英语语言学试卷
2007年四川大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷及答案
2007年四川大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案一、名词解释1 productivity(design feature of language)2 phatic function of language3 descriptive study of linguistics4 bilabial consonant5 minimal pairs6 morpheme7 inflection8 compound9 stem10 back-formation二、词汇题11 rational12 moral13 regular14 political15 effective16 human17 relevant18 legal19 proportionate20 resistible三、简答题21 How is the relation between sound and meaning classified?22 What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?四、分析题23 They are moving sidewalks.24 Tom said Marl would go yesterday.25 the synthetic buffalo hides26 the fat mayor's wife27 old man and women一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 By productivity,language is designed to make its users form and understand infinitesentences，most of which are never before produced or heard．【试题解析】本题考查语言的定义特点之一——多产性，答案从《语言学教程(第三版)》(胡壮麟主编)(以下简称《教程》)第7页可以找到，同时，考生也应掌握语言的任意性、二层性和移位性。
第四版语言学教程答案
第四版语言学教程答案【篇一：语言学教程(胡壮麟版)综合测试题含标准答案】 class=txt>英语语言学试卷（一）第一部分选择题i. directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter a, b, cor d in the brackets.(2%x10=20%)1.saussure’s distinction and chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. a.saussure took a sociological view of language while chomsky took a psychological point of viewb. saussure took a psychological view of language while chomsky took a sociological point ofviewc. saussure took a pragmatic view of language while chomsky took a semantic point of viewd. saussure took a structural view of language while chomsky took a pragmatic point of view2. language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. a.unnatural b. artificialc. superficiald. arbitrary3. we are born with the ability to acquire language,_______________.a. and the details of any language system are genetically transmittedb. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tonguec. but the details of language have to be learnt.d. and the details are acquired by instinct4. a(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. it isa collection of distinctivephonetic features. a. phone b. allophonec. phonemed. sound5. the morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme. a. derivationalb. inflectionalc. freed. word-forming6. wh-movement is __________ in english which changes a sentence from affirmative tointerrogative. a. obligatoryb. optionalc. selectionald. arbitrary7. naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by_____________. a. griceb. platoc. saussured. ogden and richards8. “john married a blond heiress.”__________ “john married a blond.” a. is synonymous withb. is inconsistent withc. entailsd. presupposes9. in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called ____________, which is theabstraction of the meaning of a sentence. a. utterance b. referencec. predicationd. morpheme10. in austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; itis the act performed in saying something. a. a perlocutionary act b. alocutionary actc. a constative actd. an illocutionary act第二部分非选择题ii. directions: fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter ofwhich is already given as a clue. note that you are to fill in one word only, and you are notallowed to change the letter given. (1%x10=10%)11. p___________ relates the study of language to psychology. it aims to answer such questionsas how the human mind works when people use language.12. a d_________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development oflanguage over a period of time.13. language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. at the lower level,there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number ofmeaningful units at the higher level. this design feature is called d___________.14. the articulatory apparatus of a human being is containedin three important areas: thepharyngeal cavity, the o_________ cavity and the nasal cavity.15. the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain iscalled l_____________.16. s_____________ features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretationof meaning.17. phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinitelength, due to their r_________ properties.18. h__________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.19. some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p____________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist. iii. directions: judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. put a t for true or f for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%x10=20%)( ) 21. linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( ) 22. language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( ) 23. the conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( ) 24. the meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in english because english, unlike chinese, is a typical tone language.( ) 25. the syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences nativespeakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.( ) 26. when we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( ) 27. all utterances can be restored to complete sentences. for example, “good morning!” can be restored to “i wish you a good morning.”( ) 28. two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.( ) 29. black english is linguistically inferior to standard english because black english is not as systematic as standard english.