Glossary of terms
商务英语会议纪要
商务英语会议纪要商务英语会议纪要Meeting Minutes一．Brief Introduction:Minutes are written as an accurate record of a group's meetings, and a record decision taken. They are useful because people can forget what was decided at a meeting if there is no written record of the proceedings. Minutes can also inform people who were not at the meeting about what took place.Before each meeting an agenda should be drawn up, detailing the matters to be discussed at the meeting. A set of minutes should normally include the following information: ·Name and topic of the meeting·Time, date and place of meeting;·Chair/Host/Owner of the meeting·List of people attending;·List of absent members of the group;·For each item in the agenda, a record of the principal points discussed and decisions taken; ·Task List·Whom will perform the tasks·Deadlines·Time, date and place of next meeting·Name of person taking the minutes / Minutes Taker·Topic for Discussion·Voting Results·Resolutions二． 8 Tips for meeting minutes writing会议纪要的8建议1. 根据会议议程表制定会议纪要大纲，并根据议题的讨论顺序做记录。
Glossary of Literary Terms 文学术语词汇表
Glossary of Literary Terms 文学术语词汇表The definitions given below are not meant to be exhaustive. Indeed, whole books have been written to explain some of these terms, such as archetype , hero, realism, and symbolism. These notes are meant to provide basic definitions of frequently used literary terms; I hope these definitions will establish common ground for book discussions. Most of the examples given are works reviewed on this Web site.</glossary.html>-A-allegory"In literature, an extended metaphor in which characters, objects, incidents, and descriptions carry one or more sets of fully developed meanings in addition to the apparent and literal ones. John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress , for example, is apparently about a man named Christian who leaves his home and journeys to the Heavenly City. However, it is clear that Christian stands for any Christian man and that the incidents of his journey represent the temptations and trials that beset any Christian man throughout his life on earth" (Source</glossary.html> : Benet's, 26).alternative historyalternate term: alternate history“A species of fiction - also called allohistory - in which much depends on some major reversal of known geography or history” ( Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 15).Examples: novels in which Germany won World War II.antagonistSee protagonist </glossary.html> .anticlimax"An arrangement of details such that the lesser appears at the point wheresomething greater is expected" (Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 246). The term may also refer to a resolution that does not deserve all the build-up it has received.Also see: climax </glossary.html> .antihero"A protagonist who lacks traditional heroic virtues and noble qualities and is sometimes inept, cowardly, stupid, or dishonest, yet sensitive" (Source </glossary.html> : Benet's, 40)."A protagonist of a modern play or novel who has the converse of most of the traditional attributes of the hero. This hero is graceless, inept, sometimes stupid, sometimes dishonest" (Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 30). Example: Parker in the novels by Richard Stark</starkrich.html> .Also see: hero </glossary.html> , protagonist</glossary.html> .archetype"Generally, a prototype or original pattern or a paradigm or abstract idea of a class of things that represents the typical and essential elements shared by all varieties of that class. In literature, myth, folklore, and religion, the term can be applied to images, themes, symbols, ideas, characters, and situations that appeal to our unconscious racial memory. T.S. Eliot explains this memory as civilized man's 'pre-logical mentality'…Archetypes can be primitive and universal and consist of general themes like birth, death, coming of age, love, guilt, redemption, conflict between free will and destiny, rivalry between members of the family, fertility rites; of characters like the hero rebel, the wanderer, the devil, the buffoon; and of creatures like the lion, serpent, or eagle" (Source </glossary.html> : Benet's, 46).Top </glossary.html>-B-bathos"A figure of speech which descends from the sublime to the ridiculous in an attempt to create a grandiose or pathetic effect. The term describes an unintentional anticlimax" (Source</glossary.html> : Benet's, 83).Bildungsroman“A type of novel, common in German literature, which treats the personal development of a single individual, usually in youth” (Source</glossary.html> : Benet’s, 109).black humoralternate terms: black comedy, dark humor, dark comedy"A substantial aspect of …much modern fiction. The term describes sardonically humorous effects derived from mordant wit and morbid or grotesque situations that deal with anxiety, suffering, or death" (Source </glossary.html> : Benet's, 112).Example: The Ax </westlake.html> by Donald E. Westlake.</glossary.html>“bookends”A narrative structure </glossary.html> that sandwiches a large central section (which usually makes up the bulk of the work) between two smaller sections that introduce and conclude the work. The two smaller sections thus stand on both sides of the main narrative, like a set of bookends propping up a row of books on a shelf. Authors may choose this type of structure for two reasons:1. to provide another perspective on the action. The narrator of the two bookend sections is often different from the narrator of the main section. This technique therefore offers another person’s perception of the events and their significance, or another character’s comments about the main narrator. Sometimes the narrator of the bookend sections offers information that the main narrator does not or could not know but that the reader needs to understand the full significance of the story.2. to indicate the passage of time. Many authors use this narrative structure to present a main narrative that occurred in the past; the bookend sections then provide a current comment on the main story, for example a person describing a diary written by an ancestor found in an old trunk.Sometimes the bookend structure serves both of these purposes. For example, an adult may provide a current commentary on a main narrative written from his point of view as a child.Examples: The Unburied by Charles Palliser, A Place of Execution</mcdermid.html> by Val McDermid, Strange Fits of Passion by Anita Shreve, The Turn of the Screw by Henry JamesTop </glossary.html>-C-caper"The subgenre in which the narrative interest is centered on a person or a group of people attempting to steal something, break in somewhere, or otherwise interfere with a seemingly impregnable stronghold has become known as a caper. There are comic capers and serious capers. Donald E. Westlake </westlake.html> writes the former under his own name in his novels about