科技英语常用句型4
科技英语的语法特点

词类转换多: 在翻译时将英文的某种词类翻译成汉语的另一词类The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。
被动语态1. Mathematics is used in many different fields.2. People use mathematics in many different fields.后置定语多In additional aliphatic compounds, there are a number of hydrocarbons derived from benzene and seemed to have distinctively different chemical properties.复杂长句多科技文章要求叙述准确,推理严谨。
为了表达请楚,科技英语句子往往较长,需认真分析方能明确句子中各成分之间的关系。
译成汉语时,必须按照汉语习惯翻译成若干简句,才能条理清楚,避免欧化句。
科技英语翻译标准所谓构词法即词的构成方法.即词在结构上规律.科技英语构词特点1)外来语多(很多来自希腊语和拉丁语);2)构词方法多.除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外,还普遍采用压缩法、混成法.符号法和宇母象形法.3)有大量半科技英语词汇(semi-scientific words)annual output 年产量produce…every year2.1 转化法(conversion)2.2 派生法(derivation)2.3 合成法(composition)由两个或更多词合成一个词,叫合成法。
有时需加连字符。
2.4 压缩法(shortening)只取词头字母ppm:parts per million 百万分之一SEM:scanning electron microscope (扫描电镜)TEM:Transmission electron microscopy(透射电镜)XRD:X-ray diffraction (X-射线衍射)将单词删去一些字母:lab:laboratory 实验室kilo:kilogram 千克、公斤flu: influenza 流行性感冒2.5 混成法(blending)把两个词一头一尾连在一起,构成1个新词.positron=positive+electron正的+电子=正电子medicare=medical十care医学的+照管=医疗保障aldehyde=alcohol十dehydrogenation醇+脱氢=醛2.6 常用后缀、词根第三章科技英语翻译一、词类转化的译法1.1 名词的转译Total determination of molecular structure is possible by means of X-ray diffraction.The maiden voyage of the newly-built steamship was a success.1.2 动词的转译An acid and a base react in a proton transfer reaction.The methyl group on the benzene ring greatly facilitates the nitration of toluene.1.3 形容词的转译英语中有些形容词(短语)表示“愿望、心理、情感”等一类概念,相当于汉语的动词。
科技英语的翻译

名词代替动词): 二. 名词化结构 (名词代替动词): 名词代替动词
Laser is one of the most sensational development in recent years because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical use. (激光是近年最惊人的科学成就之一,因为它可以应 用于多学科领域,也适合各种实际用途。)
科技英语文体: 科技英语文体:
If electron moves, it produces a magnetic field.
如果电子运动的话,就会产生磁场。 如果电子运动的话,
If air is passed through a drying agent the moisture will be moved.
The earth attracts the moon and the moon the earth.
常用的省略句型有: 常用的省略句型有: As compared above 如前所述 As indicated in Fig. X 如图所示 As previously mentioned 前已提及 If possible 如果可能 If required 如果需要 When needed 需要时 When in use 在使用时
F. 有限的时态种类: 有限的时态种类:
多用陈述句,少用感叹句和疑问句。 多用陈述句,少用感叹句和疑问句。 时态以一般现在时为主,有时也用一般过去时或完成时 时态以一般现在时为主,
G. 条件句和祈使句较多
条件句常用于提出各种前提,条件和场合,为了避 条件句常用于提出各种前提,条件和场合, 免武断,从假定,猜测,建议和怀疑的角度出发,需要 免武断,从假定,猜测,建议和怀疑的角度出发, 时还用虚拟语气,文字显得更委婉和谨慎。 时还用虚拟语气,文字显得更委婉和谨慎。
科技英语写作(上)

使用正式用语(formal words)、大词(big words),以突出科技英语正式、庄重、清晰、准确 的语体特点。 Example: A thorough exposition is accorded to phase and frequency modulation in the book.
说
同样的 接触 力图
say
similar touch try
remark
identical contact endeavor
利用
足够的 最终
use
enough in the end
employ; utilize
sufficient eventually
在其中
in which
wherein
用正式动词代替短语动词,力求精炼,避免 冗繁。
2)保证句子的语法结构正确后,就要进一步熟悉常 用的固定句型。 例如:
“这个解经验证无误” – The solution checks. “证毕” – This completes the proof. / Q.E.D. / QED (Latin) “这等于是说” – This amounts to saying... / This is equivalent to saying...
