and mobs of their stormy epoch, prove how loyal men in all times are to a finer brain, a finer method, than their own. If a man can cut such a head on his stone gate-post as shall draw and keep a crowd about it all day, by its beauty, good nature, and inscrutable meaning; -- if a man can build a plain cottage with such symmetry, as to make all the fine palaces look cheap and vulgar; can take such advantage of Nature, that all her powers serve him; making use of geometry, instead of expense; tapping a mountain for his water-jet; causing the sun and moon to seem only the decorations of his estate; this is still the legitimate dominion of beauty.The radiance of the human form, though sometimes astonishing, is only a burst of beauty for a few years or a few months, at the perfection of youth, and in most, rapidly declines. But we remain lovers of it, only transferring our interest to interior excellence. And it is not only admirable in singular and salient talents, but also in the world of manners.But the sovereign attribute remains to be noted. Things are pretty, graceful, rich, elegant, handsoonsmustfurnishme, but, until they speak to the imagination, not yet beautiful. This is the reason why beauty is still escaping out of all analysis. It is not。
翻译二级笔译综合能力-词汇和语法(二)
翻译二级笔译综合能力-词汇和语法(二)(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、词汇选择(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.While researchers may not ______ the expansive claims of hard-core vitamin enthusiasts, evidence suggests that the nutrients play a much more complex role in assuring vitality and optimal health than was previously thought.A. authorizeB. licenseC. counteractD. endorse（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] authorize批准；license许可，特许；counteract抵消，阻碍；endorse在(票据)背面签名，正式赞同或支持。
研究者没有支持那些顽固的维他命狂热者，所以选D。
2.Every year a number of students graduate from the school which will ______ new students the first week in September.A. enrollB. recruitC. collectD. reproduce（分数：0.50）A. √B.C.D.解析：[解析] enroll注册，登记，招收，使加入，enroll new student招收新生；recmit吸收，招收，征募，一般指招收军队或党派成员；collect收集，聚集；reproduce繁殖，再生。
3.Some readers may find it ______ that a book arguing for greater literacy and intellectual discipline should lead to a call for less rather than more education.A. appealingB. controversialC. paradoxicalD. ambiguous（分数：0.50）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] appealing吸引人的；controversial争论的，争议的；paradoxical荒谬的；ambiguous暖昧的，不明的。
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1 GSOE 9141 – Smart Grids and Distribution Networks ASMT2 - Report 4– XILU ZHU – z3445064 Summary of Cryptographic Challenges In Smart Grid System Security Smart Grid is a reliable and energy-saving distribution system. The digital system base on telecommunication technology brings convenience and high efficiency as well as some challenges. One of the challenges facing to smart grid is security. In the traditional distribution networks, the priority of security is lower than performance and efficiency. To implement the smart grid system, a security solution is essential using both newly produced and current running parts. There are limitations for the solution such as encryption of repetitive messages and reducing delays. Due to these limitations, the current distribution control systems require an innovational cryptographic method. To overcome these challenges and limitations, cryptographic mechanisms are developed. They can be efficiently and cheaply insert into control system.
Another challenge for the security of smart grid is the attack-resistant meter infrastructures. Meters in smart grid require identifying credentials for secure management. PKI (public-key infrastructure), which is widely used in e-commerce, cannot be applied due to lack of tamper-resistance. Smart card is another proven technique in current cryptographic tamper-resistant systems. One of the greatest challenges to smart card technique is offline dictionary attack. The attacker could launch an offline dictionary attack no matter whether the smart card is built in the smart meters. A proper solution could be the multiple authentication protocols proposed by Dr. Yongge Wang, which has the resistance to the offline dictionary attacks. 2
Brief Essay 1) The continuous growth of renewable energy generation and market participation of the consumers is directly linked to what has been described “a death spiral” of utilities. Provide an explanation of the issue, potential solutions and provide your opinion on the subject.
The fast development of renewable energy generation has brought a spreading fear in the utilities industry. The worry of that someday the consumers or end users will be self-sufficient in electric and quiet from the utilities has been called the “death spiral”. It is becoming a growing challenge for the traditional utilities and brings actual changes. A number of research and discussion has been done around this “death spiral”. This essay will analyse this issue and discuss if it is really deadly and the methods to solve it.
The kernel technology of the “death spiral” is the distributed generation. The most widely used distributed generation is obviously solar panels. With the improving technology, the efficiency of the solar panels sees an increase in recent years as well as the power storage technics, which makes brings the domestic solar panels one more step closer to self-sufficiency. Nowadays, more and more solar panels are occupying the roofs in Australia as well as other countries with rich solar power source. A data from Origin shows that there are about 2% of energy consumption comes from solar power at the moment. 2% is not a large portion. It is, however, not a reason to ignore when considering its increasing.
Figure 1 Solar Parity Coming Faster Than Expected 3
One of the limitation of the solar power nowadays is the high cost of solar power devices such as solar panels and batteries comparing to the relatively low cost of grid electricity. A report from Institute for Local Self-Reliance (ILSR) in 2012 made a prediction that the average cost of solar electricity from roof is expected to be the same with grid electricity in one-third of American metro areas by 2021. However, a recent report gives a result that the parity is actually coming faster than the prediction. Six largest city have comes to the solar parity, which covers over 30 million population. This is around 40% more than the number in the previous report. This price change increases the feasibility of solar self-sufficiency.
Another example for showing solar power’s challenge to the utilities was brought by Tesla Motor in the end of this April. The product is called the PowerWall. It is a rechargeable lithium-ion battery with up to 10kWh storage capacity. It charges using electricity from solar panels or the grid when necessary during the off-peak periods. Tesla announces that the PowerWall offers independence from the utility grid. There is also an enterprise version with 100kWh capacity and scalability, which allows the CEO of Tesla describes a non-fossil-fuel and renewable world.