John Dortmunder; he writes the latter as Richard Stark </starkrich.html> in Parker novels" (Source </glossary.html> : DeAndrea, 401). caricatureSee characterization </glossary.html> . characterizationalternate term: character development"The creation of imaginary persons so that they seem lifelike. "There are three fundamental methods of characterization : (1) the explicit presentation by the author of the character through direct exposition, either in an introductory block or more often piecemeal throughout the work, illustrated by action; (2) the presentation of the character in action, with little or no explicit comment by the author, in the expectation that the reader can deduce the attributes of the actor from the actions; and (3) the representation from within a character, without comment by the author, of the impact of actions and emotions on the character's inner self."Regardless of the method by which a character is presented, the author may concentrate on a dominant trait to the exclusion of other aspects of personality, or the author may attempt to present a fully rounded creation.If the presentation of a single dominant trait is carried to an extreme, not a believable character but a caricature will result…On the other hand, the author may present so convincing a congeries of personality traits that a complex rather than a simple character emerges; such a character is three-dimensional or, in E.M. Forster's term, 'round'…"Furthermore, a character may be either static or dynamic. A static character is one who changes little if at all. Things happen to such a character without things happening within …A dynamic character, on the other hand, is one who is modified by actions and experiences, and one objective of the work in which the character appears is to reveal the consequences of these actions" ( Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 89).climax"A rhetorical term for a rising order of importance in the ideas expressed…In large compositions-the essay, the short story, the drama, or the novel-the climax is the point of highest interest, whereat the reader makes the greatest emotional response. In dramatic structure climax designates the turning point in the action, the crisis at which the rising action reverses and becomes the falling action" ( Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 99).Also see: anticlimax </glossary.html> .coherence"A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be so arranged that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible. Words, phrases, clauses within the sentence; and sentences, paragraphs, and chapters in larger pieces of writing are the units that, by their progressive and logical arrangement, make for coherence or, contrariwise, by illogical arrangement, result in incoherence. Literature has no need, however, of unilateral coherence in all its particulars. Occasional incoherence-or even unsuitable coherence-may perfectly register uncertainty, anxiety, terror, confusion, illness, or other common states" ( Source </glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 102). conflict"The struggle that grows out of the interplay of two opposing forces. Conflict provides interest, suspense, and tension. At least one of theopposing forces is customarily a person. This person, usually the protagonist, may be involved in conflicts of four different kinds: (1) a struggle against nature…(2) a struggle against another person, usually the antagonist…(3) a struggle against society…or (4) a struggle for mastery by two elements within the person…Seldom do we find a simple, single conflict, but rather a complex one partaking of two or even all of the preceding elements… Conflict implies not only the struggle of a protagonist against someone or something, but also the existence of some motivation for the conflict or some goal to be achieved thereby. Conflict is the raw material out of which plot is constructed" ( Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 115-116). Also see: plot </glossary.html> .cozyalternate term: English drawing-room mysteryThis type of mystery characteristically involves a group of people brought together, usually in a large house, for a specific purpose. When one member of the group turns up dead, all the others immediately are suspects and become suspicious of each other. The detective, frequently an amateur sleuth, deduces the murderer's identity through shrewd observation of the participants. The story often ends with all participants gathered in the drawing room; the sleuth examines in turn each one's motives for the murder, saving the guilty party for last.In a cozy, the unpleasant business of the murder usually occurs "off stage." Someone discovers a corpse, but readers are spared the details of how the killing and death occur."This term describes the underlying attitude behind a certain type of mystery story. Although it is frequently treated as the opposite of hard-boiled, that impression is inaccurate. The proper antonym of cozy is noir </glossary.html> . A cozy supposes a benign universe: These murders we have before us are unsettling, but once we figure out who the killer is, we can get back to living our decent and pleasant lives" (Source </glossary.html> : DeAndrea, 401).Top </glossary.html>-D-dénouement"Literally, 'unknotting.' The final unraveling of a plot; the solution of a mystery; an explanation or outcome. Dénouement implies an ingenious untying of the knot of an intrigue, involving not only a satisfactory outcome of the main situation but an explanation of all the secrets and misunderstandings connected with the plot complication" ( Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 146).Top </glossary.html>-E-Edgar Awards"…the Edgar Allan Poe Awards, named for the inventor of the detective story, are given by the Mystery Writers of America (MWA) to honor outstanding achievements in mystery writing" ( Source</glossary.html> : DeAndrea, 395).epistolary novel“A novel told as a series of letters written by one or more of the characters. [. . .] One of the earliest types of the novel, it offered readers an immediate entry into the world of the characters through the inherently social medium of correspondence. [. . .] Contemporary use is rare, perhaps related to the waning of letter-writing as a social phenomenon” (Source </glossary.html> : NYPL, 642).Examples: ’Alices Tulips </dallas.html> by Sandra Dallas is an example of a traditional epistolary novel, in which all the letters are written by the same person. FanMail </munson.html>by Ronald Munson illustrates a contemporary twist on the genre by employing several forms of written communication: memos, faxes, telephone messages, e-mail, reports, newspaper clippings.existentialism"A 20th-century movement in philosophy…All existentialists are concerned with ontology, the study of being. The point of departure is human consciousness