lab auto
mike ad
laboratory automobile
microphone advertisement
注意科技英语中的名词化现象(Nominalization)
所谓名词化倾向主要指广泛使用表示动作或状态的抽 象名词或起名词功用的动名词。科技文章的语言特点 之一是言简意明,简化语言结构的有效途径之一便是 名词化。 例:applications in data and information processing 计算机在数据和信息处理中的应用 the automation of information management and office automation 信息管理和办公室管理的自 动化 voice recognition equipment 声音识别设备 这种动词的名词化手段能有效地简化叙事的层次和结 构,减少使用句子和使用从句的频率,使行文更直接, 紧凑简洁。
科技英语写作 3,4,5理论分析 实验方法 结果

一般过去时态 一般现在时态
7
4实验与方法部分
实验与方法部分在一些外国科技写作专著中统称为材料与 方法部分(Materials and Method Section)。 这部分要作者回答的问题是:自己做了些什么?自己又是 如何做的?它的作用: 让那些同领域的研究者在必要时也能重复和验证作者的研 究方法; 证明作者所采用的方法是经过认真仔细的考虑的,能被认 可的正确方法。 对于其他领域的学者而言,他们会在研究论文的摘要中 了解作者所采用的研究方法与研究结果,而只会略读实验和 方法部分。然而,本领域的研究者会非常仔细地审读实验与 方法部分,以对作者的研究工作质量做出判断。因此,在展 现研究结果的可信度和有效性方面.研究论文的实验与方法 部分是一个非常关键的部分。 8
4.1 基本内容及结构
研究论文的实验及方法部分中,作者必须清楚、详细 地描述实验方法及程序。其基本内容应该包含下列项目:
① 对于所采用的材料、仪器仪表、设备及测试系统所作的详 细介绍。 ② 对于实验程序所作的清楚说明。 若有必要,基本内容还可以包含以下资料: ③ 对整个实验的概述。 ④ 选用特定材料、设备或方法的理由。特定材料包括工质试 剂、酶、催化剂、生物体等。 ⑤ 实验的特殊条件或工况,如特殊的温度、速度或压力范围, 特殊的高电压或大电流,紫外线辐射等。 ⑥ 特殊实验设备或方法的详细介绍。若采用的是标准的实验 设备或方法,则作简略介绍。 ⑦ 应用的统计、分析方法的描述。 9
4
Suppose
也有的论文作者采用一般将来时态以介绍新的题目或
转接到新的段落。一般将来时也常在条件状语从句中使用,
以说明可能的结果。例如:
We will solve this optimization problem in the context of the following statistical model.
科技英语翻译方法

常用前后缀、词根
科技英语翻译
词类转化的译法 句子成分转换的译法 词序转变的译法 被动语态的译法 后置定语的译法 长句的译法
词类转化的译法
名词的转译
动词的转译
形容词的转译
英语中有些形容词(短语)表示“愿望、心理、情感” 等一类概念,相当于汉语的动词
专 业 英 语 Specialized English
——科技英语翻译方法
科技英语 English for Science and Technology 简称EST 是一种用英语阐述科学技术中的理论、技术、实验和现 象等的英语体系,它在词汇、语法和文体诸方面都有自 己的特点,从而形成一门专门学科。
副词的转译
介词的转译
句子成分转换的译法
所谓句子成分转换的译法,是把句子的 某一成分(如主语)译成另一成分(如宾语 等)。在多数情况下,词类转译必然导致句 子成分的转译,例如:当英语的动词转译为 汉语的名词或副词时,该动词的谓语成分也 就相应地转译为汉语的主语.宾语或状语等。 成分转换的目的是使译文通顺,符合汉 语习惯。
混成法(blending)
把两个词的一头一尾连在一起.构成一个新词。
positron=positive+electron 正的+电子=正电子 medicare=medical十care 医学的+照管=医疗保障 aldehyde=alcohol十dehydrogenation 醇十脱氢=醛
符号法(signs) 字母形象法(letter symbolizing) X-ray U-pipe
后置定语多
后置定语是位于其所修饰的名词之后的定语,汉语常用前 置定语或多个简单句来说明某概念或某术语,而科技英语 则更多地使用后置定语。 If we now visualize a region of space filled with a tremendous number of charges separated by minute distances. We see first that the field cannot vary with y or with z, and then that the y and z components arising from differential elements of charge symmetrically located with respect to the point at which we wish the field will cancel.