( ) 30. any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.iv. directions: explain the following terms. (3%x10=30%)31. parole:32. broad transcription:33.allophones:34.phrase structure rules:35.context36.historical linguistics:37.standard language:38.linguistic taboo:39.acculturation:40.care-taker speech:v. answer the following questions. (10%x2=20%)41. enumerate three causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition and give your examples.42. english has undergone tremendous changes since its anglo-saxon days. identify the major periods in its historical development and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.英语语言学试卷答案(一)第一部分选择题i. directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter a, b, c or d in the brackets.(2%x10=20%)1. a2. d3. c4. c5.b6. a7. b8. c9. c 10. d第二部分非选择题ii. directions: fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. note that you are to fill in one word only, and you are not【篇二：语言学课后答案4】the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.co-occurrence: it means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. for instance, what can precede a noun (dog) is usually the determiners and adjectives, and what can follow it when it takes the position of subject will bepredicators such as bark, bite, run, etc. in short, co-occurrence is the syntactic environment in which a construction, with its relevantelements, can appear grammatically and conventionally. thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.construction: it refers to any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the meaning or use construct contains. it can be further divided into the external and internal properties. take sentence the boy kicked the ball as an example, we will determine the external syntax as an independentclause, while np (―the boy‖), vp (―kicked‖) and np (―theb all‖) will be assigned respectively to the different elements in this clause.constituent: constituent is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a largerlinguistic unit. several constituents together form a construction: for example, in the sentence the boy ate the apple, s (a), the boy (b), ate the apple(c), each part is a constituent. constituents can be joined together with other constituents to form larger units. if two constituents, in the case of the example above, b (the boy) and c (ate the apple), are joined to form ahierarchically higher constituent a (―s‖, here a sentence), then b and c are said to be immediate constituents of a.endocentric: endocentric construction is one whose distribution isfunctionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head. in the phrase two pretty girls, girls is the centre or head of this phrase or word group.exocentric: exocentric construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable centre or head inside the group. exocentric construction usually includes basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb + object) construction, andconnective (be + complement) construction. in the sentence a whole.coordination: a common syntactic pattern in english and other languages is formed by grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, but or or. this phenomenon is known as coordination. in the construction the lady or the tiger, both nps the lady and the tiger have equivalent syntactic status, each of the separate constituents can stand for the original construction functionally.subordination: subordination refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. thus the subordinate constituents are words which modify the head. consequently, they can be called modifiers. in the phrase swimming in the lake, swimming is the head and in the lake are the words modifying the head.category: the term category in some approaches refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g., noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. more specifically, it refers to the defining properties of these general units: the categories of the noun, forexample, include number, gender, case and countability; andof the verb, for example, tense, aspect, voice, and so on.agreement: agreement (or concord) may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (orcategories). for instance, the syntactic relationship between this pen and it in the following dialogue:--.embedding: embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in another clause in syntactic subordination.e.g., i saw the recursiveness: it mainly means that a phrasal constituent can beembedded within (i.e., be dominated by) another constituent having the same category, but it can be used to any means to extend any constituent. together with openness, recursiveness is the core of creativity of language. for example, ―i met a man who had a son whose wife sold cookies that she had baked in her kitchen that was fully equipped with electrical appliances that were new‖.grammatical subject logical subject: grammatical and logical subjects are two terms accounting for the case of subject in passive voice. take the sentences and as examples. since the core object noun (john in this case) sits in the slot before the verb in the passive, it is called grammatical subject, for the original object noun phrase occupies the grammatical space before a verb, the space that a subject normally occupies; the core subject (a dog), now the object of a preposition (by a dog), is called a logical subject, since semantically the core subject still does what a subject normally does: it performs an action.cohesion: cohesion refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text. the cohesivedevices usually include: conjunction, ellipsis, lexicalcollocation, lexical repetition, reference, substitution, and so on. in the following example, the cohesive deviceis ―reference‖, that is, ―it‖ refers back to the door: .2.(1) the instructor told the students to study.[np(det.+n.)+v+np(det.+n.)+inf.]