and mental processes. In contrast to most previous philosophical systems, which maintain that an a priori essence precedesor transcends the individual existence of people or of objects, the existentialists conclude that existence precedes essence. The significance of this for human beings is that the concept that one has an essential self is shown to be an illusion. A man's self is nothing except what he has become; at any given moment, it is the sum of the life he has shaped until then. The 'nothing' he begins with is thus the source of man's freedom, for at each moment it is man's will that can choose how to act or not to act. However, each such decision affects the future doubly: a man is or should be responsible for the consequences of his actions; and each action necessarily excludes the other potential actions for that moment, and their consequences, and thus at least partially limits the potentialities for future actions."By what standards, then, should a person make decisions? The mind cannot discern any meaning for this existence in the universe; when a person abandons his illusions, he finds himself horrified by the absurdity of the human condition…a person must create a human morality in the absence of any known predetermined absolute values" ( Source</glossary.html> : Benet's, 334-335).exposition"…the introductory material that creates the tone, gives the setting, introduces the characters, and supplies other facts necessary to understanding" a work of literature ( Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 204).Top </glossary.html>-F-flashback"A device by which a work presents material that occurred prior to the opening scene of the work. Various methods may be used, among them recollections of characters, narration by the characters, dream sequences, and reveries" ( Source </glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 215).</glossary.html>foreshadowing“The presentation of material in a work in such a way that later events are prepared for. [. . .] the purpose of foreshadowing is to prepare thereader or viewer for action to come” (Source</glossary.html>: Harmon & Holmon, 219).Top </glossary.html>-G-</glossary.html>genre“Used to designate the types or categories into which literary works are grouped according to form, technique, or, sometimes, subject matter. The French term means “kind,”“genus,” or “type.” The traditional genres include tragedy, comedy, epic, lyric, and pastoral. Today a division of literature into genres would also include novel, short story, essay, television play, and motion picture scenario. [. . .] Critics today frequently regard genre distinctions as useful descriptive devices but rather arbitrary ones. Genre boundaries have been much subject to flux and blur in recent times, and it is almost the rule that a successful work will combine genres in some original way” (Source</glossary.html>: Harmon & Holmon, 231).The related term genre fiction refers to several types of popular fiction such as thrillers, westerns, mysteries, romance novels, and science fiction. Each type has its own set of standard characteristics that most novels of the type exhibit. Genre fiction is often used pejoratively to mean something like “mere genre fiction,” which refers to a formulaic novel that rigidly follows the conventions of its type and exhibits little creativity.gothicalternate terms: gothic novel, gothic narrativeA type of fiction that arose in the 18th century. “It was characterized by horror, violence, supernatural effects, and medieval elements, usually set against a background of gothic architecture, especially a gloomy and isolated castle” ( Source </glossary.html> : Benet’s, 417). In addition to the gloomy, isolated castle, other common gothic trappings include insanity (often in the form of a mad relative kept locked in a room in the castle), ghosts and spirits, and dramaticthunder-and-lightning storms.See also: Southern gothic </glossary.html>Examples: Rebecca by Daphne duMaurier epitomizes the gothic novel. Other works by duMaurier, including Jamaica Inn, also include gothic elements. Top <file:///C:\Notes%20in%20the%20Margin\glossary.html>-H-Hammett PrizeThis prize is awarded annually by the North American Branch of the International Association of Crime Writers for the best work, either fiction or nonfiction, of literary excellence in crime writing.hard-boiled"A type of 20th-century American crime story, which combined the style of realism with a subject of increasing interest: urban crime. Hard-boiled fiction gained a reputation for laconic, witty, and sometimes realistically crude dialogue; the graphic and objective depiction of violence; and the introduction of seedy, corrupt, and sordid settings" (Source </glossary.html> : Benet's, 446). Example: The Last Good Kiss </miscmyst2.html> by James Crumley.hero or heroine"The central character (masculine or feminine) in a work. The character who is the focus of interest" (Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 246).A hero traditionally has positive qualities such as high ethical standards, commitment to duty, perseverance, and courage. An antihero possesses negative qualities such as cowardice and dishonesty. Protagonist is a neutral term denoting simply the main character of a work.Top </glossary.html>-I-irony"In rhetoric, a deliberate dissembling for effect or to intensify meaning. In the most general sense, two categories of irony can be identified: verbal irony, in which it is plain that the speaker means the opposite of what he says, and circumstantial, or situational, irony, in which there is a discrepancy between what might reasonably be expected and whatactually occurs-between the appearance of a situation and its reality. One of the most common forms of verbal irony is the use of praise when a slur is intended…Tragic irony results from a perception of the intensity of human striving and the indifference of the universe…In dramatic irony, a speaker may utter words that have a hidden meaning intelligible to the audience but of which he himself is unaware…" ( Source </glossary.html> : Benet's, 510).Top </glossary.html>-M-magical realismalternate term: magic realism"A worldwide twentieth-century tendency in the graphic and literary arts, especially painting and prose fiction. The frame or surface of the work may be conventionally realistic, but contrasting elements-such as the supernatural, myth, dream, fantasy-invade the realism and change the whole basis of the art" ( Source </glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 304).A term introduced by the Cuban novelist Alejo Carpentier, who "saw in magic realism the capacity to enrich our idea of what is 'real' by incorporating all dimensions of the imagination, particularly as expressed in magic, myth, and religion" ( Source </glossary.html> : Benet's, 635).Example: Snow in August </miscfict3.html> by Pete Hamill.melodrama"A