水的性质论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献

水的性质论文

中英文资料对照外文翻译文献

Properties of water

Water is the phase in which all the main processes take place in flotation. The processes that affect the surface characteristics of particles in water include dissociation of dissolved species, hydration, and the adsorption of ions and flotation reagents. Therefore, it is important to know the properties of water.

Water is a polar compound and water molecules interact with each other by attractive forces called van der Waals forces. These forces are closely related to the polar structure of molecules. As well known, positive charges repel positive charges and negative charges repel negative charges, but positive charges attract negative charges. As a consequence, dipole molecules tend to take a position so that attraction between molecules occurs. This phenomenon is called Keesom orientation. Brownian motion disturbs the orientation. A dipole can also induce a dipole moment in another molecule causing attraction between the molecules. The phenomenon is called Debye induction.

Nonpolar molecules do also interact with each other. In all atoms and molecules the continuous motion of negative electrons creates rapidly fluctuating dipoles with the positive nucleus causing attractive forces. These forces are called dispersion or London-van der Waals forces. The interaction of nonpolar molecules is caused by the dispersion forces but with polar molecules, such as water, also the Keesom orientation and the Debye induction forces occur. The total van der Waals interactions between two atoms or molecules are given by the sum of those due to orientation, induction and dispersion forces. The orientation interaction is significant only if dipole moment is high. The induction interaction is always small. According to Coulomb’s law electrostatic forces vary inversely with the second power of the distance between two charges. The interaction due to van der Waals forces is much weaker. The forces decay inversely with the sixth power of the distance between molecules. When atoms or molecules come very close to each other their electron clouds repel each other. Therefore, the resultants of van der Waals forces contain both attraction and repulsion terms.

In addition to van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding is characteristic for water (Fig. 1). Hydrogen bonding occurs when an atom is attracted by rather strong forces to two atoms instead of only one, so that it may be considered to act as a bond between them. In water the hydrogen atom is covalently attached to the oxygen (about470 kJ/mol) but has additional attraction (about 23.3 kJ/mol) to a neighbouring oxygen atom of a water molecule. The bond is partly (about 90%) electrostatic and partly (about 10%) covalent (Isaacs et al., 2000, Suresh and Naik, 2000). Typically hydrogen bonding occurs where the partially positively charged hydrogen atom lies between partially negatively charged oxygen and nitrogen atoms, but is also found elsewhere, such as between fluorine atoms in HF2, and between water and smaller halide ions F-, Cl- and Br-.

Water appears to be a simple compound but it has many specific properties. Water molecules form an infinite hydrogen-bonded network with localized and structured clustering. According to the present view, these clusters may contain 4-12 water molecules but much larger clusters have been suggested to occur (Chaplin, 2000). The lifetime of the structured clusters is very short, pico seconds in magnitude. Several models have been suggested for the structure of liquid water but no model is able to describe all the anomalous properties of water so far.

H H

O

H H H

O

O

H H H O

O H

H

Figure 1. Schematic representation of hydrogen bonding of water molecules.

Ions destroy the natural hydrogen bonded network of water. If the energy of inter- action between an ion and water dipoles is greater than the mutual attraction of water dipoles, the ion will be hydrated. Water molecules are oriented around the ion forming new structures. The degree of hydration depends on the size and valence of the ion. Anions are hydrated more strongly than cations of the same size because hydrogen atoms of water can approach closer than oxygen atoms of water. Ions that exhibit weaker interactions with water than water itself are known as structure- breakers,

whereas ions that interact strongly with water are known as structure- makers.

Small ions are strongly hydrated creating local order and higher local density. Large monovalent ions, such as Cs+ and I-, are very weakly solvated. Their surface charge density is low and they may be pushed on by strong water-water interactions. Their translational movement is high. Single atom ions may also be found in clathrate structures, where the lattice of water contains cavities that are capable of enclosing molecules without any bonds between them. Smaller ions, such as Rb+ and K+, cause the partial collapse of clathrate structures, through puckering, increasing the local mobility of water molecules. The smallest ions hold strongly to the first shell of their hydrating water molecules and hence there is less localized water molecule mobility. Divalent and trivalent ions are always more strongly solvated than monovalent ions. In the primary hydration shell the water molecules are most restricted in their motion but the effect does not end there. In the second hydration shell the water molecules are freer to rotate and exchange with bulk water, and so on. The position of hydrated water molecules on anions and cations is different and so is their ability to form hydrogen bonds. Altogether, the properties of water depend on all the ions and their characteristics.

