专业八级分类模拟337
专业八级分类模拟412
专业八级分类模拟412(总分：157.60，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART Ⅰ READING COMPREHENSION(总题数：1，分数：100.00)Section AIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Passage OneSocial circumstances in Early Modern England mostly served to repress women"s voices. Patriarchal culture and institutions constructed them as chaste, silent, obedient, and subordinate. At the beginning of the 17th century, the ideology of patriarchy, political absolutism, and gender hierarchy were reaffirmed powerfully by King James in The Trew Law of Free Monarchie and the Basilikon Doron; by that ideology the absolute power of God the supreme patriarch was seen to be imaged in the absolute monarch of the state and in the husband and father of a family. Accordingly, a woman"s subjection, first to her father and then to her husband, imaged the subjection of English people to their monarch, and of all Christians to God. Also, the period saw an outpouring of repressive or overtly misogynist sermons, tracts, and plays, detailing women"s physical and mental defects, spiritual evils, rebelliousness, shrewishness, and natural inferiority to men.Yet some social and cultural conditions served to empower women. During the Elizabethan era (1558—1603) the culture was dominated by a powerful Queen, who provided an impressive female example though she left scant cultural space for other women. Elizabethan women writers began to produce original texts but were occupied chiefly with translation. In the 17th century, however, various circumstances enabled women to write original texts in some numbers. For one thing, some counterweight to patriarchy was provided by female communities—mothers and daughters, extended kinship networks, close female friends, the separate court of Queen Anne (King James" consort) and her often oppositional masques and political activities. For another, most of these women had a reasonably good education (modern languages, history, literature, religion, music, occasionally Latin) and some apparently found in romances and histories more expansive terms for imagining women"s lives. Also, representation of vigorous and rebellious female characters in literature and especially on the stage no doubt helped to undermine any monolithic social construct of women"s nature and role.Most important, perhaps, was the radical potential inherent in the Protestant insistence on every Christian"s immediate relationship with God and primary responsibility to follow his or her individual conscience. There is plenty of support in St Paul"s epistles and elsewhere in the Bible for patriarchy and a wife"s subjection to her husband, but some texts (notably Galatians 3:28) inscribe a very different politics, promoting women"s spiritual equality. "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Jesus Christ. "Such texts encouraged some women to claim the support of God the supreme patriarch against the various earthly patriarchs who claimed to stand toward them in his stead.There is also the gap or slippage between ideology and common experience. English women throughout the 17th century exercised a good deal of accrual power: as managers of estates in their husbands" absences at court or on military and diplomatic missions; as members of guilds; as wives and mothers who apex during the English Civil War and Interregnum (1640—1660), as the execution of the King and the attendant disruption of social hierarchies led many women to seize new roles—as preachers, as prophetesses, as deputies for exiled royalist husbands, as writers of religious and political tracts.(此文选自 The Guardian)Passage TwoAnother milestone on the journey towards digital cash was passed on November 13th. That date marked the emergence from beta-testing in America of V. me, a "digital wallet" that holds multiple payment cards in a virtual repository. Instead of providing their personal details and card numbers to pay for stuff online, customers just enter a username and a password. The service is provided by Visa, a giant card-payment network whose headquarters is in the heart of Silicon Valley, close to a host of technology firms which would love to get their hands on a chunk of the global payments business.In the short term new technology is actually boosting usage of plastic. Smartphone apps often require users to enter their card details to pay for services. Firms such as Square and PayPal have developed tiny card readers that plug into smartphones and allow small traders using their software to accept payments cheaply. Ed McLaughlin, who oversees emerging payments technologies at MasterCard, reckons such developments have added 1.2m new businesses over the past 12 months to the card firms" list of merchants.But even if plastic cards eventually go the way of vinyl records, card networks should still prosper because they too are investing heavily in new technology and have several built-in advantages. Visa is betting its member banks can help it to narrow the gap with rivals like PayPal, for instance, which is part of eBay and has grown to 117m active users thanks in part to its use on the auction site. Over 50 financial institutions are supporting the launch of V. me, which accepts non-Visa cards in its wallet, too. MasterCard and others are also touting digital wallets, some of which can hold digital coupons and tickets as well as card details.Before long all of these wallets are likely to end up on mobile phones, which can be used to buy things in stores and other places. This is where firms such as Square, which has developed its own elegant and easy-to-use mobile wallet, and Google have been focusing plenty of energy. Jennifer Schulz, Visa"s global head of e-commerce, predicts there will be a shake-out that leaves only a few wallet providers standing. Thanks to their trusted brands, big budgets and payments savvy, one or more card companies will be among them.Card networks are also taking stakes in innovative firms to keep an eye on potentially disruptive technologies. Visa owns part of Square, which recently struck a deal with Starbucks to make its mobile-payment service available in 7,000 of the coffee chain"s outlets in America. Visa has also invested in Monitise, a mobile-banking specialist. American Express, for its part, has set up a $ 100m digital-commerce fund, one of whose investments is in iZettle, a Square-like firm based in Sweden.So far few have tried to create new payments systems from scratch. Those that have toyed with the idea, such as ISIS, a consortium of telecoms companies in America, have concluded it is far too costly and painful to deal with regulators, set up anti-fraud systems and so forth. Fears about the security of new-fangled payment systems also play into the hands of established card firms.Still, they cannot relax. Bryan Keane, an analyst at Deutsche Bank, points out that rival digital wallets could promote alternatives to credit and debit cards, including stored-value cards and direct bank-account-to-bank-account payments. Big retailers in America have clubbed together to create their own digital wallet and are likely to prompt users to choose the payment options that are cheapest for the chains, by offering them incentives like coupons.Jack Dorsey, the boss of Square and a co-founder of Twitter, agrees that digital wallets will make the trade-offs between various payment options clearer to consumers and reckons this will force card networks to up their game. "They had a major innovation 60 years ago" he says, "and there have been very, very few innovations since." Some in the payments world might quibble with that but one thing they can all agree on is that the spread of mobile payments will bring manymore customers. MasterCard"s Mr. McLaughlin claims that 85% of commerce still involves cash and cheques. As mobile purchases take off, more of this activity will move online.The biggest prize of all lies in emerging markets, where a lack of financial infrastructure is hastening the rise of phone-based payments systems such as M-Pesa, which serves Kenya and several other markets. Visa has snapped up Fundamo, which specialises in payment services for the unbanked and underbanked in emerging markets; MasterCard has set up a joint venture called Wanda with Telefónica, a Spanish telecoms firm, which aims to boost mobile payments across Latin America. The payments world is changing fast but the card firms are not about to let rivals swipe their business.(此文选自 The Economist)Passage ThreeMy car"s gear lever does more than dispense transmission rations. It panders to me. It cajoles and beckons. It wears out its chrome heart to make my life easier, for—as its manufacturers are quick to claim—the company devotes hundreds of man-hours to testing and retesting each possible design and configuration to see which does the job best. Which shape fits most naturally into a human hand? Which covering is most pleasing? And which overall look makes your fingers tremble with anticipation?This curious pursuit, reputedly espoused by and entrenched within all of today"s major manufacturing firms, is called ergonomics, defined as "the degree to which the system has been developed with the human user in mind". Personally, I like the sound of the word. I wish only that the results lived up to the hype.Recently, for example, I purchased a rowing machine for home exercise. Within minutes of unwrapping my booty, I realized the unit I was so cautiously dissecting did not in any way match the color picture on the box. The assembly instructions hinted darkly that putting the contraption together would be only slightly less complex than building a nuclear reactor. Perseverance paid off, however. After applying equal amounts of time and luck, I was finally able to make my rower. But the only cogent ergonomic thought that went into the design of this product was the shape of the cardboard container it was packed in. That"s ergonomics in the real world.Take videocassette recorders: VCRs are like snowflakes—no two are quite alike. While all are intended to do more or less the same things—play, record now, record later—the actual designs are about as consistent and predictable as a roulette wheel. If you lose or misplace the manual, you end up with little more than a digital clock.And then there is the ubiquitous microwave oven. What do those "low" , "medium" and "high" settings really hint at? Show me a consumer sufficiently schooled in the effect of microwave transmissions on food molecules to properly—and intuitively—select the optimal setting! Only small children, bless then, seem to know how to make these machines bend to their wills. "Put it on high and blast it," says my nine-year-old niece. I do. It works.Can anyone truly say the modern car is designed with the human user in mind? Recall the last time you plopped behind the wheel of your neighbor"s new vehicle. How quickly did you find the knob that popped open the bonnet or the hood? Were you able to adjust the left-side mirror without adjusting the right-side mirror, activating the headlight washers or wipers, or possibly lowering the convertible top? Did you know which lever to push or pull to slide the seat forward without simultaneously upsetting the angle of the seat back or exploding the pneumatically pressured backsupport?As with most of today"s products, the only thing we really know about car seats is that, given the correct incentive, they will move. Beyond that, you—and your ergonomically inspired intuition— are completely on your own.(此文选自 The Economist)Passage FourTo avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required.A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don"t is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them. Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.A good way of ridding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When I was young, I lived much outside my own country—in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. If you cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. If the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them. In this opinion both parties may be right, but they cannot both be wrong. This reflection should generate a certain caution. For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi deplored railways and steamboats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting any one who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantages of modern technique for granted. But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them.I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue, and, short of this, I have frequently found myself growing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of their own sex. There is abundant evidence on both sides. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a women, you can retort that so are most criminals. We are all, whatever part of the world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to all others. Seeing that each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, we adjust our standard of values so as to makeout that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, while its demerits are comparatively trivial. Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matter with some non-human mind. The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a little corner of the universe, and that for aught we know, other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jellyfish.(此文选自 The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever) （分数：100.10）(1).All of the following are characteristics of Early Modern England EXCEPT that ______. (Passage One)（分数：4.55）A.women"s merits were extolled in publications √B.women"s opinions were not askedC.women were subject to their husbandsD.women were often referred to physical and mental defects解析：[解析] 细节题。