【篇三：语言学教程第四版练习第一章】inguisticsi. mark the choice that best completes the statement.1.all languages’ have three major components: a sound system ,a system of___and a system of semantics.a. morphologyb. lexicogrammarc. syntaxd. meaning2.which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?3.the function of the sentence water boils at 100 degrees centigrade is ___.a.interpersonalb.emotivermatived.performative4.in chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say 碎碎（岁岁）平安as a means of controlling the forces which they believe might affect their lives. which function does it perform?a.interpersonalb.emotivermatived.performative5.which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place of speaking (due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation)?a. transferabilityb. dualityc. displacementd. arbitrariness6. what language function does the following conversation play?(the two chatters just met and were starting their conversation by the following dialogue.)a：a nice day, isn’t it?b : right! i really enjoy the sunlight.a. emotiveb. phaticc. performatived. interpersonal7.------- refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.8.when a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. it couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. this indicates that dog’s language does not have the feature of --------- .a. referenceb. productivityc. displacementd.duality9.--------- answers such questions as we as infants acquire our first language.a. psycholinguisticsb. anthropological linguisticsc. sociolinguisticsd. applied linguistics10.-------- deals with the study of dialects in different social classes in a particular region.a. linguistic theoryb. practical linguisticsc. sociolinguisticsd. comparative linguisticsii. mark the following statements with “t” if they are true or “f” if they are false.(10%)1. the widely accepted meaning of arbitrariness was discussed by chomsky first.2. for learners of a foreign language, it is arbitrariness that is more worth noticing than its conventionality.3. displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handlegeneralizations and abstractions.4. for jakobson and the prague school structuralists, the purpose of communication is to refer.5. interpersonal function is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar.6. emotive function is also discussed under the term expressive function.7. the relationship between competence and performance in chomsky’s theory is that between a language community and an individual language user.8.a study of the features of the english used in shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.9.articulatory phonetics investigates the properties of the sound waves.10.the nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with prescription instead of description.iii．fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. the first letter of the word is already given(10％)1. nowadays, two kinds of research methods co-exist in linguistic studies, namely,qualitative and q__________ research approaches.2. in any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. this feature is usually termed as p__________.nguage has many functions. we can use language to talk about language. this function is m__________function.4.the claim that language originated by primitive man involuntary making vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the y＿theory.5.p________ is often said to be concerned with the organization of speech within specific language, or with the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in particular language.6.modern linguistics is d＿ in the sense that linguist tires to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.7.one general principle of linguistics analysis is the primacy of s___________over writing.8.the description of a language as it changes through time is a d___________ linguistic study.9.saussure put forward the concept l__________ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.linguistic potential is similar to saussure’ s langue and chomsky’ s c__________.iv. explain the following concepts or theories.1.design features2.displacement4.synchronic linguisticsv. answer the following question briefly.(10%)1.why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human languages?can you tell us what language would be like if it had no such design features?2.how can we use language to do things? please give two examples to show this point.ii. fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).1. language is ____________in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.2. language is_____________ and__________ in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction.3.the features that define our human languages can becalled_____________, which include____________,_____________, ______________, _____________.4.________is the opposite side of arbitrariness.5.the fact that in the system of spoken language, we have the primary units as words and secondary units as sound shows that language has the property of___________.nguage is resourceful because of its_____________ andits___________, which contributes to the_____________ of language.7._______benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and abstractions.8.in jakobson’s version, there are six functions of language, namely, ____________, _____________, _______________,________________, ________________and metalingual function.9.when people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the _____________ function of language in jakobson’s version.10.in functional grammar, language has three metafunctions, namely,_____________,____________________,__________________.11.among halliday’s three metafunctions______________creates relevance to context.12.the________________function of language is primary to change the social status of persons.13.please name five main branch oflinguistics:___________________________,_________________ __,__________________, _____________________and____________________.14.in________________phonetics,we study the speech sounds produced by articulatory organs by identifying and classifying the individual sounds.15.in________________phonetics,we focus on the way in which the listener analyzes or processes a sound wave16.