Ions and their hydrations affect the properties of water, such as viscosity, in many ways. Hydration is an exothermic process. During the formation of the internal layers of hydrated sheaths there is a considerable quantity of heat evolved. During the formation of the subsequent layers the amount of heat gradually decreases. If temperature is increased, the hydration of ions decreases. This is explained so that the rotational movement of water molecules hinders their orientation.

The increase of orientation and the stability of the oriented dipoles decrease the solubilizing properties of water. The solvent action of water is closely connected with the hydration of the dissolved ions. If the dipoles of water are already polarized then the hydration of new ions by these water molecules is hindered. For the same reason, the conditions for the diffusion of ions become more difficult in polarized water. In addition, hydrated layers can prevent the adsorption of reagents on particles.

The ionic composition of water is determined by the solubility of particles. Minerals are soluble if their hydration energy exceeds the lattice energy. Ion hydration energy increases as the valence of the ion increases and the ionic radius decreases. Also, the energy of crystal lattice increases. However, hydration energy increases much more slowly as ion valence increases than does crystal lattice energy. Therefore, an increase in valence is accompanied by a great reduction in solubility. This is why the sulphides and oxides of bivalent metals are relatively insoluble in water. The rate of dissolution depends on the nature of the mineral, the temperature and pH of the pulp, the intensity of agitation, particle size and the specific surface of the particles, and the ionic

composition of water.

The specific surface of particles determines the overall area that is in contact with water and, consequently, the number of ions that are transferred into the solution per unit of time. The intensity of agitation determines the movement of ions away from the surface of particles. These factors affect the kinetics of dissolution.

The temperature and pH of the pulp do not affect only the kinetics of dissolution but also the equilibrium concentrations of the dissolved substances. In most cases, the solubility of minerals increases with an increase in temperature. This is due to the higher vibrational energy of the constituents in the crystal lattice, and at the same time due to the decreased forces between the ions, which facilitates the penetration of water into the lattice.

Ionic equilibrium and solubility are important characteristics of solutions and of chemical reactions that occur in water. A chemical reaction in solution is possible when, on collision of ions, molecules are formed in which forces of cohesion between atoms exceed the forces of hydration. A requirement for a reaction to proceed is a removal of ions from the solution in the form of weakly dissociated molecules or nearly insoluble substances, i.e. as precipitate or as gas. At the high ionic concentration of a weakly soluble substance the solubility decreases. The solubility of minerals depends on complexes that are formed in each particular case. If the solution contains similar ions than the mineral, the solubility is decreased.

外文翻译

水的性质

水是相在浮选中，所有的主要过程。进程，影响水粒子的表面特性，包括溶解物种，水化分离，吸附离子浮选试剂。因此，重要的是知道水的性质。

水是极性化合物和水分子相互影响的，由有吸引力部队称为范德华力。这些部队是密切相关的极地分子结构。众所周知，正电荷排斥正电荷，负电荷排斥负电荷，正电荷吸引负电荷。因此，偶极分子往往采取的立场，所以，景点之间分子发生。这种现象称为Keesom方向。布朗运动扰乱的方向。偶极子也可以诱导偶极矩在另一个分子，造成分子之间的吸引力。这种现象被称为德拜感应。

非极性分子也互相交流。在所有的原子和分子的连续负电子运动迅速创建与波动的偶极子正电的原子核，造成引力。这些部队被称为分散或伦敦范德华力。非极性分子的相互作用所造成的但与极性分子，如供水，也Keesom方向的色散力和德拜感应部队发生。总范德华相互作用两个原子或分子的总和，由于取向，诱导色散力。方向的相互作用是重要的，只有偶极矩是很高的。感应互动始终是小。根据库仑定律静电作用力变化成反比两个之间的距离第二个权力收费。由于范德华力的相互作用要弱得多。部队第六电源与分子之间的距离成反比衰减。当原子或分子非常接近对方的电子云互相排斥。因此，范德华力的生成物中含有吸引和排斥条款。

除了范德华力，氢键是水的特点（图1）。当一个原子是由相当强大的力量所吸引，氢键发生两个原子，而不是只有一个，因此它可考虑作为债券在他们之间。在水中的氢原子共价连接到氧气（约470千焦耳/摩尔），但有额外的吸引力（约23.3 kJ / mol的），到邻近的一个水分子的氧原子。债券部分（约90％）静电和部分（约10％）共价（艾萨克斯等人，2000年，Suresh和奈克，2000年）。通常氢键发生在部分带正电的氢原子所在之间的部分负电荷的氧和氮原子，但也发现其他地方，如在HF2氟原子之间，与水和更小卤离子的F-，CL-和Br-。