科技英语的特点及译法

Grammar Features
客观性) (二)广泛使用被动语句(客观性 客观性 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计,科技英语中 科技英语中 的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧 的谓语至少三分之一是被动态 重叙事推理,强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多, 会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述, 采用被动语态 。
Grammar Features
客观性( 客观性(Objectiveness) ) 准确性( 准确性(accuracy) ) 精练性(conciseness)。 精练性
(1) 大量使用名词化结构 (2) 广泛使用被动语句 (3) 非限定动词 (4) 后置形容词短语作定语多 (5) 省略句使用频繁 It句型和祈使句使用频繁 (6) It句型和祈使句使用频繁 (7) 复杂长句使用频繁
Feห้องสมุดไป่ตู้tures
1. Language features 2. Vocabulary features 3. Grammar features 4. Rhetoric features
Language Features
科技英语的语言基本属于书面语言,词汇意义较 专一、稳定,表达方式较单调,语汇不具感情内 容,很少使用修辞手段。另外,科技英语有一些 科技文体所特有的习语及词组。
Vocabulary Features
7. 大量使用复合词 复合词也是科技文章的特点之一,复合词从 复合词 过去的双词组合发展到多词组合。例如: full-enclosed 全封闭的(双词合成形容词) feed-back反馈(双词合成名词) work-harden 加工硬化(双词合成动词) criss-cross交叉着(双词合成副词) on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的(多词合成形容词) anti-armored-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹(多 词合成名词) radiophotography无线电传真(无连字符复合词) colorimeter色度计(无连字符复合词)
科技英语翻译总结(刘文东 亲自整理)

————edited by Liu Wendong Time:2012-12-3 13:03:54
’s do some translation first. (Take out a sheet of scratch paper, please.) 一、 Now let let’
第 1 页 共 10 页
the superiority (优势)of A to B the relationship of A to B the attraction(引力)of A for B the susceptibility (磁化系数)of A to B the sensitivity (敏感性)of A to B the applicability (适用性)of A to B the perpendicularity (正交性)of A to B the immunity (免疫力)of A to [from] B the familiarity (熟悉、亲密)of A with B 2. The “noun” comes from an intransitive(不及物的) verb, in which case “A” is the logical subject of the logical action expressed by the “noun.” Translation pattern: “A。 。 。B 的~” 例:This curve shows the dependence of the output on [upon] the input. 译:该曲线画出了输出对于输入的依赖关系。 例:图 1 画出了电流随阻抗的变化情况。 译:Fig. 1 shows the variation of current with impedance (as a function of impedance)(the graph of current against impedance.)(versus[vs.] impedance.) the passage (走廊、通路)of A through B the motion of A round [around] B the departure of A from B the deviation of A from B 偏离 the reaction of A to B the interaction of A with B 3.A special case: the increase/reduction (decrease)[rise (fall)] in [of] A with B 译:“A 随 B 的~” 4.The “noun” comes from a transitive verb, in which case “A” is the logical object of the action expressed by the “noun.” ” is put into a transitive verb so that the “V-O ” pattern is Translation technique: The “noun noun” V-O” used. 例:In solving the problem, the resolution of this force into x- and y-components is necessary. 译:在解这个题的时候,需要把这个力分解为 x 分量 y 分量。 例:Gradually, the usefulness of microprocessors as central processing unit was realized. 译:人们逐渐地实现了把微分处理器用作中央处理器。 a comparison of A with B the transformation of A into [to] B the use of A as B the exposure of A to B the separation of A from [into] B the protection of A from B the isolation of A from B the transfer of A to B the conversion of A to [into] B 三、what 从句 what 从句属于名词性从句,它可以作主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句。what 在引导 名词性从句时被称为连接代词,它在从句中充当句子成分。 (1)what 在从句中表示疑问词的含义,把它翻译成“什么”,“何”,“哪个”,“哪些”,“多大”等。 例:What particular properties this kind of particle has had not been found out. 译:尚没有发现这种粒子有什么样的特殊性质。
英语六级作文常用句子及万能模板

英语六级作文高级句子及万能模板句式1.随着经济的快速发展with the rapid development of economy2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology4.面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that…6.社会发展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development7.引起了广泛的公众关注arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention8.不可否认It is undeniable that…/There is no denying that…9.热烈的讨论/ 争论a heated discussion/ debate10. 有争议性的问题a controversial issue11.完全不同的观点a totally different argument12.一些人…而另外一些人…Some people… while others…13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally,14.就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on…15.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons16.双方的论点argument on both sides17.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in…18.对…必不可少be indispensable to …19.正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:20.…也不例外…be no exception21.对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on…22.利远远大于弊the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 23.导致,引起lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in 24.复杂的社会现象a complicated social phenomenon25.