专业英语八级写作分类题模拟48
专业英语八级写作分类题模拟48WRITING1. A Bad Partner答案：The law firm Patrick worked for before he died filed for bankruptcy protection a year after his funeral. After his death, the firm's letterhead properly included him: Patrick S. Lanigan, 1954～1992. He was listed up in the right-hand corner, just above the paralegals. Then the rumors got started and wouldn't stop. Before long, everyone believed he had taken the money and disappeared. After three months, no one on the Gulf Coast believed that he was dead. His name came off the letterhead as the debts piled up.The remaining partners in the law firm were still together, attached unwillingly at the hip by the bondage of mortgages and the bank notes, back when they were rolling and on the verge of serious wealth. They had been joint defendants in several unwinnable lawsuits; thus the bankruptcy. Since Patrick's departure, they had tried every possible way to divorce one another, but nothing would work. Two were raging alcoholics who drank at the office behind locked doors, but never together. The other two were in recovery, still teetering on the brink of sobriety.He took their money. Their millions. Money they had already spent long before it arrived, as only lawyers can do. Money for their richly renovated office building in downtown Biloxi. Money for new homes, yachts, condos in the Caribbean. The money was on the way, approved, the papers signed, orders entered; they could see it, almost touch it when their dead partner Patrick—snatched it at the last possible second.He was dead. They buried him on February 11, 1992. They had consoled the widow and put his rotten name on their handsome letterhead. Yet six weeks later, he somehow stole their money.They had brawled over who was to blame. Charles Bogan, the firm's senior partner and its iron hand, had insisted the money be wired from its source into a new account offshore, and this made sense after some discussion. It was ninety million bucks, a third of which the firm would keep, and it would be impossible to hide that kind of money in Biloxi, population fifty thousand. Someone at the bank would talk. Soon everyone would know. All four vowed secrecy, even as they made plans to display as much of their new wealth as possible. There had even been talk of a firm jet, a six-seater.So Bogan took his share of the blame. At forty-nine, he was the oldest of the four, and, at themoment, the most stable. He was also responsible for hiring Patrick nine years earlier, and for this he had received no small amount of grief.Doug Vitrano, the litigator, had made the fateful decision to recommend Patrick as the fifth partner. The other three had agreed, and when Patrick Lanigan was added to the firm name, he had access to virtually every file in the office. Bogan. Rapley, Vitrano. Havarac, and Lanigan. Attorneys and Counselors-at-Law. A large ad in the yellow pages claimed "Specialists in Offshore Injuries." Specialists or not, like most firms they would like almost anything if the fees were lucrative. Lots of secretaries and paralegals. Big overhead, and the strongest political connections on the Coast.They were all in their mid-to late forties. Havarac had been raised by his father on a shrimp boat. His hands were still proudly calloused, and he dreamed of choking Patrick until his neck snapped. Rapley was severely depressed and seldom left his home, where he wrote briefs in a dark office in the attic.。
专业英语八级模拟试卷及答案解析(13)
专业英语八级模拟试卷及答案解析（13）(1~15/共15题)PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. while listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but yon will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. when the lecture is over, yon will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Play00:0007:04VolumeWriting a Research PaperI. Research Paper and Ordinary EssayA. Similarity in__1__:e.g.— choosing a topic— asking questions—__2__the audienceB. Difference mainly in terms of__3__1. research paper: printed sources2. ordinary essay: ideas in one´s__4__II. Types and Characteristics of Research PapersA. Number of basic types: twoB. Characteristics:1. survey-type paper— to gather__5__— to__6__— to__7__— to paraphraseThe writer should be__8__.2. argumentative(research)paper:a. The writer should do more, e.g.— to__9__— to question, etc.b.__10__varies with the topic, e.g.— to recommend an action, etc.III. How to Choose a Topic for a Research PaperIn choosing a topic, it is important to__11__.Question No. 1: your__12__ with the topic__12__Question No. 2:__13__ of relevant information onthe chosen topicQuestion No. 3: narrowing the topic down to__14__Question No. 4: asking questions about__15__The questions help us to work our way into the topic and discover its possibilities.第1题第2题第3题第4题第5题第6题第7题第8题第9题第10题第11题第12题第13题第14题第15题下一题(16~20/共10题)SECTION BIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your ANSWER SHEET.Play00:0004:17Volume第16题A.Because he needs help for a survey on smokers´ habits.B.Because he wants to give the woman a helping hand.C.Because he can´t find his way to a cigarette shop.D.Because he wants to distribute leaflets to the woman.第17题A.Time of smoking.B.Quantity of cigarettes.C.Frequency of smoking.D.Types of cigarettes.第18题A.Self-composed.B.Silent.C.Intense.D.Ambitious.第19题A.23B.32C.17D.22第20题A.Because she was saving up.B.Because she was pregnant.C.Because her husband advised her to do so.D.Because she fell ill because of smoking.上一题下一题(21~25/共10题)SECTION BIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your ANSWER SHEET.Play00:0003:28Volume第21题A.It was because the first time wasn´t a success.B.This second time was for her unborn baby.C.She wanted to set a good example for her husband.D.She was forced to do so by financial troubles.第22题A.Sitting watching TV.B.Reading a book.C.Staying alone.D.Gathering with friends.第23题A.Watching TV.B.Gathering with friends.C.Doing chores.D.Reading a book.第24题A.Buying some books.B.Preparing for lunch.C.Meeting with friends.D.Going to her company.第25题A.It makes her excitable.B.It keeps her awake.C.She can´t say for sure.D.She becomes sad.上一题下一题(26~28/共14题)PART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.(1)Of all the lessons taught by the financial crisis, the most personal one has been that Americans aren´t too slick with money. We take out home loans we can´t afford. We run up sky-high credit-card debt. We don´t save nearly enough for retirement.(2)In response, proponents of financial-literacy education are stumping with renewed zeal. School districts in states such as New Jersey and Illinois are adding money-management courses to their curricu-lums. The Treasury and Education departments are sending lesson plans to high schools and encouraging students to compete in the National Financial Capability Challenge thatbegins in March.(3)Students with top scores on that exam will receive certificates — but chances for long-term benefits are slim. As it turns out, there is little evidence that traditional efforts to boost financial know-how help students make better decisions outside the classroom. Even as the financial-literacy movement has gained steam over the past decade, scores have been falling on tests that measure how informed students are about things such as budgeting, credit cards, insurance and investments. A survey of college students conducted for the JumpStart Coalition for Personal Financial Literacy found that students who´d had a personal-finance or money-management course in high school scored no better than those who hadn´t.(4)"We need to figure out how to do this in the right way," says Lewis Mandell, a professor at the University of Washington who after 15 years of studying financial-literacy programs has come to the conclusion that current methods don´t work. A growing number of researchers and educators agree that a more radical approach is needed. They advocate starting financial education a lot earlier than high school, putting real money and spending decisions into kids´hands and talking openly about the emotions and social influences tied to how we spend.(5)One promising example of new thinking is found on Chicago´s South Side. At the Ariel Community Academy, financial education starts in kindergarten with books like A Chair for My Mother(the moral: if you want to buy something, save money first)and quickly becomes hands-on. Each entering class at Ariel is entrusted with a $20,000 investment portfolio, and by seventh grade, kids are deciding what to buy and sell(profits help pay for college). Last year, for the first time, the eighth-grade class graduated with less than the original $20,000. Talk about a teachable moment stocks don´t always go up.(6)Other initiatives are tackling such real-world issues as the commercial and social pressures that affect purchasing decisions. Why exactly do you want those expensive name-brand sneakers so badly? "It takes confidence to take a stand and to think differently," says Jeroo Billimoria, founder of Aflatoun, a nonprofit whose curriculum, used in more than 30 countries, aims to help kids get a leg up in their financial lives. "This goes beyond money and savings."(7)That approach might have helped in the recent housing bubble. Buyers didn´t just need to know how different sorts of mortgages worked: they also needed the fortitude to choose a 30-year fixed rate when everyone around them was buying a bigger house with a riskier loan.(8)Amid such a complicated landscape, some experts question whether there could ever be enough education to adequately prepare Americans for financial life. A better solution, these critics contend, is to reform the system. "What works is creating institutions that make it easy to do the right thing," says David Laibson, a Harvard economics professor who, like Mandell, has decided after years of research that education isn´t a silver bullet. One idea being discussed in Washington is the automatic IRA. Employers would have to enroll each worker in a personal retirement-savings account unless that worker decided to opt out.(9)Yet even the skeptics are slow to write off financial education completely. More than anything, they say, we need to rigorously study the financial decisions of alumni of programs like Ariel and Aflatoun and compare them with those of peers who didn´t get the same sort of education. "Until you have experimental evidence, it´s all a little speculative," says Michael Sherraden, a professor at Washington U-niversity in St. Louis who is conducting a seven-year, randomized, controlled study on whether giving children bank accounts inculcates the habit of saving — a program already being tried on a large scale in the U.K. Yes, good, solid research likethis takes a lot of time and resources. But if what we´re doing right now isn´t working, it´s in our own best interest to figure out what does.第26题What is Lewis Mandell´s feeling toward the current financial-literacy movement?A.The program benefits people in budgeting and investment.B.The program has been ineffective in financial managing.C.The program would cause psychological problems.D.The program symbolizes an end to the financial crisis.第27题According to the passage, the new kindergarten-entrance financial education is designed tocate kids to manage money from the very beginning.B.teach kids to recognize money from kindergarten.C.prepare kids´ education fees from the very beginning.D.help kids to decide what to purchase and sell.第28题Which of the following adjectives best describes the author´s treatment of the topic?A.Neutral.B.Positive.C.Negative.D.Indifferent.上一题下一题(29~31/共14题)PART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.