水似乎是一个简单的化合物，但它有许多特定的属性。水分子形成无限的氢键网络的本地化和结构性聚类。根据目前的观点，这些簇可能包含4-12水分子，但更大的集群已发生（卓别林，2000）。“结构性集群的寿命很短，微微秒的幅度。几个模型已建议为液态水的结构，但没有模型能够到目前为止描述异常水的所有属性。

图1。氢的水分子结合的示意图。

离子破坏自然的氢水的氢键网络。如果间的能量离子和水偶极子之间的行动是大于水的相互吸引偶极子，离子水化。水分子是面向周围的离子形成新的结构。水化程度取决于的大小和价离子。阴离子水合更强烈，比相同大小的阳离子，因

为水的氢原子可以比水氧原子接近接近。离子的表现较弱的水比水本身被称为互动结构断路器，而被称为结构，离子与水相互作用强烈决策者。

小离子的强水合创建本地的秩序和局部密度较高。大单价离子，如Cs +和我，都非常弱溶剂化。他们的表面电荷密度低，他们可能会被推强大的水与水的相互作用。其平移运动是高的。单原子离子，也可能会发现在包合物结构，晶格水含有封闭的腔分子之间没有任何债券。小如Rb +和K +离子，原因笼形结构的局部塌陷，通过褶皱，增加当地水分子的流动性。最小的离子持有强烈，他们的第一个壳保湿水分子，因此有少本地化的水分子的流动性。二价和三价离子比一价离子更强烈的溶剂化。水分子中的主要水化壳是最限制在他们的议案但效果并没有结束。在第二水化壳的水分子自由地旋转和交流的散水，等等。水合的位置阴离子和阳离子的水分子是不同的，所以他们的能力，形成氢键。总之，所有离子和水的性质取决于特点。

离子和他们的水化物影响水的特性，如粘度，在许多方法。水是一个放热过程。在内部层的形成水合鞘，有相当数量的热量演变。在随后层的热量形成逐渐减小。如果温度升高时，离子水化降低。对此进行了解释，水分子的旋转运动，妨碍了他们的方向。增加的方向和导向偶极子的稳定性降低溶水性能。水溶剂的行动是紧密联系在一起溶解离子的水化。如果水的偶极子已经极化，然后这些水分子离子的水化受到阻碍。出于同样的原因，离子扩散条件变得更加困难，在偏光水。在此外，含水层可以防止颗粒吸附试剂。

颗粒的溶解度取决于水的离子组成。矿物质是水溶性的，如果他们的水合能超过晶格能。离子水化能随着增加离子的化合价和离子半径减小。此外，能量晶格增长。然而，水合能增加得多慢离子价数增加比晶格能量。因此，增加在价是伴随着一个伟大的溶解度减少。这是为什么硫化物二价金属氧化物是相对不溶于水。溶出率依赖于矿产，纸浆的温度和pH值，强度性质搅拌，颗粒大小和颗粒的比表面积，和离子水的成分。

粒子的比表面积决定接触的总面积水，因此，离子的数量转移到每个解决方案单位时间。搅拌强度决定了离子的运动距离颗粒表面。这些因素影响溶解动力学。

指腹的温度和pH值不影响解散动力学，但溶解物质的平衡浓度。在大多数情况下，矿物质的溶解度随温度上升。这是由于在晶格的成分较高的振动能量，并在同一时间由于减少离子之间的力量，这有利于渗透水进入晶格。

离子平衡和溶解度的解决方案和重要特征水发生的化学反应。在溶液中的化学反应是可能的时，分子离子碰撞，形成凝聚力量之间原子超过水化的力量。进行反应的要求是在弱分离分子的形式，或从溶液中离子的去除几乎不溶性物质，即作为沉淀或气体。在高离子弱的可溶性物质的浓度，溶解度降低。中的溶解度矿物质取决于在每一个特定的情况下形成的络合物。如果解决方案比类似子，溶解度