work, usually a play, based on a romantic plot and developed sensationally, with little regard for motivation and with an excessive appeal to the emotions of the audience. The object is to keep the audience thrilled by the arousal anyhow of strong feelings of pity, horror, or joy. Poetic justice is superficially secured, the characters (either very good or very bad) being rewarded or punished according to their deeds. Though typically a melodrama has a happy ending, tragedies that use much of the same technique are sometimes referred to as melodramatic" (Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 312).motif (motive)"In literature, recurrent images, words, objects, phrases, or actions that tend to unify the work are called motives" (Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 330).Top </glossary.html>-N-narration"…its purpose is to recount events…There are two forms: simple narrative , which recites events chronologically, as in a newspaper account; and narrative with plot, which is less often chronological and more often arranged according to a principle determined by the nature of the plot and the type of story intended" (Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 336).Also see: plot .narrative structureSee narration </glossary.html> .narrator"Anyone who recounts a narrative. In fiction the term is used for the ostensible author or teller of a story. In fiction presented in the first person, the 'I' who tells the story is the narrator; the narrator may be in any of various relations to the events described, ranging from being their center (the protagonist) through various degrees of importance (minor characters) to being merely a witness. In fiction told from an omniscient point of view, the author acts self-consciously as narrator, recounting the story and freely commenting on it. A narrator is always present, at least by implication, in any work, even a story in which a self-effacing author relates events with apparent objectivity. A narrator may be reliable or unreliable. If the narrator is reliable, the reader accepts without serious question the statements of fact and judgment. If the narrator is unreliable, the reader questions or seeks to qualify the statements of fact and judgment" (Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 337).Also see: point of view </glossary.html> .New Criticism“A movement in 20th-century American literary criticism […]. The New Critics were united in their emphasis on dealing with the text directly; they insisted that a work of art be considered as an autonomous whole, without regard to biographical, cultural, or social speculations”(Source </glossary.html> : Benet's, 726).New Criticism arose from the writings of T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound. Chief among the New Critics were John Crowe Ransom, whose 1941 book The New Criticism gave the movement its name; Allen Tate, R.P. Blackmur; Cleanth Brooks; Robert Penn Warren; Kenneth Burke; and Yvor Winter.noir"The term was coined by postwar French film critics as film noir (black film) to describe the sort of movie characterized by dark photography and a despairing, doom-laden sense of life. Scholars of the mystery story found it convenient to use the term for work that shared the same attitude…Typical themes in noir work include obsessive love (or hate, or both), amnesia, illness, betrayal, and man-as-the-plaything of fate" ( Source </glossary.html> : DeAndrea, 403).</glossary.html>novel of mannersA novel dominated by social customs, manners, conventions, and habits of a definite social class. In the true novel of manners the mores of a specific group, described in detail and with great accuracy, become powerful controls over characters. The novel of manners is often, although by no means always, satiric” (Source</glossary.html>: Harmon & Holmon, 354). Examples: the novels of Jane Austen and Edith WhartonTop </glossary.html>-P-parody"In literature, a comic or satirical imitation of a piece of writing, exaggerating its style and content, and playing especially on any weakness in structure or meaning of the original" (Source</glossary.html> : Benet's, 778).pathetic fallacy“. . . the tendency to credit nature with human emotions. In a largersense the pathetic fallacy is any false emotionalism resulting in a too impassioned description of nature. It is the carrying over to inanimate objects of the moods and passions of a human being” (Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 379).pathos"The quality in art or literature that evokes sympathy, tenderness, or sorrow in the viewer or reader" (Source</glossary.html> : Benet's, 783)."…in common usage it describes an acquiescent or relatively helpless suffering or the sorrow occasioned by unmerited grief, as opposed to the stoic grandeur and awful justice of the tragic hero" (Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 380).plot"The minimal definition of plot is 'pattern.' Only slightly less simple is 'pattern of events.' Plot is an intellectual formulation about the relations among the incidents and is, therefore, a guiding principle for the author and an ordering control for the reader."Because the plot consists of characters performing actions in incidents that comprise a 'single, whole, and complete' action, this relation involves conflict between opposing forces…Without conflict, plot hardly exists…These forces may be physical (or external), or they may be spiritual (or internal); but they must in any case afford an opposition. The struggle between the forces, moreover, comes to a head in one incident-the crisis-that forms the turning point and usually marks the moment of greatest suspense" ( Source</glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 394).Also see: conflict </glossary.html> .point of view"The vantage point from which an author presents a story. If the author serves as a seemingly all-knowing maker, the point of view is called omniscient. At the other extreme, a character in the story-major, minor, or marginal-may tell the story as he or she experienced it. Such a character is usually called a first-person narrator; if the character does not comprehend the implications of what is told, the character is called a naïve narrator. The author may tell the story in the third person andyet present it as it is seen and understood by a single character, restricting information to what that character sees, hears, feels, and thinks; such a point of view is said to be limited…If the author never speaks in his or her own person and does not obviously intrude, the author is said to be self-effacing. In extended works, authors frequently employ several methods" ( Source </glossary.html> : Harmon & Holman, 400).Also see: narrator </glossary.html> .