(1)Boundaries have underpinned pretty much every aspect of my life, both past and present. From the profound lack of them in early childhood right through to growing up and discovering ways to create ones clear enough and strong enough to be able to stay off drugs, out of prison and create healthy relationships with friends, family and colleagues.(2)The emotional and psychological free for all spiraling around me as a kid pretty much guaranteed that I´d develop a series of debilitating addictions, court potentially lethal violence and begin the slow inevitable slide toward prison. An early death was always on the cards. The profound lack of boundaries throughout my father´s own life lead to his suicide. Seeing how his inability to create a safe boundary around his dysfunctional emotional life contributed to his early death, woke me up to what I needed to do to stay off drugs, out of prison and alive.(3)It´s no surprise to me then that the biggest problem we have when working with young people in prison is around boundaries. Implementing and holding them is key to the work we do in Write to Freedom(W2F). Young people from dysfunctional families who end up in custody seem to have a built-in biological default to test any form of boundary presented to them. If there´s a weak boundary in our staff team the young prisoners make it their business to push it to breaking point.(4)Every weekend we´ve organized has had a problem with the security clearance needed to get the lads out and onto the moors. There are always a variety of reasons for this, not least of allthe volatility of the young people themselves. Whatever the reason, each weekend we´ve set up we´ve found ourselves below the minimum number set to make a weekend happen. So we ended up walking onto the wings, going from cell to cell looking for rookies to come on a writing weekend on Dartmoor. Locked cell door or open Devon moor? The decision for them is clearly a no brainer. Doing this has lead to lads coming on the weekend who were far from ready to engage with what we were asking of them. As a result we faced chaos and stress that could easily have been avoided.(5)So I tightened up the criteria Each participant had to complete three memoir based assignments before the weekend. All was good till the security board meeting two days before the March weekend. Out of the four lads who´d worked hard, completed the assignments and proved their understanding and commitment to W2F, only one was cleared to leave prison for the weekend. I could easily have done the same thing as last time, gone from wing to wing to build the numbers back up, I wanted to believe me, and Ashfield put pressure on me to do it. But we chose to stick to the assessment criteria. Right or wrong it had to be kept. The weekend has been postponed till May.(6)The psychology of boundaries, implicit and explicit, for the staff and participants in W2F is crucial to making the work we do safe. It builds trust, even if it means I do something I don´t want to, like cancel a weekend after so much work has gone into its preparation. This is about self esteem: of the staff and the participants. Low self esteem crippled me in my early years and is still prone to erosion if I´m not careful. Boundaries inside and outside were the making of me. Lack of boundaries for these young people led them to prison. Everybody needs a line that must not be crossed. Boundaries create trust. This can and has lead to changed lives and changed relationships, and offers all of us hope in the darkest of times.第29题According to the passage, the serious consequence of being short of boundaries would be the following EXCEPTA.a loss of consciousness.B.addiction to drugs.mitting crimes.mitting suicide.第30题What is the role of the 4th and 6th paragraphs in the development of the topic?A.To show how the author persuaded young people to be boundary-limited.B.To describe how lads worked hard to finish their assignment.C.To offer supporting evidence to the preceding paragraph.D.To provide a contrast to the preceding paragraphs.第31题Which category of writing does the passage belong to?A.Narration.B.Description.C.Argumentation.D.Exposition.上一题下一题(32~36/共14题)PART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.(1)Divorce is one of those creations, like fast food and lite rock, that has more people willing to indulge in it than people willing to defend it. Back in the 1960s, easier divorce was hailed as a needed remedy for toxic relationships. But familiarity has bred contempt In recent years, the divorce revolution has been blamed for worsening all sorts of problems without bringing happiness to people in unhappy marriages.(2)There´s a lot of evidence that marital breakup does more social harm than good. In their 2000 book, The Case for Marriage, Linda Waite and Maggie Gallagher document that adults who are married do better than singles in wealth, health, and personal satisfaction. Children living with a divorced or unwed single parent are more likely to fall into poverty, sickness, and crime than other kids.(3)Marriage is a good thing, most people agree, while divorce is, at best, a necessary evil. So the laws that accompanied the divorce revolution have come under fire for destroying families and weakening safeguards for spouses who keep their vows.(4)Waite and Gallagher argue that loose divorce laws harm even intact households by fostering chronic uncertainty. Louisiana, in line with this criticism, has gone so far as to provide a "covenant marriage" option for couples who want the protection of stricter divorce rules.(5)It may seem obvious that easier divorce laws make for more divorce and more insecurity. But what is obvious is not necessarily true. What two scholars have found is that when you make divorce easier to get, you may actually produce better marriages.(6)In the old days, anyone who wanted to escape from the trials of wedlock had to get his or her spouse to agree to a split, or else go to court to prove the partner had done something terribly wrong. The 1960s and 70s brought "no-fault" divorce, which is also known as "unilateral divorce," since either party can bring it about without the consent of the other.(7)The first surprise is that looser divorce laws have actually had little effect on the number of marriages that fall apart. Economist Justin Wolfers of Stanford University, in a study published by the National Bureau of Economic Research(NBER), found that when California passed a no-fault divorce law in 1970, the divorce rate jumped, then fell back to its old level — and then fell some more.(8)That was also the pattern in other states that loosened their laws. Over time, he estimates, the chance that a first marriage would break up rose by just one-fourth of one percentage point, which is next to nothing.(9)In short, nothing bad happened. But in another NBER paper, Wolfers and fellow economist Betsey Stevenson of the University of Pennsylvania report that in states that relaxed their divorce laws, some very good things happened: Fewer women committed suicide, and fewer were murdered by husbands or other "intimate" partners. In addition, both men and women suffered less domestic violence, compared to states that didn´t change their laws.(10)We´re not talking about tiny improvements here. Wolfers and Stevenson say that in no-fault states, there was a 10-percent drop in a woman´s chance of being killed by her spouse or boyfriend. The rate of female suicide in new no-fault states fell by about 20 percent. The effectwas more dramatic still for domestic violence —which "declined by somewhere between a quarter and a half between 1976 and 1985 in those states that reformed their divorce laws," according to Stevenson and Wolfers.(11)What could account for these surprising benefits? Something simple: A change in divorce laws alters the balance of power in a marriage, giving more leverage to the weaker or more vulnerable spouse.(12)If either partner can demand a divorce, each has a greater incentive to keep the other content If an abused spouse has an open exit, some abusers — and potential abusers — will find it possible to behave themselves.(13)By assuring both people in a marriage that they can get out if things go badly, the looser laws can foster the sort of behavior needed to make sure things go well. Just as a driver in a small car will drive more cautiously than someone in an oversized SUV, couples faced with loose divorce laws may handle their family obligations with greater care.(14)No-fault divorce once looked like a remedy for bad marriages, in the same way that amputation is a remedy for a gangrenous limb. The good news is that it may prevent the disease in the first place.第32题We can infer from the passage that Linda Waite and Maggie Gallagher(including Louisiana)A.prefer to stand in lines with rigid divorce rules.B.advocate the value of divorce revolution.C.believe in and practice loose divorce rules.D.explore the social harm caused by divorce.第33题Which of the following is NOT the advantages brought by relaxed divorce laws?A.The divorce rate has dropped.B.Fewer people lose their lives.C.Both parts in marriage have been protected.D.It had slim influence on broken marriage.第34题The following can account for the factors that improve marriage under relaxed divorce rules EXCEPTA.the rules granted equal rights in marriage to the couple.B.both partners recognized their family responsibilities.C.a kind of marriage crisis was fostered.D.men are equally serious about courtship.第35题Which of the following statements does NOT contain analogies?A.... easier divorce was hailed as a needed remedy for toxic relationships.(Paragraph One)B.... while divorce is, at best, a necessary evil.(Paragraph Three)C.... which is also known as "unilateral divorce"(Paragraph Six)D.Just as a driver in a small car will drive more cautiously than...(Paragraph Thirteen)第36题A suitable title for the passage would beA.Divorce Rate.B.Surprises from the Divorce Revolution.C.Advantages and Disadvantages of Loose Divorce Rules. ,D.A Remedy for Bad Marriages.上一题下一题(37~39/共14题)PART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.(1)They poison the mind and corrupt the morals of the young, who waste their time sitting on sofas immersed in dangerous fantasy worlds. That, at least, was the charge levelled against novels during the 18th century by critics worried about the impact of a new medium on young people. Today the idea that novels can harm people sounds daft And that is surely how history will judge modern criticism of video games, which are accused of turning young people into violent criminals. This week European justice ministers met to discuss how best to restrict the sale of violent games to children. Some countries, such as Germany, believe the answer is to ban some games altogether. That is going too far.(2)Criticism of games is merely the latest example of a tendency to demonize new and unfamiliar forms of entertainment In 1816 waltzing was condemned as a "fatal contagion" that encouraged promiscuity: in 1910 films were denounced as "an evil pure and simple, destructive of social interchange": in the 1950s rock ´n´ roll music was said to turn young people into "devil worshippers" and comic books were accused of turning children into drug addicts and criminals. In each case the pattern is the same: young people adopt a new form of entertainment, older people are spooked by its unfamiliarity and condemn it, but eventually the young grow up and the new medium becomes accepted — at which point another example appears and the cycle begins again.(3)The opposition to video games is founded on the mistaken belief that most gamers are children.In fact, two thirds of gamers are over 18 and the average gamer is around 30. But the assumption that gamers are mostly children leads to a double standard. Violent films are permitted and the notion that some films are unsuitable for children is generally understood. Yet different rules are applied to games.(4)Aren´t games different because they are interactive? It is true that video games can make people feel excited or aggressive, but so do many sports. There is no evidence that video gaming causes long term aggression.(5)Games ought to be age-rated, just as films are, and retailers should not sell adult-rated games to children any more than they should sell them adult-rated films. Ratings schemes are already in place, and in some countries restrictions on the sale of adult-rated games to minors have the force of law.(6)Oddly enough, Hillary Clinton, one of the politicians who has led the criticism of the gaming industry in America, has recently come round to this view. Last month she emphasized the need for parents to pay more attention to game ratings and called on the industry, retailers and parents to work together. But this week some European politicians seemed to be moving in the other direction: the Netherlands may follow Germany, for example, in banning some gamesoutright. Not all adults wish to play violent games, just as not all of them enjoy violent movies. But they should be free to do so if they wish.