责任感/ 成就感sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement 26. 竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation27. 开阔眼界widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision 28.学习知识和技能acquire knowledge and skills29.经济/心理负担financial burden / psychological burden 30.考虑到诸多因素take many factors into account/ consideration 31. 从另一个角度from another perspective32.做出共同努力make joint efforts33. 对…有益be beneficial / conducive to…34.为社会做贡献make contributions to the society35.打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for…36.综合素质comprehensive quality37.无可非议blameless / beyond reproach39.致力于/ 投身于be committed / devoted to…40. 应当承认Admittedly,41.不可推卸的义务unshakable duty42. 满足需求satisfy/ meet the needs of…43.可靠的信息源a reliable source of information44.宝贵的自然资源valuable natural resources45.因特网the Internet (一定要由冠词,字母I 大写)46.方便快捷convenient and efficient47.在人类生活的方方面面in all aspects of human life48.环保(的)environmental protection / environmentally friendly 49.社会进步的体现a symbol of society progress50.科技的飞速更新the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology51.对这一问题持有不同态度hold different attitudes towards this issue52.支持前/后种观点的人people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence54.在一定程度上to some extent/ degree / in some way55. 理论和实践相结合integrate theory with practice56. …必然趋势an irresistible trend of…57.日益激烈的社会竞争the increasingly fierce social competition58.眼前利益immediate interest/ short-term interest59.长远利益.interest in the long run60.…有其自身的优缺点… has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages 61.扬长避短Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones62.取其精髓,取其糟粕Take the essence and discard the dregs.63.对…有害do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息exchange ideas/ emotions/ information65.跟上…的最新发展keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast withthe latest development of …66.采取有效措施来…take effective measures to do sth.67.…的健康发展the healthy development of …68.有利有弊Every coin has its two sides.No garden without weeds.69.对…观点因人而异Views on …vary from person to person.70.重视attach great importance to…71.社会地位social status72.把时间和精力放在…上focus time and energy on…73.扩大知识面expand one’s scope of knowledge74.身心两方面both physically and mentally75.有直接/间接关系be directl y / indirectly related to…76. 提出折中提议set forth a compromise proposal77. 可以取代“think”的词believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that 78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担relieve stress/ burden79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth.80.与…比较compared with…/ in comparison with81. 相反in contrast / on the contrary.82.代替replace/ substitute / take the place of83.经不起推敲cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water 84.提供就业机会offer job opportunities85. 社会进步的反映mirror of social progress86.毫无疑问Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…87.增进相互了解enhance/ promote mutual understanding 88.充分利用make full use of / take advantage of89.承受更大的工作压力suffer from heavier work pressure90.保障社会的稳定和繁荣guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society91.更多地强调put more emphasis on…92.适应社会发展adapt oneself to the development of society 93.实现梦想realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true94. 主要理由列举如下The main reasons are listed as follows:95. 首先First,Firstly,In the first place, To begin with96.其次Second, Secondly, In the second place97. 再次Besides,In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore98. 最后Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,99. 总而言之All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,100.我们还有很长的路要走We still have a long way to go.一1:It is well-known to us that……(我们都知道……)=As far as my knowledge is concerned, …=as we all know,=as is known to all,、、、(就我所知…)2:Recently the problem of……has been brought into focus. = Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(最近……问题引起了关注)3:Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今,人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)4:Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色,它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)5:With the rapid development of science and technology,more and more people believe that……(随着科技的迅速发展,越来越多的人认为……)6:It is a common belief that……=It is commonly believed that……(人们一般认为……)7:It is a not-uncommon social phenomenon that、、、(什么是常见的社会现象)8:、、、is witnessing 、、、fever. 、、、见证了、、、热9:sb’s remark makes it evident that、、、谁的话让、、、是明显的10:as is described in the picture,、、、如图所示、、、11:More and more people attach great importance to 、、、越来越多的人重视、、、12:According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.13: Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。