________________is the minimal unit of meaning.17.the study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called_______________.18.the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication iscalled_________________.19.the study of the way in which symbols represent sounds in linguist communicate are arranged to form words has constituted the branch of study called_____________.20.the study of rules which governs the combinations of words to form permissible sentences constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies that is_________________.21.the fact that we have alliteration in poems is probably because of the__________________ function of language.iii. mark the choice that best completes the statement.1.the description of a language at some print in time isa_______________ study.a. descriptiveb. prescriptivec. synchronicd. diachronic2. according to chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentencebecause_______a. he has come across all of them in his lifeb. he has internalized a set of rules about his languagec. he has acquired the ability through the act of communicating with others language3.saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is very similar to chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance, but saussure takes a ____________view of language and chomsky looks at language from a__________ point of viewa. sociological, psychologicalb. psychological, sociologicalc. biological, psychologicald. psychological, biological4.the fact that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we write with indicates languageis______a. arbitraryb. rule-governedc. appliedd. illogical5.we can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentence including sentences we never heard before, because language is______a. creativeb. arbitraryc. limitlessd. resourceful6.______means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speakera. dualityb. displacementc. productivityd. arbitrariness7.______examines how meaning is encoded in a languagea. phoneticsb. syntaxc. semanticd. pragmatics8.______is concerned with the internal organization of words.a.morphologyb. syntaxc. semanticd. phonology9.______refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaninga.dualityb. arbitrarinessc .replacementd. creativity10.______of language makes it potentially creative, and______ of language makes learning a language laboriousa. conventionality, arbitrarinessb. arbitrariness, replacementc. arbitrariness, conventionalityd. conventionality, arbitrariness11.when people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the______ function of languagea.poeticb. creativec. phaticd. metalingual12.____proposes a theory of metafunctions of language.a. chomskyb.saussurec.jacobsond. halliday13.____function constructs a model of experience and constructs logical relations.a.interpersonalb. textualc. logicald. ideational14.interpersonal function enacts_________ relationship.a. socialb. experientialc. textuald. personal15.by_____________ function people establish and maintain their status in society.a. experientialb. referentialc. metalinguald. interpersonal16.the study of the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech belongs to the studyof_____.a.phonologyb. phoneticsc. morphologyd. syntax17.in__________ phonetics, we investigate the properties of the sound waves.a.articulatoryb. acousticc. auditoryd. sound18.french distinguishes between nouns likegare(station)which is feminine and nouns like train which is masculine. this shows that french is a language which____.a.is illogicalb. has grammatical genderc.has biological genderd. has two casesa.pragmatic skillb. intuitive knowledge of languagec.perfect knowledge of language skilld. communicative ability20.french has tu (means: you) aimera (means: will love) jean and english has you will love jean. this shows us that____.a. both languages are alike in expressing future timeb. both languages have a future tense but english requires more wordsc. english is loose while french is compactd. french forms its future tense by adding a special suffix21.knowing how to say something appropriate in a given situation and with exactly the effect you intend is a question of the_____a. lexisb. syntaxc. semanticsd. pragmatics22.a(n)_____is a speaker/listener who is a member of homogeneous speech community, who knows language perfectly and is not affected by memory limitations or distractions.a. perfect language userb. ideal language userc. proficient userd. native language useriv. analyze the following with your linguistic knowledge.e the following two examples to support the idea that language is not all arbitrary. a.they married and had a baby.b.they had a baby and married.2.examine the way the following words are separated. comment on the way of separation in relation to bloomfield’s idea that word is minimal unit of meaning.a.typical,success.ful.ly,organiz.action,hard.ly,wind.y,word3.what is the difference between the following two statements in terms of attitude to grammar? what kind of linguistic concepts do they represent?。