第37题Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of demonizing newly appeared recreation?A.The children tend to commit crimes after reading comic novels.B.People who enjoyed waltz would cause social chaos.C.Video games make people feel exited and aggressive.D.The appearance of rock ´n´ roll music misled people.第38题The idea that video games are evils originates fromA.the misunderstanding that children are most likely to be the gamers.B.the assumption that playing video games would cause aggression.C.the notion that video games signify a turning point in social development.D.the proposal that video games enable people to be excited and vigorous.第39题The sentence in the last paragraph "... Hillary Clinton... has recently come round to this view" implies thatA.she summoned many politicians to accept age-rated games.B.she emphasized the importance of rating video games.C.she desired more advocates from Germany.D.she favored the ban of several games.上一题下一题(1/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.第40题Why did the author water the fish? ___________上一题下一题(2/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.第41题What created the towering clouds? ___________上一题下一题(3/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.第42题Why did the author hope Jack´s mother not to engage him in conversation? ___________上一题下一题(4/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.第43题What do the examples of American Century Investments and Bain & Company in Para. 5 show? ___________上一题下一题(5/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.第44题Why does IBM invest money for employees? ___________上一题下一题(6/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.第45题What are the characteristics of today´s business-school graduates? ___________上一题下一题(7/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.第46题What does the first classic exchange show? ___________上一题下一题(8/8)SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided.第47题What might happen to the big wheel style patients? ___________上一题下一题(48~57/共10题)PART III LANGUAGE USAGEWhen an invention is made, the inventor has three possiblecourses of action opening to him: he can give the invention to the__48__world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.A granted patent is the result of a bargain strike between an inventor__49__and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopolyand publishes full details of his invention to the public after thatperiod terminates. Only in the most exceptional circumstances the__50__lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.Because a patent remains temporarily public after it has terminated,__51__the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain detailsof literal millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older__52__than half a century, sometimes even patent. Indeed, patent experts often__53__advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a searchthrough lively patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of__54__any other inventor´s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. However,__55__because publication of an idea in any other form permanently validates。
专业八级分类模拟435
专业八级分类模拟435(总分：58.92，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART Ⅰ READING COMPREHENSION(总题数：1，分数：30.00)SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are four passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE(1) If you drop your laptop computer, a chip built into it will sense the acceleration and protect the delicate moving parts of its hard disk before it hits the ground. A group of researchers led by Jesse Lawrence of Stanford University are putting the same accelerometer chip to an intriguing new use: detecting earthquakes. They plan to create a network of volunteer laptops that can map out future quakes in far greater detail than traditional seismometers manage.(2) Seismometers are large, expensive beasts, costing $10,000 or more apiece. They are designed to be exquisitely sensitive to the sort of vibrations an earthquake produces, which means they can pick up tremors that began halfway around the world. By contrast, the accelerometer chips in laptops, which have evolved from those used to detect when a car is in a collision and thus trigger the release of the airbags, are rather crude devices. They are, however, ubiquitous. Almost all modem laptops have them and they are even finding their way into mobile phones. The iPhone, for example, uses such a chip to detect its orientation so that it can rotate its display and thus make it easily readable.(3) On its own, an accelerometer chip in a laptop is not very useful for earthquake-detection, as it cannot distinguish between a quake and all sorts of other vibrations—the user tapping away at the keyboard, for example. But if lots of these chips are connected to a central server via the internet, their responses can be compared. And if a large number in a particular place register a vibration at almost the same time, it is more likely to be an earthquake than a bunch of users all hitting their space bars. To exploit this group effect, Dr Lawrence"s Quake-Catcher Network (QCN) employs the same software that is used by the SETI@home project, which aggregates computing power from hundreds of thousands of volunteer computers around the world to analyzeradio-telescope signals for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence.(4) Dr Lawrence and his colleagues have already demonstrated that the QCN works. It detected a quake near Reno, Nevada, in April, and one near Los Angeles in July. Merely detecting a quake, however, is not the point. Seismometers can do that. To be useful, the QCN needs to be able to do things that seismometers cannot.(5) One of those things is to measure the maximum amount of ground shaking. The sensitivity of seismometers means that strong signals would damage them if they were not designed to "clip" such signals when they exceed a certain threshold. The price paid is that information about strong, nearby earthquakes is lost. Laptop accelerometers are more robust. Though they cannot, if in America, tell you anything about an earthquake in China, they can sometimes do better than conventional kit when measuring local quakes.(6) The network"s second benefit is of sheer numbers. This should allow the construction of far more detailed maps of the up-and-down and side-to-side motions induced by earthquakes. These vary a lot from quake to quake, and that means the damage done by a quake of any given strength is also variable. A better understanding of how movement and damage relate might help both building design and town planning in earthquake zones.(7) Of course, for that to work, you have to know where each laptop was at the moment of the quake. Ideally, this information would come from a Global Positioning System device fitted within thelaptop, but few computers have them at the moment. In their absence, information automatically supplied about the site of the nearest router (a network device that computers use to connect to the wider internet) gives a rough location. This is imperfect, but pooling the data from lots of laptops means that location errors can be detected statistically and erroneous data discarded.(8) If that can be done quickly enough, the QCN could bring a third—and most valuable—benefit: warning. The speed of internet communication, coupled with a scheme for uploading data from each computer at brief intervals, means that Dr Lawrence"s network could issue an earthquake warning within seconds. That is faster than traditional seismometer networks, which update less regularly, and, above all, is much faster than seismic waves travel. Warnings could thus be broadcast to places the earthquake waves had not yet reached, giving people vital time to find a place of refuge.(9) At the moment, the QCN has about 1,500 participating computers. But, as happened with SETI @ home, the researchers expect numbers to grow once knowledge of the project spreads:, for those who want to join in the fun.PASSAGE TWO(1) Damn you, tall people. They block your view at the movie theater. They"re a pain to shop for: Who really wants to drag themselves to the Big & Tall to buy Uncle Lurch a pair of extra-long pants? They"re the ones with better chances of becoming pro basketball players, or supermodels.(2) Squirts probably don"t need any more reasons to envy their longer-limbed neighbors. Unfortunately, a new study just added to the indignity of short people. According to a paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research, both men and women who are above average height—5 ft.10 in. for males, 5 ft. 4 in. for females—report higher levels of happiness than smaller people.(3) In the study, men who call their lives the "worst possible" are nearly an inch shorter than the average man. The women most down in the dumps are half an inch smaller, on average, than the average woman. Taller people say they are more content, and are less likely to report a range of negative emotions like sadness and physical pain. "Happiness is just one more thing that taller people have going for them," says Angus Deaton, a Princeton economist and co-author of the study, who stands a smug 6 ft. 4 in. (Full disclosure: I, too, am about 6 ft. 4 in., but I will refrain from mocking shrimps in this story.)(4) Why are tall people happier? According to Deaton"s analysis, the result is linked to education and income. The study found that taller people tend to have more education, and thus higher income levels, than shorter people. It follows that the smarter, richer tall people would be sunnier than their vertically challenged compatriots. "Money buys enjoyment and higher life evaluation," says Deaton. "It buys off stress, anger, worry and pain. Income is the thing!"(5) To gain some real-world insight into these stats, I called the first smart short person I could think of, a friend named Milton Lee. Despite what these studies indicate, smart short people do exist. Milt, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, made a killing as a Wall Street trader in the 1990s, but quit finance to chase his dream of becoming a basketball coach. He has trained many NBA players, including this year"s top draft pick, Oklahoma"s Blake Griffin, and even landed an assistant coaching gig for the Los Angeles Clippers" summer-league team. (6) Despite giving up an healthy Wall Street income, Lee, who claims he"s 5 ft. 9 in. but admits to being 5 ft. 8 in. when pressed, considers himself content. "I"m not totally buying it," he says of the study. "I"m below average height, and have above-average happiness." In his basketball work, Lee spends a lot of time around well-compensated human trees, and doesn"t always see smiling faces. "There are plenty of NBA players who are absolutely miserable," Lee says. "They want more playing time, they feel underappreciated. Only a dozen or so guys feel that they are truly loved."(7) In his Wall Street days, Lee saw plenty of rich, happy short people and wealthy, depressed tall people. He does offer one reason why taller men might be happier. "Whenever I"m out with tall guys, they tend to get more attention from women," says Lee. "You never hear girls say, "Hey, I"m really into short guys.""(8) Lee directed me to one of the players he coaches, Coleman Collins, for the smart, tall guy"s perspective. When I told him Lee questioned the findings, Collins, who is 6 ft. 9 in., wasn"t surprised. "Short people are always ready to disagree," says Collins, who graduated from Virginia Tech when he was 19, after just three years, and played for the school"s basketball team. He points out that he has many short friends. "Generally speaking, I"ve found that they are more likely to have a chip on their shoulder, more likely to have something to prove," Collins says. (9) Collins, now 23, supports the study"s results. "I"m generally in a good mood," he says. "And based on the anecdotal evidence I"ve seen, tall people have a more pleasant disposition and are more easygoing. They don"t have to make an extra effort to command attention. When they walk into a room, it tends to come naturally to them." Such recognition surely helps your self-esteem. If only it wasn"t too late for you short people to have a growth spurt.PASSAGE THREE(1) MONDAY"S Supreme Court decision to block a class-action sex-discrimination lawsuit against Wal-Mart was a huge setback for as many as 1.6 million current and former female employees of the world"s largest retailer. But the decision has consequences that range far beyond sex discrimination or the viability of class-action suits.