在学校及学院领导的热心关怀下，在矿物加工工程教研室和设计指导老师的精心指导下，经过这段时期艰辛而又充实的奋斗，我终于顺利而圆满的完成了江西铜业集团武山铜矿6300吨/日铜矿选矿厂初步设计，带着一种收获的笑容，回首设计历程的时时刻刻，我收获颇丰也感慨万千。毕业设计是高等学校人才培养计划的重要组成部分，是本科教学过程中重要的实践教学环节，是人才培养质量的全面、综合的检验；更是对我们毕业前全面素质教育的重要实战训练，其目的是培养学生创新的思维方式和正确的设计思想，综合运用所学理论、知识和技能分析和解决实际问题的能力。

经过这次毕业设计，我以往所学的相关知识得以总结并升华到更高层次，对选矿厂有了较为全面的了解，增进了对选矿设备的认识，深化了对选矿厂设计的认识。通过独立完成毕业设计，空间思维能力和动手能力都得到了提高，更重要的是进一步培养了我联系实践、切合实际的工程思维方式。由于时间仓促、经验不足，完成阶段的设计可能还有很多错误，但是毕业设计的过程对我今后走向工作岗位从事选矿专业有着重要的实际意义。本次设计是我们走向工作岗位之前的一次综合检测，通过这次设计，使我对本专业的知识又加深了一步的了解，同时，通过在设计过程中对计算机的运用，我的计算机应用能力也得到了大大的提高，可以说，我比较圆满的完成了这次设计任务。由于缺乏实践经验，在设计过程中遇到很多问题，在方夕辉老师的悉心指导下，通过查阅相关资料和独立思考，基本解决了大部分问题。在解决问题的过程中我也不断发现自己知识结构的不完善，在今后的工作和学习中需要不断的拓展，重点在于培养实践的经验和解决工程问题的思维方法。

我的毕业能够顺利完成，要特别感谢我的指导老师方老师对我们严格要求，对作业一丝不苟，对出现的问题耐心讲解，使我的毕业设计能够保质保量按时完成，老师不仅日夜的指导我们进行设计，而且在思想上、敬业精神上都给我们作出了榜样。另外，毕业实习我是在江铜集团武山铜矿选矿厂进行的，实习期间得到了现场高工、师父们的指导和答疑和其它工作人员的耐心指导和热心帮助，在此一并表示由衷的感谢！感谢所有在完成本次设计期间关心和帮助过我的老师和同学们！

由于本人知识水平有限，经验不足，在设计当中难免出现错误与遗漏。在此，敬请各位老师提出批评与指正，非常感谢！

武山铜矿选矿厂63t/d选厂初步设计

摘要：在江西铜业集团武山铜矿进行了为期二周毕业实习，收集相关设计资料的基础上。确定了各车间的工作制度，对设计工艺流程进行了选择和论证，确定了设计的工艺流程，即：破碎采用三段一闭路流程，磨矿采用一段闭路流程，浮选采用优先浮选工艺，精矿采用先浓缩后过滤的两段脱水流程。

关键词：选矿厂设计；铜硫矿；浮选；武山

WuShan Cu-S mine 4500t/d choose factory preliminary design Zou Song（Jiangxi University of Science and Technology，Ganzhou，Jiangxi）

Abstract：

On the basis of practice in WuShan Cu-S Mine for three weeks, and the collection of data，The work institutions of each workshop were determined, and the technological process was also chosed and reasoned The process of crushing is Sec closedcircuit, the grinding process is one section with closed circuit, the floation process is selective flotation of copper minerals, and a process with two sections dewatering circiut which included concentration and filtion was adopted .

Keywords:

concentrator design;copper and sulphur ores;flotation; WuShan

正文：

此次的毕业设计题目是武山铜矿6300t/d选厂初步设计，为此我们在江西九江武山铜矿选厂进行了为期两个礼拜的成产实习。

武山矿区地理座标位于东经115°38′北纬29°44′，距瑞昌市南8km，东行35km 到九江市，北行12km至长江边瑞昌市码头镇，大冶---沙河铁路经由矿区和瑞昌，且武九铁路穿过矿区西南边缘，武山铜矿1.5km专用线与之相连。

武山铜矿区位于九江——瑞昌矿田中部，横立山——黄桥向斜北翼，东西长2.7km，南北宽2km。花岗闪长斑岩体呈岩株侵入石炭系至三叠系碳酸盐岩地层中，矿体赋存位置有四个部分，由二种重要矿类型（含铜矽卡岩、含铜黄铁矿）构成。