专业英语八级英语语言学知识(形态学)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级英语语言学知识（形态学）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1．______is the study of the way in how morphemes, representation of sounds, are arranged and combined to form words.A．LexicologyB．MorphologyC．PhonologyD．Morphological rule正确答案：B解析：题干是对形态学的解释。
A项为词典学，C项为音位学，D项为词素音位规则。
知识模块：形态学2．Which of the following is CORRECT?A．Content words of a language are sometimes called closed class words.B．New words can be added to content words regularly.C．Open class words consist of “grammatical” or “functional” words.D．The number of such words as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns is large and unstable, since many new words are added.正确答案：B解析：因为经常有很多新词能增加进人实义词范畴，它们有时也称为开放性词类，故B项正确；而连词、介词、冠词和代词等由“语法性的”或“功能性的”词构成，而此类词相对量少，由于通常不添加新词，所以它们也被称为封闭性词类。
语言学概论 试卷3
一、在下列每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将其字母标号填入括号内。
1.Syntax studies two kinds of rules: syntagmatic and ____. ( )A. paradigmaticB. collocationalC. collogationalD. semantic2.The father of modern linguistics is ____. ( )A. ChomskyB. ChimpskyC. SaussureD. G. Leech3. A native speaker’s intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language is ____knowledge. ( )A. phoneticB. phonemicC. phonologicalD. allophone4. A ____ relation refers to the sequential characteristic of speech. ( )A. syntagmaticB. paradigmaticC. pragmaticD. vertical5.Which of the following examines word formation and the internal structure of words? ( )A. syntaxB. semanticsC. morphologyD. phnology6.If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment, they are said to be in ____distribution.( )A. parallelB. freeC. complementaryD. constrative7. A surface structure corresponds most closely to the _____ arrangement of words as they are pronounced. ( )A. parallelB. paradigmaticC. hierarchicalD. linear8. The words that sound different but have the same or nearly the same meaning are called_____ ( )A. synonymsB. antonymsC. hyponymsD. polysemics9. Semantic ambiguity can be divided into two types: lexical ambiguity and _____ ambiguity ( )A. meaningB. structuralC. sequentialD. conventional10. Usually sentence meaning is abstract and decontexualized, while utterance meaning is ____ and context-dependent. ( )A. opaqueB. unclearC. concreteD. subject二、填空题。
[考研类试卷]2012年南开大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2012年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 suprasegmental2 rime(rhyme)3 cranberry morpheme4 phrasal category5 mental lexicon6 genetic relation7 paraphrase8 implicature9 synecdoche10 syllabus二、音标题11 For each natural class of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)that they all share.121314 [j][w][l][r][m]1516 In Southern Kongo, a Bantu language spoken in Angola, the non-palatal consonants[t, s, z]are in complementary distribution with their palatal counterparts[c,∫,], as shown in the following words: tobola to bore a hole cina to cuttanu five kofi lioncibabanana imola almskesoka to be cut nselele termitekasu emaciation lolo i to wash housekunezulu heaven ze ga to cutnzwetu our ima to stretchzevo then(1)State the distribution of the palatals and the non-palatals, and(2)formulate one phonological rule and derive all the surface palatals with the rule formulated, using the word ima "to stretch" for illustrating the derivation.17 The English word unlockable has two different lexical meanings, i. e. "not able to lock" and "able to be unlocked". The semantic ambiguity of the word comes from structural ambiguity. Give the meaning corresponding to the morphemic structure of the word in your analysis. Draw two tree diagrams to show the difference between the two structures. Label the nodes in the tree diagram with proper categories.三、简答题18 How do you understand "performative" and "constative"?19 How do you distinguish "error" from "mistake"?20 What is a social dialect?四、分析题21 Syntactic analysis.The following are two declarative-question pairs, as given in(la, lb)and(2a, 2b).(1a)The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(1b)Was the boy who is sleeping dreaming?(2a)The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(2b)* Is the boy who sleeping was dreaming?Draw a tree diagram for sentence(la)and sentence(lb)respectively. Then answer the questions.Question 1: What syntactic mechanism(s)operate(s)to derive the structure of sentence(lb)from the structure of sentence(la)?Question 2: Why sentence(2b)is ungrammatical?22 Semantic properties of words are not directly observable. Their existence must be inferred from linguistic evidence. One source of such evidence is "slips of the tongue" that speakers of a language produce. Consider the following unintentional word substitutions that some English speakers have actually produced. Name the semantic properties shared by or related in the intended word and its substitution in each pair of the utterances.Intended utterances Actual utterances(slips of the tongue)1. bridge of the nose bridge of the neck2. when my gums bled when my tongues bled3. he came too late he came too early4. Mary was young Marry was early5. The lady with the dachshund the lady with the Volkswagen6. there's a horse of another color there's a horse of another race7. he has to pay her alimony he has to pay her rent8. I saw the dog in the garden I saw the cat in the garden23 Identify the thematic roles in each of the sentences given below.a. The door opened.b. The key opened the door.c. The boy opened the door with the key.24 Analyze the conversations below as required.9a. Analyze the following mini-talk in light of the cooperative principle.A: Have you had your lunch?B: I have been unwell for the whole morning.25 9b. Find the deixis in the following dialogue and analyze them into different groups according to their function in the linguistic interaction.(1)Debby: Go anywhere today?(2)Dan: Yes, we went down to Como. Up by bus, and back by hydrofoil.(3)Debby: Anything to see there ?(4)Dan; Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns, but it's worth the trip.(5)Debby: I might do that next Saturday.(6)Jane; What do you mean when you say perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns?(7)Jack: He means certainly not the most interesting. . .(8)Dan: Just trying to be polite. . .26 Grammaticality judgments are made on the basis of linguistic knowledge.27 The difference among " locutionary meaning" , " illocutionary meaning" and "perlocutionary meaning".。