(2) The underlying issue, which the Supreme Court has now ratified, is Wal-Mart"s authoritarian style, by which executives pressure store-level management to squeeze more and more from millions of clerks, stockers and lower-tier managers.(3) Indeed, the sex discrimination at Wal-Mart that drove the recent suit is the product not merely of managerial bias and prejudice, but also of a corporate culture and business model that sustains it, rooted in the company"s very beginnings.(4) In the 1950s and "60s, northwest Arkansas, where Wal-Mart got its start, was poor, white and rural, in the midst of a wave of agricultural mechanization that generated a huge surplus of unskilled workers. To these men and women, the burgeoning chain of discount stores founded by Sam Walton was a godsend. The men might find dignity managing a store instead of a hardscrabble farm, while their wives and daughters could earn pin money clerking for Mr. Sam, as he was known. "The enthusiasm of Wal-Mart associates toward their jobs is one of the company"s greatest assets," declared the firm"s 1973 annual report.(5) A patriarchal ethos was written into the Wal-Mart DNA. "Welcome Assistant Managers and Wives" read a banner at a 1975 meeting for executive trainees. And that corporate culture—"the single most important element in the continued, remarkable success of Wal-Mart," asserted Don Soderquist, the company"s chief operating officer in the 1990s—was sustained not only by the hyper centralized managerial control that flowed from the Bentonville, Ark., home office but by the evangelical Protestantism that Mr. Soderquist and other executives encouraged.(6) Wal-Mart attorneys have argued, and the Supreme Court agreed this week, that even if sex discrimination was once part of the company"s culture, it is now ancient history: if any store managers are guilty of bias when it comes to promoting women, they are at odds with corporate policy. Wal-Mart is no longer an Ozark company; it is a cosmopolitan, multinational operation.(7) But that avoids the more essential point, namely that Wal-Mart views low labor costs and a high degree of workplace flexibility as a signal competitive advantage. It is a militantly anti-union company that has been forced to pay hundreds of millions of dollars to current and former employees for violations of state wage and hour laws.(8) In other words, the patriarchy of old has been reconfigured into a more systematically authoritarian structure, one that deploys a communitarian ethos to sustain a high degree of corporate loyalty even as wages and working conditions are put under continual downward pressure—especially in recent years, as Wal-Mart"s same-store sales have declined. Workers of both sexes pay the price, but women, who constitute more than 70 percent of hourly employees, pay more.(9) There are tens of thousands of experienced Wal-Mart women who would like to be promoted to the first managerial rung, salaried assistant store manager. But Wal-Mart makes it impossible for many of them to take that post, because its ruthless management style structures the job itself as one that most women, and especially those with young children or a relative to care for, would find difficult to accept.(10) Why? Because, for all the change that has swept over the company, at the store level there is still a fair amount of the old communal sociability. Recognizing that workers steeped in that culture make poor candidates for assistant managers, who are the front lines in enforcing labor discipline, Wal-Mart insists that almost all workers promoted to the managerial ranks move toa new store, often hundreds of miles away.(11) For young men in a hurry, that"s an inconvenience; for middle-aged women caring for families, this corporate reassignment policy amounts to sex discrimination. True, Wal-Mart is hardly alone in demanding that rising managers sacrifice family life, but few companies make relocation sucha fixed policy, and few have employment rolls even a third the size.(12) The obstacles to women"s advancement do not stop there. The workweek for salaried managers is around 50 hours or more, which can surge to 80 or 90 hours a week during holiday seasons. Not unexpectedly, some managers think women with family responsibilities would balk at such demands, and it is hardly to the discredit of thousands of Wal-Mart women that they may be right. (13) There used to be a remedy for this sort of managerial authoritarianism: it was called a union, which bargained over not only wages and pensions but also the kind of qualitative issues, including promotion and transfer policies, that have proved so vexing for non-unionized employees at Wal-Mart and other big retailers.(14) For a time it seemed as if the class-action lawsuit might be a partial substitute. By drastically limiting how a class-action suit can be brought, the Supreme Court leaves millions of service-sector workers with few avenues to escape the grinding work life and limited opportunities that so many now face.PASSAGE FOUR(1) "HELL is a city much like London," opined Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1819. Modem academics agree. Last year Dutch researchers showed that city dwellers have a 21% higher risk of developing anxiety disorders than do their calmer rural countrymen, and a 39% higher risk of developing mood disorders. But exactly how the inner workings of the urban and rural minds cause this difference has remained obscure—until now. A study just published in Nature by Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg of the University of Heidelberg and his colleagues has used a scanning technique called functionalmagnetic-resonance imaging (FMRI) to examine the brains of city dwellers and country bumpkins when they are under stress.(2) In Dr Meyer-Lindenberg"s first experiment, participants lying with their heads in a scanner took maths tests that they were doomed to fail (the researchers had designed success rates to be just 25%-40%). To make the experience still more humiliating, the team provided negative feedback through headphones, all the while checking participants for indications of stress, such as high blood pressure.(3) The urbanites" general mental health did not differ from that of their provincial counterparts. However, their brains dealt with the stress imposed by the experimenters in different ways. These differences were noticeable in two regions: the amygdalas and the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (PACC). The amygdalas are a pair of structures, one in each cerebral hemisphere, that are found deep inside the brain and are responsible for assessing threats and generating the emotion of fear. The PACC is part of the cerebral cortex (again, found in both hemispheres) that regulates the amygdalas.(4) People living in the countryside had the lowest levels of activity in their amygdalas. Those living in towns had higher levels. City dwellers had the highest. Not that surprising, to thoseof a Shelleyesque disposition. In the case of the PACC, however, what mattered was not where someone was living now, but where he or she was brought up. The more urban a person"s childhood, the more active his PACC, regardless of where he was dwelling at the time of the experiment.(5) The amygdalas thus seem to respond to the here-and-now whereas the PACC is programmed early on, and does not react in the same, flexible way as the amygdalas. Second-to-second changes in its activity might, though, be expected to be correlated with changes in the amygdalas, because of its role in regulating them. FMRI allows such correlations to be measured.(6) In the cases of those brought up in the countryside, regardless of where they now live, the correlations were as expected. For those brought up in cities, however, these correlations broke down. The regulatory mechanism of the native urbanite, in other words, seems to be out of kilter. Further evidence, then, for Shelley"s point of view. Moreover, it is also known that the PACC-amygdala link is often out of kilter in schizophrenia, and that schizophrenia is more common among city dwellers than country folk. Dr Meyer-Lindenberg is careful not to claim that his results show the cause of this connection. But they might.(7) Dr Meyer-Lindenberg and his team conducted several subsequent experiments to check their findings. They asked participants to complete more maths tests—and also tests in which they mentally rotated an object—while investigators chided them about their performance. The results matched those of the first test. They also studied another group of volunteers, who were given stress-free tasks to complete. These experiments showed no activity in either the amygdalas or the PACC, suggesting that the earlier results were indeed the result of social stress rather than mental exertion.(8) As is usually the case in studies of this sort, the sample size was small (and therefore not as robust as might be desirable) and the result showed an association, rather than a definite, causal relationship. That association is, nevertheless, interesting. Living in cities brings many benefits, but Dr Meyer-Lindenberg"s work suggests that Shelley and his fellow Romantics had at least half a point.（分数：29.92）(1).Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of QCN compared with traditional seismometers? (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：1.36）A.Its chips can measure the maximum amount of ground shaking.B.It can capture detailed information about how movement and damage relate in earthquakes.C.It can be used as earthquake warning for people in dangerous zones.D.It can collect signals from all around the world. √解析：[解析] 该题为事实细节题。
专业英语八级(改错)模拟试卷333(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（改错）模拟试卷333(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. LANGUAGE USAGEPART III LANGUAGE USAGEInductive reasoning is the process by which we make a necessary lim- 【M1】______ited number of observations and seek to draw at generalized conclusions 【M2】______from them. It involves making useful generalizations about the environmentas a whole, based on a necessarily limited number of observations. As so, it 【M3】______is an important tool that people used to build the models of reality they need to 【M4】______function effectively. Since conclusions can be wrong if observations are faulty or are drawn 【M5】______from an unrepresentative sample, if properly used, inductive reasoning can be incredibly powerful. Indeed, it lies at the root of the scientificmethod that has done so many to advance humanity in the last 500 years. 【M6】______Proper-applied scientific method is inductive reasoning in its purest form. 【M7】______ At the core of inductive reasoning is the ability to look at outcomes, events,ideas and observations, and draw these together to reach a united conclusion. 【M8】______Considering this, an experienced business person can use his or her own experiences to draw conclusions about current situations and solve problems based on that he or she has known to work in the past in similar situations. 【M9】______By accepting conclusions derived from inductive reasoning as ““real”“(in 【M10】______a practical sense), good managers can build on these conclusions and move forward effectively and successfully.1．【M1】正确答案：necessary —necessarily解析：此题的关键在于看出necessary并不是修饰名词number，而是修饰形容词limited，所以应该用副词形式。
专业八级分类模拟439
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。