“pomo”Postmodernism </glossary.html>postmodernism“Despite persistent disagreement regarding its definition, the term‘postmodernism’ was accepted by the mid-1970s as a comprehensive sociocultural paradigm…Reacting against the traditional master narratives that projected an orderly and coherent universe, the postmodern writers have chosen narrative openness over closure, fiction over truth, and fragmentation over unity and coherence” (Source: Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia of American Literature, ed. George Perkins, Barbara Perkins, and Phillip Leiningter [NY: HarperCollins, 1991], 874). The following information is from Postmodern American Fiction: A Norton Anthology, ed. Paula Geyh, Fred G. Leebron, Andrew Levy (NY: Norton, 1998): Cultural and literary postmodernism, which began in the 1960s, is “a tentative grouping of ideas, stylistic traits, and thematic preoccupations that set the last four decades apart from earlier eras”(x). “In postmodern fiction, World War II, the Holocaust, Hiroshima, and the atom bomb appear often as metaphors for …[a] failure of reason, as historical markers to explore how we manage to live with… absolute contradiction, or simply as spectral presences that remind us that nuclear arsenals still exist, and that our lives remain charged and threatened by visions of apocalypse” (xi).Characteristics of postmodern fiction:·“an assault upon traditional definitions of narrative…particularly those that created coherence or closure” (xii)· the theme of the suburbanization of America, the decline of the city, and apocalyptic visions of the devastated city (xiv)。
山水画的英文名词解释大全
山水画的英文名词解释大全IntroductionShanshui painting, also known as landscape painting, is a traditional Chinese art form that has a long and rich history. It is characterized by the depiction of natural scenery, emphasizing the harmony and balance between man and nature. In this article, we will explore and provide an English glossary of terms related to shanshui painting.I. Shanshui - 山水Shanshui is the Chinese term for landscape, which consists of two characters: 山(shan) meaning mountain, and 水 (shui) meaning water. It represents the integral relationship between mountains and water in traditional Chinese landscape painting.II. Gongbi - 工笔Gongbi refers to a meticulous brushwork technique used in shanshui painting. It involves detailed and precise brushstrokes, often with fine lines and intricate details, to depict the natural elements like mountains, trees, rocks, and water.III. Xieyi - 写意Xieyi is a freehand brushwork style characterized by a more expressive and spontaneous approach. In shanshui painting, it focuses on capturing the essence and spirit of the subject rather than detailed representation. It allows for more creative interpretations and encourages the artist's personal expression.IV. Shan - 山Shan refers to mountains in shanshui painting. It represents the majestic and awe-inspiring presence of mountains. Artists often depict various mountain forms, such as peaks, ranges, and cliffs, using different brushwork techniques to convey their unique characteristics.V. Shui - 水Shui represents water in shanshui painting. It can depict various forms like rivers, lakes, waterfalls, and ponds. The depiction of water is significant in creating a sense of tranquility and harmony in the landscape composition. Artists utilize different brushstrokes to depict the movement and texture of water.VI. Cun - 寸Cun is a unit of measurement used in shanshui painting. It is equivalent to one-tenth of a Chinese foot or approximately one-third of a centimeter. Artists utilize cun as a reference to measure and position elements within the painting, ensuring the proportions and perspectives are accurate.VII. Yan - 砚Yan refers to an inkstone used in shanshui painting. The inkstone is traditionally made from stone and is used to grind ink sticks into ink. The quality of ink and the grinding technique greatly affect the brushwork and texture when applying ink to the painting.VIII. Xuanzhi - 宣纸Xuanzhi, also known as rice paper, is the preferred painting surface for shanshui painting. It is a type of handmade paper made from the bark of the Chinese wingceltis tree. Xuanzhi provides a unique absorbency and texture that allows the ink to be applied harmoniously, creating a distinct visual effect.IX. Guohua - 国画Guohua refers to traditional Chinese painting, including shanshui painting. It embodies the essence of Chinese culture, with a focus on capturing the harmony between humanity and nature. Guohua often involves the use of brush and ink, conveying the artist's personal expression and philosophical insights.ConclusionShanshui painting, with its centuries-old tradition and unique artistic techniques, continues to captivate art enthusiasts worldwide. This English glossary provides an introduction to the terminology associated with shanshui painting, allowing a deeper understanding and appreciation of this remarkable art form. Whether one embraces the meticulous gongbi technique or the expressive xieyi style, shanshui painting truly embodies the beauty and charm of the natural world.。
旅游古镇的名词解释英语
旅游古镇的名词解释英语Traveling in Ancient Towns: English GlossaryIntroduction:In recent years, with the surge in tourism, ancient towns have become sought-after destinations for both domestic and international travelers in China. These towns, rich in culture and history, often possess unique architectural styles, local delicacies, and traditional crafts, making them magnets for visitors. To help navigate through these fascinating places, this article provides an English glossary of terms commonly associated with traveling in ancient towns. Let's embark on this linguistic journey together!1. Ancient Town (古镇gǔ zhèn)An ancient town refers to a historic settlement that preserves its original architectural features, culture, and traditions. It serves as a testament to a bygone era, allowing visitors to experience the atmosphere of the past. Lijiang Ancient Town and Pingyao Ancient City are two world-renowned examples of ancient towns in China.2. Traditional Architecture (传统建筑chuán tǒng jiàn zhù)Traditional architecture refers to the style of buildings and structures constructed in accordance with local customs and traditions. It often reflects the cultural and historical background of a particular region. Ancient towns are renowned for their well-preserved traditional architecture, characterized by courtyards, wooden carvings, and gray-tiled roofs.3. Cobblestone Streets (鹅卵石街道é luǎn shí jiē dào)Cobblestone streets are paved with small, round stones called cobblestones. These streets are a hallmark of ancient towns, providing a charming and nostalgic ambiance.Walking on cobblestone streets creates a sense of journeying back in time, as countless footsteps have left their marks on these enduring stones.4. Cultural Relics (文物 wén wù)Cultural relics are objects or structures that have historical, cultural, or artistic value and are preserved for future generations. In ancient towns, cultural