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《专业英语(制药工程)》 PART I 科技英语写作及翻译 《制药工程专业英语》补充教材 8 【科技英语的常用句型和翻译技巧】 一、概述 1. 翻译的要求The Criteria of Translation:信、雅、达 2. 科技英语词汇(上节课已经介绍) 3. 科技英语句子的特点 二、科技英语常用句型及翻译 1. 被动语态 1)被动语态的常用原因 常用被动语态主要见于以下几个方面: ① 不必或无法说出主动者 For a long time aluminum has been thought as an effective material for preventing metal corrosion. 长期以来,铝被当作一种有效的防止金属腐蚀的材料。 ► The book has already been translated into many languages. ② 强调行为对象,而非行为者,将行为对象作为句子的主语 Three machines can be controlled by a single operation. 三台机器能由一个操作者操纵。 ► The work must be finished at once. ③ 为了更好的联系上下文 ► They are going to build a library here next year. It is going to be build beside the classroom building. 2)被动语句的翻译方法 (1)仍译为被动句 最常见的是在谓语前加上助词“被”,也可使用“受到,遭到,得到,叫,称,让,给,加以,为„„所”等句式。偶尔也可不加任何词直接译出。 We remember how air can be made into a liquid. If the liquid is warmed again, it “boiled” and turns back into a gas. 我们记得是如何把空气制成液体的。如果给这种液体重新加热,它“沸腾汽化”,就又还原成气体。 ► Every thing is built up of atoms. ► The process by which energy is changed from one form into another is called the transformation of energy. Water is usually considered as being a compound of two elements. (2)译为主动句,中国汉语的习惯 ① 译成无主语的主动句 PART I 科技英语写作及翻译 《制药工程专业英语》补充教材 9 Measures have been taken to diminish air pollution. 已经采取了一些措施来减少空气污染。 ► If the product is a new compound,the structure must be proved independently. ► Quality must be guaranteed first. ② 加上不确定主语的主动句 Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals. 大家知道,盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。 ► All bodies are known to possess weight. ► If one or more electrons are removed, the atom is said to be positively charged. ③ 由by短语中的动作发出者作为主语 Heat and light are given off by the chemical reaction. 这种化学反应能发出热和光。 ► The planets are held together by attractive forces. ► Every day, new compounds are produced in the laboratory by the synthetic organic chemist. (3)译成判断句 Currently most solar cells are made from crystals of high-purity silicon. 目前,绝大多数太阳能电池是用高纯度的硅晶体制成的。 ► Large quantities of oil are refined locally at Abadan, Iran, in Bahrain and elsewhere. Produced by electrons are the x-ray, which allow the doctor to took aside a patient’s body. (4)译成因果句 The crops were badly damaged by a flood. 农作物因水灾而毁坏。 The multiplicity of carbon compounds is explained in the exceptional ability of carbon atoms to combine with one another. 碳化合物之所以为数众多,是因为碳原子相互结合的能力特别强。 ► The existence of organic chemistry is further justified by the importance of carbon compounds or mixtures in our lives. 2. 从句 科技英语大量使用复合句是其重要的特征之一,一个复合句可能由主句和多个主句组成。理解和掌握各种从句的译法对理解和翻译科技英语是非常重要的。 1)主语从句
① 基本句型:连词(连接代词、连接副词)+主语+谓语+谓语 Why dinaucers became extinct remained a mystery for a long time. 恐龙为什么绝迹长期以来是个谜。 ► Whether there is life on the Mars is a disputable topic. ② 用what引起的主语从句 PART I 科技英语写作及翻译 《制药工程专业英语》补充教材 10 What we call weight is really the gravitational pull on an object. 我们所称之重量实际上是对某一物体的地心引力。 ► What cannot be seen with the eye can be easily found with a radar instrument. ③ 用it做主语的复合句 ► It is important that the metal for making aeroplanes should resist corrosion. It is said that all matters is made up of atoms. 2)宾语从句 ① 带有宾语从句的复合句:一般按原句顺序翻译 A product must be carefully tested to determine if it will perform its job properly and reliably. 产品必须自己检查,以确定是否合格可靠。 ► Newton believed that gravitation is everywhere——that is, it is universal. ② 用what引起的宾语从句 常有“the thing which”的含义,译为“所„„的东西(或事物)”: The computer can only do what they are told to do. 计算机只能做人们所要它做的事情。 ► When the atoms of different elements combine or react chemically, they form what are called “molecules”. ③ 介词所带的宾语从句 除动词外,介词也可带有宾语从句,这时从句不能用that引导,而是连接代词或连接副词引导,翻译时要把宾语从句处理成一个短语。 Energy is rather difficult to define, but most of us have a concept of what it is. 给能量下定义是相当不容易的,但我们大多数人对这一概念都有所了解。 ► The value of a machine depends on how much work it can do per hour, or per second. ④ 符合宾语中的宾语从句 ► Time and again Newton made it clear that motion is relative. Ancient people believed it to be true that the sun turned around the earth. 3)表语从句 ① 表语从句一般译法 ► One of the most important facts about light is that it travels in straight line. Why don’t we fall off the earth? The answer is that gravity keeps us from falling off. ② 由what引起的表语从句 Oil coming from the ground is what we call crude oil. 从地下喷出的石油就是我们所说的原油。 ► Carbon is what makes up a major ingredient in coal, wood, gasoline, oil, or any other fuel. 4)同位语从句