专业英语八级模拟试卷334(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级模拟试卷334(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. READING COMPREHENSION 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 4. PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION 5. TRANSLATION 6. WRITINGPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREDirections: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.听力原文：How Interpreters Work Good morning. Today I’d like to give you a brief introduction to an interpreter’s work. Generally speaking, an interpreter has to fulfill three stages during his work: the understanding of the speaker’s original message, the memorization of a speech and the re-expression of the same content in another language, with the help of some notes the interpreter writes down upon hearing the original message. The first stage is the understanding. The understanding we refer to here is not of words but of ideas, since an interpreter has to convey concepts. But what happens if an interpreter doesn’t know one word or an expression that he or she hears in a speech? First of all we can underline that an interpreter can understand a speaker’s meaning without actually understanding every single word and expression used. There are other occasions, however, where a word is too important to be left out. ff the interpreter does not know a key word, there can be problems. But after hearing the whole speech, he or she should be able to deduce the meaning of it from the context, given the numbers of clues they have. Moreover, interpreters cannot be expected to be encyclopaedic dictionaries, and they must accept that there are times when they do not know a word or an idiomatic expression. In a situation of direct contact with the delegates, the interpreter must admit his or her ignorance and, if necessary, clarify the question with the delegates. On the other hand, the interpreter does not have the right to guess at meanings in order to hide a normally possible, even if embarrassing, situation. Furthermore, in order to understand meaning without knowing all the lexical items, and to be able to deduce from context, interpreters must in any case have a thorough knowledge of their working languages in order to understand the ideas of a speech, an interpreter needs to get familiar with different kinds of texts. They can present logical arguments showing both points of view on a question before arriving at a synthetic conclusion,they can be a sequence of logical deductions leading to an obvious conclusion according to the speaker’s point of view, and they may simply be descriptive, focusing on an event, a scene or a situation. What follows is the identification of the main ideas. In order to understanda message, an interpreter has to identify the main ideas and give them their proper relevance in the interpretation. And, owing to the intrinsic difficulty of a speech or to the speaker’s speed, he or she might be forced to omit one or more elements of the original. It is clear that if the interpreter doesn’t translate some details, the interpretation will not be perfect but still adequate, whereas, if he or she misses out significant points of the discourse, the result will be a seriously flawed performance. Indeed, interpreters should be capable of providing a summary of a speech, since delegates often don’t want a detailed interpretation but only an exhaustive and precise summary of what has been said. What’s going on next in understanding phase is the analysis of links of the main ideas. A speech is not only a sequence of ideas, but also a series of ideas related to one another in a particular way. Ideas may be linked by logical consequences, logical causes, put together without cause-effect relations, and may also be expressed by a series of opposing concepts. The second stage of interpreting is the memorization of a speech. The objective is to create a telegraphic version of the discourse, and to link its different parts through its semantic-logical connections. We have different means to remember a speech. One possibility is that of internally visualizing the content of a speech and creating images in one’s mind. Specifically speaking, an interpreter needs to concentrate on ideas, not on single words,connect the main ideas to a series of numbers, and then concentrate on the links among the main ideas so as to reproduce the structure of the speech as a kind of skeleton. The third stage of interpreting is re-expression. After understanding, analyzing and memorizing, interpreters have to re-express the speech they have just heard. It must be clear that they are not required to give an academically perfect translation. Their role is to make sure the speaker is understood by the audience so real interpreters have to continue to work on their working languages, including their mother tongue, with the aim of keeping them rich, lively, effective and up-to-date. Therefore, they must be informed about the latest national or international events with the purpose of learning new terminology and also of grabbing the spirit of the era we’re living in. To this end, it is possible to suggest the following advice: First, constantly enrich one’s general vocabulary and style, through regular reading of a broad range of well-written publications in all working languages; Second, follow the press in one’s native language too, which is of particular importance for interpreters living abroad; Third,watch television, see movies, go to the theatre and listen to songs in their original language. To sum up, it’s tree that an interpreter’s work involves only three basic processes, i.e., understanding, memorization and re-expression. ‘Interpreting is a profession that is all about communication. In order to communicate well, interpreters have to “make their own speech”based on the speeches they interpret, and their speech must be faithful to the original and as accurate as possible in the above three processes.They should take advantage of all the possible resources available in their working languages in order to reach an effective, clear and elegant level of performance.How Interpreters Work? Ⅰ. Understanding A. About words and expressions —【1】______ words may be left out: 【1】______ —If not knowing a key word or expression,a)admit or clarify the question if necessary, with thedelegates.b)deduce from 【2】______ 【2】______ B. About ideas/concepts —【3】______ of different kinds of texts that 【3】______a)present logical argumentsb)present a sequence of 【4】______ 【4】______c)are descriptive, focusing on an event, a scene or a situation —identification of the main ideas —analysis of ideas linked by 【5】______ 【5】______ Ⅱ. Memorization of a speech A. Objective —to create a telegraphic version of the discourse —to link its different parts through its semantic-logical connections B. Means of memorization —concentrating on the ideas —connecting main ideas to a series of 【6】______ 【6】______ —focusing on the links among the main ideas Ⅲ. 【7】______ of the content in another language 【7】______ A. Goal: make sure the audience understand the speech. B. Suggestions: —enriching one’s general vocabulary and style —following the press in one’s native language —watching TV, see movies, etc. in the 【8】______ language 【8】______ Ⅳ. Conclusion A. Interpreting is a profession that is all about communication: —”make their own speech”【9】______ the speeches they interpret 【9】______ —be faithful to the original speech —as accurate as possible B. Interpreters should take advantage of all the possible 【10】______ available in their working languages. 【10】______1．【1】正确答案：Unimportant/Less important解析：讲座介绍口译工作的第一步理解阶段时，提到“a word is too important to be left out”，由此可推断，可以忽略的应是不重要的词语，故答案为Unimportant 或Less important。
专业英语八级写作分类题模拟57
专业英语八级写作分类题模拟57WRITING1. New Technology Development in Environmental Protection答案：As humankind moves into the third millennium, it can rightfully claim to have broken new ground in its age-old quest to master the environment, The fantastic achievements of modern technology and the speed at which scientific discoveries are translated into technological applications attest to the triumph of human endeavour.At the same time, however, some of these applications threaten to unleash forces over which we have no control. In other words, the new technology Man now believes allows him to dominate this wider cosmos could well be a Frankenstein monster waiting to turn on its master.This is an entirely new situation that promises to change many of the perceptions governing life on the planet. The most acute challenges facing the future are likely to be not only those pitting man against his fellow man, but those involving humankind's struggle to preserve the environment and ensure the sustainability of life on earth.A conflict waged to ensure the survival of the human species is bound to bring humans closer together. Technological progress has thus proved to be a double-edged sword, giving rise to a new form of conflict: a clash between Man and Nature.The new conflict is more dangerous than the traditional one between man and his fellow man, where the protagonists at least shared a common language. But when it comes to the reactions of the ecosystems to the onslaught of modern technology, there is no common language.Nature reacts with weather disturbances, with storms and earthquakes, with mutant viruses and bacteria—that is, with phenomena having no apparent cause and effect relationship with the modern technology that supposedly triggers them.As technology becomes ever more potent and Nature reacts ever more violently, there is an urgent need to rethink how best to deal with the growing contradictions between Man and Nature.For a start, the planet, and hence all its inhabitants, must be perceived as an integral whole, not as a dichotomous mass divided geographically into the rich and developed and the poor and underdeveloped.Today, globalization encompasses the whole world and deals with it as an integral unit. It is nolonger possible to say that conflict has shifted from its traditional east-west axis to a northsouth axis. The real divide today is between summit and base, between the higher echelons of the international political structure and its grassroots level, between governments and NGOs, between state and civil society, between public and private enterprise.The mesh structure is particularly obvious on the Internet. While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favouring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed, this need not always be the case. Indeed, it could eventually overcome the disparities between the privileged and the underdeveloped.On the other hand, the macro-world in which we live is exposed to distortions because of the unpredictable side-effects of a micro-world we do not and cannot totally control.This raises the need for a global system of checks and balances, for mandatory rules and constraints in our dealings with Nature, in short, for a new type of veto designed to manage what is increasingly becoming a main contradiction of our time: the one between technology and ecology.A new type of international machinery must be set in place to cope with the new challenges. We need a new look at the harnessing of scientific discoveries, to maximize their positive effects for the promotion of humanity as a whole and to minimize their negative effects. We need an authority with veto powers to forbid practices conducive to decreasing the ozone hole, the propagation of AIDS, global warming, desertification—an authority that will tackle such global problems.There should be no discontinuity in the global machinery responsible for world order. The UN in its present form may fall far short of what is required of it, and it may be undemocratic and detrimental to most citizens in the world, but its absence would be worse. And so we have to hold on to the international organization even as we push forward for its complete restructuring.Our best hope would be that the functions of the present United Nations are gradually taken over by the new machinery of veto power representing genuine democratic globalization.。
专业八级分类模拟398
专业八级分类模拟398(总分：85.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：85.00)When we speak to another individual or group, the distanceour bodies are physically apart also communicates a message. Mostof us are unaware for the importance of space in communication until 1we are confronting with someone who uses it differently. For 2instance, we all have a sense of which is a comfortable interaction 3distance to a person with whom we are speaking. If that person getscloser than the distance in which we are comfortable, we usually 4automatically back up to reestablish our comfort zone. Similarly, ifwe feel that we are too far away from the person we are talking to,we likely to close the distance between us. If two speakers have 5different comfortable interaction distances, a ballet of shiftingpositions usually occurs until one of the individuals is backed into acorner and feels threatened with what may be perceived 6like hostile. As a result, the verbal message may not be listened to 7or understood as it is intended. 8Comfort in interaction distance mostly has to do with thedistance between faces that are looking directly at each other. Mostpeople do not have the same feeling about physical closeness if theydo not have eyes contact. In a crowd or an elevator, people usually 9choose to not to look at anyone in order to avoid feeling. 10 （分数：25.00）解析：for—of[解析] 固定搭配中的介词误用。
专业八级分类模拟433