[考研类试卷]2010年四川大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2010年四川大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 State what you know about the following terms IN ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH; language as interaction2 recreational function of language3 UG(universal grammar)4 fricative consonant5 IC analysis6 Define the following terms with at least two examples;conceptual meaning7 radiation in word meaning8 performative verb9 conversational implicature10 linguistic relativity二、词汇题11 Determine the original term from which the following words were back-formed:(10 points)asset12 burgle13 enthuse14 greed15 hush16 automate17 donate18 escalate19 homesick20 amusing三、简答题21 Why do we need to teach culture in our language classroom?22 What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign language learning?23 Please briefly answer the following question IN ABOUT 500 WORDS:(10 points) Anthropological linguists E. Sapir and B. Whorf claim that the language a people use shapes their perspective of perception, which in turn shapes their thought. The key notions of their famous " Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis" include " language determinism" and " language relativity". Do you know anything about the notions of theirs? If you do, what is your opinion on it? Please briefly express your ideas in a passage.。
2011年大连外国语大学英语专业语言学真题试卷_真题-无答案
2011年大连外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分152,考试时间90分钟)1. 判断题1. The clear /l/ and the dark // are in free variation.A. TrueB. False2. Anaphor is used in a broad sense to include only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.A. TrueB. False3. Language is not an isolated phenomenon; it is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.A. TrueB. False4. A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.A. TrueB. False5. Two words, or two expressions, which have the same **ponents, will be synonymous to each other.A. TrueB. False6. To tell whether a sound is a vowel or not, we should judge its manners of articulation and the places of articulation.A. TrueB. False7. A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.A. TrueB. False8. Gender contrast in English language can only be observed in a small number of nouns, and, they are mainly of the natural gender type.A. TrueB. False9. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of simultaneous distinctive features.A. TrueB. False10. WORD refers to **mon factor underlying a set of forms, a unit of vocabulary, a lexical item ora lexeme.A. TrueB. False11. Neurocognition is one of the major subjects of research in the area of psycholinguistics.A. TrueB. False12. A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.A. TrueB. False13. Some polymorphemic words **pounds.A. TrueB. False14. English sounds[1]and[r]are liquids.A. TrueB. False15. Chomsky"s T. G. grammar has been considered by many people as an insurrection against Bloomfieldian linguistics and behaviorist psychology.A. TrueB. False16. If someone actually says "Sximtrapmytaah" , she/he has made an utterance.A. TrueB. False17. Presuppostion is a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the first necessarily follows from the truth of the second, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second.A. TrueB. False18. A corpus is a collection of linguistic data, **piled as written texts or as recorded speech.A. TrueB. False19. Duality means that language has the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level consists of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.A. TrueB. False20. New information is generally located in the THEME. Of course, high pitch and key also reveals where the new information is.A. TrueB. False2. 填空题1. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word with the hint of the initial letter.(**plete word forms on your answer sheet).(10 points)The p______function of language is primarily to maintain the social status of people.2. Chomsky"s I______Hypothesis believes that children are born with what he calls a language acquisition device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.3. S______ relation is the relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.4. Grammatical words are also known as f______words.5. Prepositional 1______is the study of the truth conditions for propositions.6. Pairs of words which show the reversal of a relationship between the two are categorized as c______ antonymy.7. Developmental errors are errors within the target language itself, such as o______.8. Optimal r______is said to reduce all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, to a single principle.9. Words such as prince and princess are cases that show English g______contrast.10. When constituent items are subordinate to the Head, they form e______ constructions.3. 