relics can be found in the form of temples, ancestral halls, ancient wells, and stone tablets. Exploring these relics provides valuable insights into the local history and customs.5. Local Cuisine (当地美食dāng dì měi shí)Local cuisine refers to unique dishes and culinary traditions specific to a particular region. Ancient towns boast a wide array of local delicacies, each showcasing the distinctive flavors and cooking techniques of the area. From street food vendors to quaint teahouses, indulging in local cuisine is an essential part of the ancient town experience.6. Traditional Crafts (传统工艺chuán tǒng gōng yì)Traditional crafts are artistic skills and techniques passed down through generations. Ancient towns are known for their traditional crafts, such as wood carving, embroidery, pottery, and paper cutting. Visitors can often witness artisans practicing these crafts firsthand and even try their hand at creating their own unique artwork.7. Cultural Festivals (文化节日 wén huà jié rì)Cultural festivals are celebrations of local customs and traditions, often rooted in historical or religious significance. Ancient towns frequently hold vibrant cultural festivals, highlighting traditional performances, music, dance, and costume displays. These festivals provide visitors with a chance to immerse themselves in the rich cultural tapestry of the ancient town.8. Local Products (土特产品tǔ tè chǎn pǐn)Local products are goods produced or cultivated in a specific region, reflecting the local resources and expertise. Ancient towns are known for their unique local products,such as specialty teas, handcrafted souvenirs, traditional medicine, and regional snacks. Purchasing these products not only supports the local economy but also serves as a meaningful memento of the journey.Conclusion:Traveling in ancient towns offers a captivating glimpse into China's rich history and vibrant culture. Through this English glossary, visitors can better understand and appreciate the terminology associated with these unique destinations. Whether it's enjoying local cuisine, exploring traditional crafts, or delving into cultural relics, immersing oneself in the charm of ancient towns is an adventure not to be missed. So, pack your bags and embark on a journey to these time-honored marvels!。
制定完备的规章制度英文
In an organization, having a comprehensive set of rules and regulations is crucial for maintaining order, ensuring fairness, and promoting a positive work environment. A well-developed set of policies and procedures helps to clarify expectations, define boundaries, and provide a framework for addressing issues and resolving conflicts.To create a comprehensive set of rules and regulations, an organization should follow a systematic approach. The first step is to identify the purpose and objectives of the organization. This involves understanding the organization's mission, vision, and values, as well as its short-term and long-term goals. By clarifying these factors, it becomes easier to determine the policies and procedures that are necessary to support and achieve these objectives.The next step is to gather input from stakeholders. This may include employees, management, customers, suppliers, and other interested parties. It is important to involve a diverse group of people to ensure that all perspectives are considered and that the resulting rules and regulations are fair, reasonable, and effective. This can be done through surveys, focus groups, and one-on-one interviews.Once input has been gathered, the next step is to draft the policies and procedures. This involves creating a clear, concise, and easy-to-understand document that outlines the rules and regulations, as well as the consequences for non-compliance. The document should be organized in a logical manner, with a table of contents, section headings, and a glossary of terms. It should also include examples, where appropriate, to help clarify the expectations and requirements.After the draft has been created, it is important to review and revise it. This may involve seeking feedback from stakeholders, making necessary changes, and ensuring that the rules and regulations are consistent with applicable laws, regulations, and industry standards. It is also important to ensure that the document is accessible to all stakeholders, either in print or electronic format, and that they are aware of its existence and importance.Once the rules and regulations have been finalized, the next step is to communicate them to all stakeholders. This may involve hosting meetings, distributing copies of the document, and providing training on how to comply with the rules and regulations. It is important to ensure that everyone understands the expectations and knows how to follow the procedures.Finally, it is important to monitor and enforce the rules and regulations. This involves regularly reviewing the document to ensure that it remains relevant and up-to-date, and making necessary changes as needed. It also involves addressing issues and resolving conflicts in a fair and timely manner, and taking appropriate action when violations occur. By enforcing the rules and regulations consistently and fairly, an organization can maintain order, promote a positive work environment, and achieve its objectives.In conclusion, having a comprehensive set of rules and regulations is essential for maintaining order, ensuring fairness, and promoting a positive work environment. By following a systematic approach to develop and implement these policies and procedures, an organization can ensure that everyone understands the expectations and knows how to follow them. Regular monitoring and enforcement of the rules and regulations is also important to maintain their effectiveness and relevance.。
Key Terms国际结算英语词汇
Key Terms国际结算英语词汇（按照其它教材顺序编写）Key terms have been identified to assist you as you review the text. They are a starting point and you may find it helpful to develop your own glossary of terms.Chapter 1Acceptance 承兑Advising Bank 通知行Applicant 申请人Beneficiary 受益人bill of exchange汇票=draftclient 客户claim on 向…索汇Complied with （单据）符合（信用证条款）Confirming Bank保兑行correspondent 代理行Counters 柜台default 拖欠Deliver 交货Drafts 汇票drawn on (汇票)开给…Expiry date (信用证的)到期日Independent undertaking 独立的承诺Irrevocable undertaking 不可撤消承诺Issuing Bank 开证行maximum amount available 可使用的最大金额Negotiation 议付，流通Nominated Bank 指定银行obligation 债务，义务original credit 正本信用证Payment 付款presentation of documents提交单据reimbursement 补偿shipment of goods 装运货物standby letter of credit 备用信用证Stipulated documents 规定的单据Traveler’s Letter of Credit旅行信用证Underlying contract 原（始）合同Chapter 2Acceptance bill 承兑汇票Advance payment 预付货款Autonomy 自治权Avalisation （背签）担保Arbitrator 仲裁人clear goods through customs为货物清关collection 托收Deferred payment 延期付款Delivery obligation 交货义务Discounting of bill 贴现汇票Dishonour 退票，拒付Documentary collection 跟单托收Drawer （汇票的）出票人Drawee （汇票的）受票人（付款人）Endorsement 背书（转让）forfeiting 