矿区所属铜矿有：城门山铜矿、丁家山铜矿、邓家山铜矿、铜岭铜矿、易门狮子山铜矿。

矿区内出露的地层由北而南依次为:志留系上统纱帽组长石石英砂岩、石英砂岩；泥盆系上统五通组石英砂岩、含砾石英砂岩；石炭系中统黄龙组白云岩夹

灰岩；二叠系下统栖霞组碳质灰岩、茅口组燧石结核灰岩夹硅质岩 ,上统龙潭组煤层和碳质页岩、长兴组燧石灰岩；三叠系下统大冶组页岩夹灰岩 ,中统嘉陵江组灰岩及第四系粘土、亚粘土。地层总体走向65°—75°，倾角60°—75° ,除志留系、泥盆系出露较完整外，其他地层仅零星出露，第四系覆盖面积占60%。

按照毕业设计任务书的要求，进行了武山铜矿优先浮选6300吨/日选矿厂设计，产品为铜精矿和硫精矿。

在江西铜业集团武山铜矿进行了为期三周毕业实习，收集相关设计资料的基础上。确定了各车间的工作制度，对设计工艺流程进行了选择和论证，确定了设计的工艺流程，即：破碎采用三段一闭路流程，磨矿采用一段闭路流程，浮选采用优先浮工艺（先浮选铜后浮选硫），精矿采用先浓缩后过滤的两段脱水。

对设计工艺流程进行了工艺指标计算，包括破碎、筛分、磨矿、浮选（包括矿浆流程）和脱水流程以及辅助设备等。对破碎、筛分、磨矿、分级、浮选及脱水设备进行了选择计算和方案比较，确定了工艺所需的工艺设备。

1.破碎设备

粗碎采用PJJ1500*2100颚式破碎机1台，中碎采用PYY2200/350标准圆锥破碎机1台；细碎采用PYD-2200短头型圆锥破碎机2台。

2.筛分设备

筛分采用SZZ1500×3600自定中心振动筛2台。

3.磨矿设备

磨矿采用MQG3600×6000格子型球磨机2台，每个系列个1台。

4.分机设备

分级采用FX-1000水力旋流器10台（其中备用台），每个系列各4台（每个系列备用1台）。

5.浮选设备

JJF-2型浮选机6槽；JJF-4型浮选机6槽。JJF型浮选机8槽，JJF型浮选机

6.浓缩设备

铜采用NT-15型浓缩机1台，硫采用NT-24浓缩机1台

7.过滤设备

TT-60陶瓷过滤机1台；TT-60陶瓷过滤机3台。

8.给矿设备

原矿给矿机采用GBZ120重型板式给矿机1台；磨机给矿机采用电磁振动给矿机2，细碎前缓冲矿仓采用2台。

9.起重设备

粗碎车间采用Q=20/5t的电动桥式起重机；中细碎车间采用Q=10t的电动桥式起重机；筛分车间采用Q=10t的电动单梁起重机；磨矿车间采用Q=30/10t的

电动双梁桥式起重机；浮选车间采用Q=5t的电动单梁起重机1台；脱水车间采用Q=5t的电动单梁起重机；精矿仓采用Q=5t的抓斗桥式起重机。

10.胶带运输机

采用；B800三种胶带运输机。

11.砂泵

磨矿产品扬送至水力旋流器采用150/100D-AH，铜精矿扬送采用4PNJFB，硫精矿扬送采用4PNJFB，尾矿输送采用8PSJ。

12.矿仓

粗碎之前的原矿受矿仓采用平底矩形仓，粉矿仓采用圆形平底仓，精矿仓采用矩形仓；

13.尾矿

选厂排出的尾矿，首先集中于尾矿砂泵站的砂泵池中，然后砂泵厂送至尾矿库，采用坝前排放，利于尾矿堆坝。

另外进行了厂房总体布置，并进行了厂房内的设备配置。根据选厂房的地形条件，沿山坡地布置，其中，粗碎、中细碎、筛分厂房分开布置，粗碎、中细碎及筛分车间平行等高线配置。磨矿浮选共厂房配置，其中磨矿采用纵向配置，浮选机采用横向配置。浓缩机配置在露天，过滤机与精矿仓配置在厂房内。完成了破碎车间平断面图、磨浮车间平断面图、脱水车间平断面图、破碎数质量流程图、矿浆数质量流程图及总平面手工图共7张。

通过计算等得知，本选厂设计较为合理，另偿还期大约为四年，对于中型选矿厂来说较为合理，故本方案可行。但由于种种原来，比如某些数据的估算啊，实际和设计的差距啊等等总的来说，建厂还需一份详细的可行性研究报告，才能对各项经济指标进行实际确切的核算，不浪费国家财产。