专业八级分类模拟433(总分：65.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART Ⅰ READING COMPREHENSION(总题数：1，分数：33.00)SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.PASSAGE ONE(1) The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter impressed most reviewers as a remarkable first novel from so young a writer. Lorine Pruette wondered in Books "how any young person could know so much" about loneliness. In the Saturday Review of Literature, Ben Ray Redman went further, calling The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter"an extraordinary novel in its own right, considerations of authorship apart". Writing for The New York Times, Rose Feld agreed that McCullers had proven herself "a full-fledged novelist whatever her age".(2) The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter continues to be regarded as one of McCullers"s strongest claims to lasting fame, generally ranking in critical estimation just below The Ballad of the Sad Café (1951)and The Member of the Wedding(1946) among her longer fictions. The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter is often cited as an ideal introduction to McCullers"s work because it foreshadows nearly everything else she wrote, revealing her literary strengths and limitations. In this first novel she started at length her master theme: spiritual isolation as the human condition in modern times.(3) To dramatize this isolation as a universal rather than idiosyncratic state, McCullers interwove the stories of five main characters who struggle to overcome their loneliness and alienation. Her outline reveals her vision of the novel as a fugue (赋格曲) in which these characters" voices are developed independently, yet enriched by their interplay. Each chapter centers on one of the five characters, for each of whom she created an individualized third-person style of narration.(4) Critics disagree about how well the narrative works on different levels in McCullers"s first novel and whether it is best approached as a realistic or symbolical book. Leslie Fiedler argues that The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter is "the last of "proletarian novels", a true Depression book". Despite its strong particularization in time and place, however, McCullers"s novel has endured while much social protest fiction of the era has faded because McCullers uses the topical to explore the timeless. She puts speeches in the excesses of capitalism and the horrors of racism into mouths of Blount and Copeland, but given their limitations—they cannot be considered her spokesmen, and the novel never becomes a tract. The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter is stronger at dramatizing than solving social problems partly because these would-be leaders lack followers, but McCullers"s stress on psychological rather than sociological sources of disaffection also precludes the search for collective answers.(5) Her intriguing reference to The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter as a parable on fascism has been interpreted by some to mean that she attacks economic exploitation and racial discrimination as American equivalents of European fascism, which is preparing to envelop the West as the novel ends. Her likelier purpose, though, is to expose the psychology that makes fascism possible—in this case, the mystification of Singer by estranged souls searching for what they lack. This view coincides with Barbara Farrelly"s argument that the novel gives literary form to its musical inspiration, Ludwig van Beethoven"s Third Symphony, the Eroica, which so moves Mick. The composer wrote the Eroica to honor of his hero, Napoleon, but withdrew the dedication when Napoleon named himself emperor. Likewise, those who impute superhuman qualities to Singer learn that he too is merely mortal.PASSAGE TWO(1) In 1933, approximately 117,000 Jewish children and youth between the ages of six and twenty-five lived in Germany. Compared with their elders, whose loss of jobs and businesses proceeded erratically, the younger generation faced a more drastic deterioration in conditions at public schools and among non-Jewish friends, often finding then-first safe haven in a Jewish school. They also experienced a drastic reduction in their aspirations and lived in tense homes with families on edge. Gender played an important role in children"s and young people"s lives. Parents and Jewish communal organizations held different expectations for girls and boys, and gender framed the ways in which children envisioned their futures. But from 1933 on, both girls and boys had to make unprecedented adjustments in their lives while facing unrelenting assaults on their self-esteem.(2) Nazi legislation of April 1933, euphemistically entitled the "Law Against the Overcrowding of German Schools," established a quota of 1.5 percent total enrollment for Jews. Where Jews made up more than 5 percent of the population, schools could allow up to 5 percent of their pupils to be Jewish. Exemptions included Jewish pupils whose fathers had served during World War Ⅰ, children of mixed marriages (with no more than two Jewish grandparents), and Jewish children with foreign citizenship. Elementary school (the Volksschule) attendance remained, for the time being, required for all. Like the other April laws, the actual number of exemptions surprised the Nazis. But for Jews, the exemptions were, at best, a Pyrrhic victory. The massive hostility they faced and practical concerns with learning a vocation forced many to leave school.(3) Because children spent so much time in school, unprotected by family, Jewish children continually met with the blatant repercussions of Nazism there. Well before Jewish children were expelled from German public schools, the majority lost the rights of non-Jews. They often had to sit apart from classmates. The curriculum isolated them further. In German class, one Jewish teenager had to study literature on the need for German expansion. Titles varied, including the bestseller Volk without Space. In English class, the same girl read news articles from a British pro-Nazi tabloid. Teachers often required essays on Nazi themes. Jews, however, were prohibited from addressing these topics and, instead, were given arbitrary topics that had never been discussed in class. No matter how well an essay was written, a Jewish child seldom received a top grade.(4) School administrators and teachers barred Jewish children from school events, whether inside or outside school. When Nazi movies were shown, Jewish children could not attend but afterward had to listen while other children discussed the film. Denied school subsidies, they were forbidden from going to swimming pools or sleeping in dormitories on class trips. A mother described her daughter"s unhappiness about missing special events: "It was not because she was denied going to the show that my little girl was weeping... but because she had to stay apart, as if she were not good enough to associate with her comrades any longer." On Mother"s Day, Jewish children had to take part in the school festivities but were not allowed to sing along. When they protested, their teacher responded haughtily: "I know you have a mother... but she is only a Jewish mother." On the rare occasion when Jewish children could take part, the "Aryan" children would show up in their Nazi youth group outfits, making it clear who did not belong.(5) The extent of persecution depended on various factors: whether Jewish children attended urban or rural schools, whether they lived in areas where the Nazis were particularly popular, and what political attitudes their teachers held. Children were more likely to be victimized in small town and village schools. There, non-Jewish children, even if they had wanted to, did not dare to be seen with Jews. Between 1933 and 1935, in a small town in the Mark Brandenburg, no one wanted to sit near a Jewish boy or play with him during breaks. In a small town near Aachen, a Jewish child suffered the abrupt rupture of her closest friendship—the other child even stopped greeting her—and had to listen to her female teacher make nasty remarks about Jews in class. For manychildren, public events were not nearly as upsetting as the situation at school, which grew worse and worse.(6) Even in cities, Jewish children experienced at least some animosity. At best, Jewish children retained some of their non-Jewish friends for a short time, while self-identified "Aryan" teachers or classmates were unfriendly. There were segregated Jewish classes in some schools, Jewish benches in "mixed" classrooms in others. In a Berlin elementary school, which was not known for antisemitism and in which almost half the pupils were Jewish, non-Jewish children brought "pails full of soap and water ... in order to wash the seats clean where the Jewish children had sat."In a notably rare situation, " Aryans " in a Berlin Gymnasium defended their Jewish friends, resisted singing the bloodthirsty Nazi anthem, and as late as 1936 refused to hail the reoccupation of the Rhineland. Nonetheless, some teachers there insulted Jewish pupils or mumbled Nazi eugenics.(7)Helmut Kallmann"s description of his Berlin high school between 1932 and 1938 manifests both his clear awareness of the political leanings of his teachers and the contradictions confronting Jews. The chemistry teacher, for example, was not an overt antisemite but still told his classes not to purchase their supplies from a Jewish woman"s store. Some teachers simply wore their SA or SS uniforms to class, while others were ideologues who harassed the Jewish teenagers. The biology teacher taught "racial education," insisting that "the Jew is the Master of the Lie, the King of Crime." This rhetoric backfired at first, embarrassing the non-Jewish pupils who could not imagine that these insults fit the fathers of their Jewish friends. Ultimately, however, such tirades intimidated Jews and non-Jews alike. By 1937, another Nazi teacher regularly alternated between long-standing antisemitic stereotypes, such as, "What kind of whispering andYiddish-sounding dialect [Gemauschele] is going on? We"re not in a Jew-school here, you know," and more novel approaches, such as "Shut your non-Aryan trap." Strangely enough, there were teachers who missed no opportunity to make sarcastic remarks about Jews but seemed to grade pupils impartially. The behavior of these teachers was replicated all over Germany: official hostility toward "the Jew" but personal tolerance or regard for a particular Jewish person.(8) Some children more directly resisted the indignities and abuse foisted upon them in the early years. In 1934, Annemarie Scherman, a Berlin "Mischling," confronted a teacher who continually gave her grades of "unsatisfactory". Despite his animosity, she achieved her Abitur a year later. In 1934, in a small town in Ostwestfalen-Lippe, a thirteen-year-old girl attending a school assembly found herself sitting through a Nazi song. When she heard its words,I was blind with rage and fear I got up and decided ... I"m not listennig to this. I was pretty certain that they would kill me, grab me and break my bones But no one touched me. Somehow, the teachers as well as the pupils must have respected ... my courage. In a German school where discipline was stressed, to get up ...in the midst of a ceremony and simply leave without permission, that was incredible.(9) This kind of opposition took a great deal of courage, because German teachers did not brook disobedience from pupils, especially Jewish pupils. Indeed, such protest was short-lived and was ultimately useless against the power of the state.PASSAGE THREE(1) Globally, it is found that adolescents represent 60% of global consumer spending, with over $1,880 billion USD per year, and influence 60% of the brand purchase decisions of their parents. Markets for adolescents and teens have grown substantially in recent decades, and adolescent consumers have exerted more influence on family purchase decisions. The purchasing power of adolescents is constantly increasing, as indicated by recent surveys and research.(2) Therefore, it has become important to study adolescent purchasing behavior. Adolescent purchasing behavior involves a process of continual development, which is complicated by a varietyof factors, such as the transitional stages from child to adult and family socioeconomic status. This study explores the effects that the adolescent life cycle and family socioeconomic statushave on the adolescent consumer socialization process.(3) Changes in the family structure have been a global phenomenon as single-parent households and nuclear families emerge and flourish in modern societies. In recent years, markets for adolescents and teens have grown exponentially, giving rise to the term " Tween Generation ". Tweens possess more individual decision-making power, have more purchasing power, and attract attention from businesses. Smith indicates that nearly 21 million of 9～13 year olds in the US collectively wield $ 43 billion in annual spending power. An estimated figure for the global purchasing power of this age group was $ 819～1880 billion USD per year, and they affect 60% of brand purchase decisions in the family. Not coincidentally, tweens encounter 40,000 advertisements annually. According to Teenage Research USA , tween purchasing power in the US has grown substantially, increasing from $ 86 billion USD in 1993 to $121 billion USD in 1998. In Britain, tweens account for $ 2. 