票据包买Good faith 善意，诚信Holder in due course 正当持票人ICC = International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会Incoterm=Int'l Commercial Terms国际贸易条件或Int'l Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 国际贸易条件解释通则jurisdiction 司法权，管辖权Legally enforceable 可依法实施的Method of payment 付款方法Negotiate 流通，转让，议付open account 赊账Performance 履行，业绩pro forma invoice 形式发票Promissory note 本票Sight payment 即期付款Trade bill 商业汇票Trade terms贸易条件UCP: Uniform Customs and Practice of Documentary Letter of Credit跟单信用证统一惯例URC：Uniform Rule for Documentary Collection托收统一规则Chapter 3Amendment （信用证的）修改Authenticate证实，证明Discrepancies 不符点Freely negotiable 可自由流通的，可自由议付的Middleman 中间商（人）Partial drawings 分批（部分）开票Partial shipment 分批装运Reimburse 补偿Reinstated 恢复Revocable 可撤消的Substitution 替换（单据）Transferable 可转让的Transferring Bank 转让行Chapter 4Compliance 符合，一致，遵守Correspondent Bank 代理行Disclaimer 放弃（不符点），否认，弃权声明书Expiry date到期日，期满日Facility（融资）服务（项目）Presentation of documents提交单据Respond 回答，响应Without recourse 无追索权Chapter 5Down loaded 装载，转载Application 申请（书）Operational guidelines工作指南Workability 可操作性Chapter 6Agent 代理人Airway bill 航空运单Air consignment note 空运发货单Bill of lading（B/L）(有物权的海运)提单Carrier承运人（有运输工具的公司，包括轮船、卡车、飞机、火车）Charter party 租船合同Clean transport document清洁运输单据CIM = International Convention Concerning Transport of Merchandise by Rail国际铁路货物运输公约CMR = Convention on Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road国际公路货物运输合同公约Consignee 收货人Consignor 托运人（=shipper）Date of shipment装运人，发货日Delivery 交付，交货Documents of title物权单据Endorsed背书的Freight forwarder运输行（通常没有运输工具），货运代理Freight payable运费到付Freight prepaid运费预付Full set 全套（单据）Indemnity赔偿保证（保函），赔偿金Inland waterway 内河运输Intended vessel预期船Loading on Board 装船Marked as Original注明正本Master 船长Multimodal transport operator(MTO)多式运输经营人Negotiability 可流通性Non-documentary condition 非单据条件Non-negotiable 不可流通Notation （已装船）批注On Deck （货装）舱面On its Face （单据）表面Place of delivery 交货地Port of discharge卸货港Port of loading 装货港Rail and Road consignment 铁路、公路发货单Received for shipment 收妥待运Road Waybill 公路运单Roll on Roll off 滚装Shipper load and count 托运人自行装货点件Take delivery of goods 提货Taking in charge接受监管（地）Through B/L 联运提单Transshipment 转运Chapter 7Average 海损Particular average 单独海损Common average 共同海损franchise 免赔率excess 绝对免赔额All risks一切险Assigned by transfer or endorsement让与，背书转让Certificates证书，（保险）凭证Date of issuance of insurance document保单签发日Description of goods商品描述（名称）Fixed and determinable future time固定和可确定的将来日期（=将来的）License 许可证Minimum cover（保险单上的）最低保额Unconditional order in writing 无条件书面命令Chapter 8Assignment of proceeds 款项让渡Common sense 常识Confirmation instructions保兑指示Credit risk信用风险Discrepant documents 不符单据Force majeure 不可抗力Freely negotiable 自由议付Good judgment良好的判断Honoring obligations兑现责任Inconsistent with one another相互之间不一致Notice of refusal （票据的）拒绝通知Period for presentation交单期Reasonable care合理的关注Reasonable time合理的时间Reimbursing Bank 补偿行Role of the checker审单员的作用Chapter 9Bank to Bank Reimbursements 银行间补偿Reimbursement amendments 补偿修改Reimbursement authorization补偿授权Reimbursement claim 索偿Reimbursement instructions 补偿指示Reimbursement undertakings 补偿承诺Chapter 10Airway release 空运放货Assignment of proceed 款项让渡Conversion 改信,侵占Counter indemnities对背（等）保证书，反担保函countersign 连署Delivery orders 放货单，出货单，交货单，提货单finance 筹措资金，融资便利Guarantee担保lead bank （银团贷款的）牵头行Letter of Indemnity 赔偿保证，认赔书，保结书Participation 参与（银团贷款）syndicate loan 银团贷款Syndication 组织银团贷款Chapter 11Confiscation 没收Counterparty risk 交易（对）方风险Demurrage延滞（费）Fraud risk 诈骗风险frustration of contract 合同的落空Legal risks 法律风险non-delivery 未交货Risks for the applicant 申请人（面临）的风险Risks to the beneficiary受益人的风险Risks to the Advising Bank 通知行的风险Risks to the Issuing Bank开证行的风险Risks to the Nominated Bank 指定银行的风险specimen signature 印鉴Sovereign and regulatory risks 政府风险和规章制度风险Verification keys 核实密押Chapter 12Autonomy 自主权=独立原则Clear清楚的court rulings 法庭判决De minimi trivial matters小的不符点，不重要的事情（问题）ex parte 单方面的Forgery 伪造（签字）Jurisdiction 司法权，管辖权Material重要的Obvious 明显的prima facie 足以构成事实的Reasonable care 合理小心Reasonable time 合理的时间sovereign of immunity主权豁免权Tender of document 正式提交单据Timely notice of dishonor 及时发出退票通知Trivial 不重要的。
CIE A-LEVEL物理考试大纲
(AS) qualification in an earlier examination session. Subject to satisfactory performance such candidates are then only required to take the final part of the assessment (referred to in this syllabus as A2) leading to the full A Level; • to take the Advanced Subsidiary (AS) qualification only.
1. locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources; 2. translate information from one form to another; 3. manipulate numerical and other data; 4. use information to identify patterns, report trends, draw inferences and report conclusions; 5. present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships; 6. make predictions and put forward hypotheses; 7. apply knowledge, including principles, to novel situations; 8. evaluate information and hypotheses; 9. demonstrate an awareness of the limitations of physical theories and models.
中国学历的标准翻译
中国学历的标准翻译--------------------------------------------------------------------------------GLOSSARY OF CHINESE TERMS《中华人民共和国学位条例》“Regulations Concerning Academic Degrees in the People's Republic of China”结业证书Certificate of Completion 毕业证书Certificate of Graduation 肄业证书Certificate of Completion/Incompletion/Attendance/Study教育学院College/Institute of Education中学Middle[Secondary] School 师范学校Normal School[upper secondary level]师范专科学校Normal Specialised Postsecondary College师范大学Normal[Teachers]University公正书Notarial Certificate专科学校Postsecondary Specialised College广播电视大学Radio and Television University中等专科学校Secondary Specialised School自学考试Self-Study Examination技工学校Skilled Workers[Training] School业余大学Spare-Time University职工大学Staff and Workers University大学University(regular,degree-granting)职业大学V ocational University本科生Undergraduate/ Undergraduate student大学生College student/University student大学毕业生College graduate、Universitygraduate学士学位Bachelor's degreeThe applicants with at least a Bachelor's degree in the Social Sciences, Health and Life Sciences are Preferred.申请人需持有社会科学、健康与生命科学的至少一个学士学位。
汽车行业缩略语汇总(20090214)
Customer Relationship Management
CRT
Component Review Team
CS
Corporate Strategy
CS & BD
Corporate Strategy and Business Development
CSD
Chassis Systems Division
COPQ
Cost of Poor Quality
COS
Cost of Sales
CP
Confirmation Prototype
CP
Conditional Paperwork
CP/TS
Concern Pricing/ Tracking System
CPARS
Corporate Procurement and Receipt System
ASR
Accounting Systems Renewal
ATP
Authority to Proceed
ATROS
After Tax Return on Sales
AWD
All-Wheel Drive
B/(W)
Better/Worse Than
BD Business Development
BOL
Bill of Lading
BTP
Build to Print
B/W
Better/Worse
BWS
Budgeted Work Standard
CA
Confidentiality Agreement
CAD
Computer Aided Design
CAE Computer Aided Engineering
软体产品的包装规则