7 billion USD in spending, with their income coming largely from pocket money given by parents, gifts received, and pay from temporary work. Indeed, also note that with an estimated $1.5 billion USD in disposable income, tweens are a sizeable direct market and they are a market which companies hope to start early with brand loyalty.(4) As the Internet becomes more popular, many shopping websites are aggressively expanding their business territory, generating a fever for cyber purchasing. The Institute for Information Industry in its Industry Intelligence Survey (2009)indicated that there was a 30. 4% increase in the cyber purchasing market in Taiwan. Foreseeing Innovative New Digiservices(2012)reported that the number of regular Internet users in Taiwan had increased to 10. 97 million in 2012. A survey entitled Internet Usage in Taiwan in December 2009 showed that Internet users aged 15～19 topped the list, followed by the 25～29 age group. Insight Xplorer Market Research Consultants (2009) indicated that 64. 2% of the respondents would not change the extent of their use of cyber purchasing under the current economic conditions. The above statistics suggest that younger groups have the highest purchasing power and influence. Thus, the consumption behavior of adolescents is increasingly a target of research by marketing staff and scholars.(5) With the substantial growth in adolescent purchasing power, parental influence is likely to be an important factor in consumer decisions since family communications provide learning between parents and adolescents. Moreover, the literature shows that family size, family age, and gender compositions are good indicators of adolescent purchasing behavior. Ward proposed and defined "consumer socialization" as processes by which young people acquire skills, knowledge, and attitudes relevant to their functioning as consumers in the marketplace. By using the consumer socialization concept, we aim to explore whether family socioeconomic status affects family communication patterns, and how family communication patterns affect online shopping behavior of adolescents.(6) Based on the above, there are three objectives of this study. First, to realize adolescent purchasing behavior is affected by life cycle and family socioeconomic status. Second, to find out how serious of parents influence affect in adolescent purchasing behavior. Third, to identify the correlation between the communication patterns, the family socioeconomic status, and adolescent purchasing behavior in different stages of the life cycle is significant.(7) As an agent of socialization, the family provides the primary social learning for the purchasing behavior of adolescents. Moschis and Churchill found that parents attempt to teach consumer skills to their teenage children. Agent-learner communication patterns, such as the level of interpersonal communication, also affect various purchasing behaviors. Socialization theory suggests that a consumer develops consumption-related attitudes and behaviors by learning from socialization agents through interactions with them. There is a positive relationship between the frequency of family communication about consumption and the family"s socioeconomic status. Higher status families tend to communicate more about consumption matters than lower socioeconomic status families. In addition, higher socioeconomic status families purchase higher qualityproducts. This study therefore includes as measures the father"s education level, the mother"s educational level, their occupations, and the family income, in order to examine how family socioeconomic status affects the cyber purchasing behavior of adolescents.(8) Family is the primary socialization group for an individual and individuals observe initiations of and clues for adolescent socialization process from family interactions. Interactions among family members such as casual parent-child chats, emotional expressions, inquiries and answers, discussions of ideas, and arguments and negotiations, are all part of the socialization process for an individual. The quality of parent-child communication also affects consumer social learning. Good communication between parents and their children facilitates the learning of consumption skills, and makes parents more willing to be involved in their children"s consumption activities. Shim et al. Observed that consumption is a central experience of adolescence, which influences their values, motivations, and attitudes, ultimately shaping their path toward adulthood. Theories of family communication patterns are developed from scholars" studies on the socialization process of adolescents in the family. They take the perspective of socialization in discussing parental influence on adolescents.(9) Two styles of communication play a pivotal role in socialization. Social-oriented communication is motivated by social conformity, and aims to produce obedience from the child and to foster harmonious social relationships at home. Monitoring and controlling the behavior of the child is the key to this communication style. Concept-oriented communication encourages the child to develop their own views about the world, and to evaluate alternatives on their merits. Topics are not limited to family matters, and concerns are extended to the outside world. Placing the two communication styles in a matrix, the fourfold topology quadrants of styles are termed Laissez-Faire, Protective, Pluralistic, and Consensual:(10) 1. Laissez-Faire: Parents don"t tend to emphasize either of the two predominant styles, and little communication is carried out between parents and children.(11) 2. Protective: Parents emphasize social-oriented communication, but don"t tend to emphasize concept-oriented communication. Parents stress obedience and social harmony, but are not concerned with conceptual matters.(12) 3. Pluralistic: Parents emphasize concept-oriented communication, and encourage adolescent to discuss ideas openly without fear of punishment. Children are taught to respect their own interests as well as those of others.(13) 4. Consensual: Parents emphasize both socio-and concept-oriented communication, and children are encouraged to explore the outside world and form their own opinions.（分数：33.00）(1).Why is often The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter mentioned when it comes to an introduction to MeCullers"s work? (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：1.50）A.Because it"s her first work.B.Because it"s the most representative work of hers.C.Because the thematic concern it deals with can be seen throughout all the following works of hers. √D.Because it"s the most well-known work of hers.解析：[解析] 在第二段中“it foreshadows nearly everything else she wrote”说明作家之后的作品都跟第一部的主题一脉相承。
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专业八级分类模拟337 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、WRITING(总题数：6，分数：100.00) 1.题目要求：All over the world, various kinds of tests are used to indicate a person"s knowledge of a subject. Are grades a good indicator and determining factor of people"s, especially students" knowledge? Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the different opinions on this issue; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded .for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
Cathy (the US) I would say that not all grading systems are equal and I have my fair share of complaints against standardized testing, as well as grade curves. However, I do believe the grades of specific testing material are indicative of your understanding of the material. Now when I say test, I do not only mean paper or multiple choice. It can take many forms such as physical activities, speeches, or traditional tests to show people"s abilities. After that they should get a grade as feedback on their knowledge. Duke (Australia) Grades do not necessarily translate directly to intelligence, but they do generally represent a student"s effort and consistency. A student who consistently gets good grades, at the very least, applies themselves to their schoolwork, while a student that consistently gets poor grades either clearly does not understand material or does not put forth an appropriate effort. So grades must have some correlation with intelligence. There may be exceptions to this rule, but an intelligent student will generally understand the importance of good grades. Johonny (Italy) It depends on the grading method. If those grades are based on some sort of holistic approach, then it is Ok. It is entirely unfair to say that grades on a 4-answer multiple choice assignment directly translate to knowledge. For all one knows, that person could have been a lucky guesser or a good test-taker. However, if the grade is given based on a short answer or essay type assignment, those grades would be more correlated with one"s knowledge on a subject because it requires that person not only to give the "correct" answer but also to explain it thoroughly. Mary (Britain) GPA does not equal the level of intelligence. Grades are not a good indicator of intelligence because some students copy answers from friends, some teachers give easy work and random grades. Not always does a lazy student equal an unintelligent student, and not always does a student that turns in work equal an intelligent one. Dorothy (France) Grades can be a good indicator of a person"s knowledge of a subject if the grade has been earned over a period of time through projects, reports or essays. Examinations are memory tests and are poor indicators of a person"s knowledge. It is easy to obtain previous years" papers, have some clues given to you by a teacher or learn enough about a subject to ace certain questions while not learning other fundamental knowledge of a subject. There is also the case of people becoming too nervous during an examination and suddenly forgetting important knowledge, only for it to return when they leave the room. I will always believe that an in-depth report or essay that has been worked on over a long period of time will indicate a person"s knowledge more than a 2-hour exam on a subject. Tracy (the US) No, because they are unfair and they do not show what you have learned. Grades aren"t a sign of learning, rather a sign of obeying. Americans today get quizzes and tests 24/7. Instead of doing projects and understanding concepts, we are simply forced to memorize rather than understand. Quizzes, tests, homework are NOT signs of learning and they are actively detrimental to learning in every way possible.
（分数：16.50） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：() 解析：[高分范文] Are Grades a Good Indicator of Our Knowledge or Intelligence?
All over the world, grades are used to indicate a person"s knowledge of a subject. Supporters say grades represent people"s efforts and consistency. Still others assert their value by insisting on varied forms such as essays, reports, speeches and even physical activities. Opponents, however, refute that good grades may result from copying from others, easy assignments, clues from teachers or lucky guesses. All agree on one point—the test type such as multiple-choice is just a memory text and a poor indicator of one"s intelligence. Ever since our childhood, we have been rising from the ashes of various tests with each grade tinted with our sweat and tears. Despite waves of reforms on the types of exams, they never withdraw from our life. But can they indicate our knowledge or say intelligence wisely and precisely? Undoubtedly, some well-designed tests can realize their purposes of indicating a person"s knowledge on a subject. However, they can"t be used to assess one"s intelligence. For one thing, based on memory of certain facts, many tests are not sufficient to define either one"s knowledge or intelligence. For another, in contrast to lucky guesses, many examiners lapse into nervousness and anxiety which definitely affect their performance. Finally, unchecked misbehavior before and during the exams makes them hardly a fair playground to determine one"s fate. Sadly though, many professions make judgments over the notorious reliance on grades. So ever since we are kids, we are stubbornly embedded in ways to improve our grades instead of developing our potential. This short-sightedness bedevils our nation for many years and for more years to come if left unsolved. So a clinical mind should think twice whether grades can be justified to evaluate a person"s worth, or we are destined to become jayvee team on the world"s stage. 2.题目要求：To a university student who is doomed to enter into society to realize himself, which is more important—education or social life? Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the different opinions; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.