Mandatory Inflatable PackagingSpecificationAll products requiring corrugated packaging cartons must follow these guidelines unless stated otherwise. These are MINIUMUM requirements.SECTION 1 – Die LinesDie lines should be designed to fit the product with as little extra space as possible; however, the cartons must not bulge.SECTION 2 – Box SpecificationProducts Weighing 0 lbs. to 5 lbs.300gsm CCNB Laminate (or equivalent) Single Wall Corrugate Board: E FluteKraft Backing/Lining: B Grade (or equivalent) 2 Coats Clear Varnish Mullen: 200 lbs./sq. inch ECT: 32 lbs./inchProducts Weighing Over 5 lbs. to 15 lbs.300gsm CCNB Laminate (or equivalent)Double Wall Corrugate Board: B Flute + E Flute Kraft Backing/Lining: B Grade (or equivalent) 2 Coats Clear Varnish Mullen: 200 lbs./sq. inch ECT: 32 lbs./inchExample of too much extra space. Extra space in the top and ends should be ONLY as much as to preventbulging.Products Weighing Over 15 lbs. to 25 lbs.350gsm CCNB Laminate (or equivalent)Double Wall Corrugate Board: B Flute + E FluteKraft Backing/Lining: K Grade – 225gsm to 250gsm (or equivalent)2 Coats Clear VarnishMullen: 200 lbs./sq. inchECT: 32 lbs./inchProducts Weighing Over 25 lbs. to 45 lbs.350gsm CCNB Laminate (or equivalent)Double Wall Corrugate Board: B Flute + B FluteKraft Backing/Lining: K Grade – 225gsm to 250gsm (or equivalent)2 Coats Clear VarnishMullen: 275 lbs./sq. inchECT: 44 lbs./inchProducts Weighing Over 45 lbs.Special requirements to be addressed as neededSECTION 3 – Flute Direction & Glue Flute DirectionThe corrugate flute should run perpendicular with how the box sits on the shelf.Flute direction whensitting on the shelf.Glue Pattern & Specification3 Rows of Hot Melt Glue 0.5” from FRONT EDGE and spaced 0.5” apart1 Row of Hot Melt Glue 0.5” from EACH SIDEHot Melt Glue must be a minimum of a 3MM beadCuring pressure must immediately be applied by turning the product onto the side being glued or by stacking another product onto the glued side.Acceptable Glue Application The corrugate should separate when opened.Unacceptable Glue Application The pattern is not acceptable and when opened it should look like the photo on the left.SECTION 4 – Master Carton Specification Master Cartons Weighing 0 lbs. to 25 lbs.Double Wall Corrugate Carton: A Flute + B FluteKraft CartonMullen: 275 lbs./sq. inchECT: 44 lbs./inchMaster Cartons Weighing Over 25 lbs. to 40 lbs.Double Wall Corrugate Carton: B Flute + B FluteKraft CartonMullen: 275 lbs./sq. inchECT: 44 lbs./inchSECTION 5 – Glossary of Terms gsm - grams per square meterCCNB – Clay Coated News Back (white board with gray backing, used as top sheet for litho printing)ECT – Edge Crush Test。
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Glossary of terms This glossary includes some of the terms and abbreviations used regularly in the pharmaceutical water and sterilisation arenas. If there are other terms you feel would help please let us know and we will include them in this list.
Active drain: A drain, which is situated at the lowest part of the sterilizer chamber to control the discharge of air/non-condensable gases or air and condensate from the sterilizer chamber. Air detector: A device used to determine that sufficient air or other non-condensable gases have been removed from the chamber
.
Air removal: Removal of air from the sterilizer chamber and sterilizer load sufficient to facilitate steam penetration. Automatic controller: Device that, in response to pre-determined cycle variables, operates the sterilizer sequentially through the required stages of the cycle(s).
Automatic control test: A test designed to show that the operating cycle functions correctly as evidenced by the values of the cycle variables indicated and recorded by the instruments fitted to the sterilizer. Bioburden: Population of viable micro-organisms on a product and/or package
.
Biological indicator: An inoculated carrier contained within its primary pack ready for use
.
Calibration: The set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of a quantity indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or values represented by a material measure or a reference material, and the corresponding values realised by standards.
Chamber depth: Depth of the sterilizer chamber which is available for the sterilizer load
.
Chamber height: Height of the sterilizer chamber which is available for the sterilizer load
.
Chamber width: Width of the sterilizer chamber which is available for the sterilizer load Chamber temperature: Lowest temperature prevailing in the sterilizer chamber.
Chemical Indicator: A device designed to show, usually by a change of colour; whether specified values of one or more cycle variables nave been attained.
Disinfection: A process used to reduce the number of viable micro-organisms in a load but which may not necessarily inactivate some viruses and bacterial spores.
Dedicated steam supply: Supply of steam produced for a sterilizer, or group of sterilizers, by a dedicated generator
.
Door: Lid or similar device provided as a means of closing and sealing the sterilizer chamber
.
Double ended sterilizer: Sterilizer in which there is a door at each end of the sterilizer chamber. Dryness value: A dimensionless quantity approximating to the dryness fraction, derived to determine whether steam is of the correct dryness for sterilization purposes. A dryness value of 1.0 represents dry saturated steam.
Dry saturated steam: Steam with a temperature and pressure corresponding to the vaporisation curve of water.
NOTE: This is an ideal condition, which can deviate towards either superheated steam or to wet steam. This deviation is quantified by the determination of the Dryness Value.
D-value: Decimal reduction value (for biological indicators". The time in minutes required to secure inactivation of 90% of the test organisms under stated exposure conditions. Equilibration time: Period which elapses between the attainment of the sterilization temperature in the sterilizer chamber and the attainment of the sterilization temperature at all points within the load.
Fail safe: Attribute of sterilizer design, component or its associated services that minimises a possible safety hazard
.
Fault: Recognition by the automatic controller that the pre-set cycle variables for the sterilization cycle have not been attained. Holding time: Period for which the temperature of all points within the sterilizer is held within the sterilization temperature band.
NOTE: The holding time follows immediately after the equilibration time. The extent of the holding time is related to the sterilization temperature
Inoculated carrier: A carrier on which a defined number of test organisms has been deposited
.
Installation test: Series of checks and tests performed after installation of the sterilizer in the place of use
.
Loading door: Door in a double ended sterilizer through which the sterilizer load is put into the sterilizer chamber prior to sterilization
.
Medical device: The definition given in EN 46001 applies. Moist heat: Heat that is derived from water, either as a liquid or as steam under pressure