单项选择题1. The ______ nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.A. recursiveB. creativeC. arbitraryD. culturally transmissible2. ______ manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.A. RootsB. StemsC. Derivational affixesD. Inflectional affixes3. Retire is a______.A. compound wordB. free morpheme with a prefix re-C. morpheme wordD. bound morpheme with a prefix re-4. The phenomenon that Americans and British people pronounce some words differently can be interpreted in terms of______.A. phonetic similarityB. free variationC. complementary distributionD. allomorphs5. The following terms all refer to changes in sound leading to changes in form EXCEPT______.A. metathesisB. assimilationC. additionD. narrowing6. The constraints on words in a paradigmatic relation, different from those in a syntagmatic relation, are ______only.A. semanticB. lexicalC. syntacticD. sequential7. The following segmentation of the sentence "The student//likes/the new linguistic professor" truthfully reveals the______nature of sentence structure.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. horizontalD. parallel8. The word fan is formed by the way of______.A. acronymyB. clippingC. back-formationD. blending9. ______refers to the abstract properties of an entity; while______ refers to the concrete entities having these properties.A. Reference, denotationB. Connotation, denotationC. Sense, connotationD. Denotation, connotation10. The following sounds share one feature EXCEPT______.A. [n]B. [η]C. [m]D. [p]11. That the use of language involves a network of systems of choices is the opinion of______.A. HallidayB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. Firth12. Of the following______does NOT belong to the three sub-types of antonymy.A. gradable antonymyB. converse antonymyC. complementary antonymyD. complete antonymy13. ______is not included in Firth"s famous Context of Situation theory.A. The non-verbal action of the participantsB. The properties of the phonematic unitsC. The relevant objectsD. The effects of the verbal action14. The phrase backwash effect is often used in______.A. systemic functional grammarB. error analysisC. testingD. sociolinguistics15. We can often find the phrase immediate constituents in ______.A. transformational generative grammarB. systemic functional grammarC. traditional grammarD. structural grammar16. The following ideas about language are wrong EXCEPT______.A. Language evolves within specific historical, social and cultural contextB. Language has a form-sound correspondenceC. Language is a means of communicationD. Language is not related to any of the individuals who use it17. Because______ can distinguish one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive feature for English obstruents.A. voicingB. nasalizationC. placeD. aspiration18. Syntactic deep structure was developed to______.A. explain relations between the sentences with the same meaningB. explain a single sentence with more than one meaningC. explain relations between the sentences with different meaningD. both A and B19. In general, linguistic change in______of a language is more noticeable than that in other systems of the grammar.A. the sound systemB. the vocabularyC. the syntaxD. the sound system and the vocabulary20. Although English has borrowed most heavily from French, other languages have also made contributions. For example, tea, typhoon, and silk are from______, and seminar, noodle andpoodle are from______.A. China; GermanB. Hindi; GermanC. China; HindiD. Turkish; China21. ______does NOT belong to semantic changes.A. BroadeningB. BorrowingC. Folk etymologyD. Class shift22. The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, while the meaning of an utterance is ______.A. context-independentB. concrete and context-dependentC. the sum total of **ponentsD. never remains stable23. Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation ofA. [k]and[g]B. [k]and[n]C. [g]and[h]D. [h]and[k]24. ______represents the deep structure Q Mary pres be pleased SOME REASON.A. For some reason Mary is pleased.B. Mary is pleased for some reason.C. Why is Mary pleased?D. Why Mary is pleased?25. Pair______belongs to the category of gradable antonyms.A. over/underB. weak/strongC. open/shutD. sell/buy26. Promises and offers are characteristic of the group of______ of illocutionary acts.A. representativesB. declarativesC. commissivesD. expressives27. Speakers of particular social groups, such as teenagers, criminals, soldiers, or pop-groups, have their "in-group" language called ______.A. tabooB. jargonC. pidginD. dialect28. ______ refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is formed by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.A. Analogical creationB. AcronymC. AbbreviationD. Back-formation29. The process of word formation by shifting the word class to change the meaning of a word is called ______.A. broadeningB. meaning shiftC. conversionD. narrowing30. The characteristics of conversational implicature are the following EXCEPT______.A. CalculabilityB. Non-detachabilityC. Non-conventionalityD. Non-relevancy31. ______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocalcords.A. StressesB. LiaisonsC. IntonationsD. Tones32. The following factors contribute to the formation of new pronunciation EXCEPT______.A. loss of soundB. additionC. assimilationD. gliding33. The sense relation which holds the pair of words guest—host is ______.A. homonymyB. complementary antonymyC. hyponymyD. converse antonymy34. A curriculum does NOT provide ______.A. a specification of what takes place in the classroomB. detailed specification of aims, objectives in learningC. implementation of a programD. general statements about the rationale about language35. ______can be regarded as one of the intralingual errors(developmental errors).A. Because it was raining, so we took a taxi home.B. Though it was late, but we went on working.C. He goed to school earlier that day.D. He teach chemistry in a middle school.36. The sense relation which holds the pair of words beef—meat is ______.A. synonymyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. converse antonymy37. In plain English BECOME(x,(~ALIVE(x)))means______.A. x becomes xB. x does not become xC. x becomes not aliveD. x becomes alive not38. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is ______.A. BoasB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Nida39. Chomsky follows______._ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.A. relationalismB. behaviorismC. empiricismD. formalism40. In Halliday"s view, ______processes are those in which something is done.A. materialB. relationalC. verbalD. mental4. 简答题1. Use your knowledge of semantics to explain what makes the following humorous.(10 points)a. Question: How do you stop an elephant from charging? Answer:Take away his credit card.b. "巴乔在前有追兵、后有堵截的情况下带球冲入禁区。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编25
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25(总分：72.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.There has been a maxim in 1which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：quantity）解析：解析：格莱斯的数量准则指1．使你的话语如(交谈的当前目的)所要求的那样信息充分；2．不要使你的话语比要求的信息更充分。
即说你该说的。
2.The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grice）解析：解析：格赖斯认为一定存在一些管理话语产生和理解的机制。
他把这种机制称为合作原则，在这个大原则下有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。
3. 1were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. （分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Performatives）解析：解析：施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
4.In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the 1principle proposed by J. Grice.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Cooperative）解析：解析：通常在对话中，所有的参与者都被希望能够遵守由格莱斯提出的合作原则，这样就不会有会话含义的产生。
2013年天津外国语大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
2013年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：78.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Thus we say it has the property of______.（分数：2.00）A.arbitrarinessB.displacementC.creativityD.duality2.The______function of language enables our language to talk about itself.（分数：2.00）A.performativeB.emotiveC.phaticD.metalingual3.Which segment in the following does not share one or more phonetic features with the other segments?（分数：2.00）A.[m]B.[l]C.[w]D.[s]4.Which is the description of the consonant[b]?（分数：2.00）A.voiceless bilabial stopB.voiced bilabial stopC.voiceless alveolar fricativeD.voiced alveolar fricative5.When preceding /p/, the negative prefix in-changes to im-through a process called ______（分数：2.00）A.dissimilationB.bilabializationC.assimilationD.none of the above6.The number of morphemes in the word girls is______.（分数：2.00）A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four7.Which of the following is an endocentric compound?（分数：2.00）A.runawayB.playboyC.self-controlD.breakthrough8.Which of the following is not a bound root morpheme?（分数：2.00）A.-putB.-ceiveC.-mitD.-tain9.The word televise is created through the process of______.（分数：2.00）A.blendingB.inventionC.back-formationD.borrowing10.The grammatical category which is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence is ______.（分数：2.00）A.caseB.agreementC.tenseD.aspect11.Which pair of antonyms does not belong to gradable antonyms?（分数：2.00）A.good, badB.hit, missC.long, shortD.small, big12.The indirect theory to meaning proposed by Ogden and Richards holds that the relation betweena word and a thing is mediated by______.（分数：2.00）A.referenceB.conceptC.controlD.dependency13.The following figures were very influential in the field of linguistics in the first two decades of the twentieth century except ______.（分数：2.00）A.SaussureB.BloomfieldC.ChomskyD.Firth14.The principal and most obvious contrast between the last two centuries has been the rapid rise of______ linguistics, as opposed to ______ linguistics.（分数：2.00）A.descriptive, historicalB.structural, generativeC.functional, formalistD.structural, historical15.The Prague school was a group of Czech and other scholars, whose main interest lays in ______ theory.（分数：2.00）A.phoneticB.phonologicalC.semanticD.syntactic16.______usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.（分数：2.00）A.Cognitive linguisticsB.Corpus linguisticsC.PsycholinguisticsD.Neuro-linguistics17.Which of the following terms is included in psycholinguistics?（分数：2.00）A.Register.nguage acquisition.C.Metaphor.D.Interlanguage.18.Logic and Conversation was written by______.（分数：2.00）A.H. E GriceB.William JamesC.Stephen LevinsonD.John Austin19.______ involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other.（分数：2.00）A.SimileB.MetaphorC.AlliterationD.Metonymy20.Modern linguistics began from ______, who is often described as "father of modern linguistics".（分数：2.00）A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure21.As an interdisciplinary study of language use, ______ attempts to show the relationship between language and society.（分数：2.00）A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.sociolinguisticsD.psycholinguistics22.Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a(an)______.（分数：2.00）nguage Acquisition DeviceB.Generative GrammarC.Innateness HypothesisD.Universal Grammar23.According to the conversational maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.（分数：2.00）A.quantityB.qualityC.relevanceD.Manner24.______is a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.（分数：2.00）A.The Referential TheoryB.Speech Act TheoryC.The Classical TheoryD.Blending Theory25.______ is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts)in term of the information they contain.（分数：2.00）A.Functional Sentence PerspectiveB.X-bar TheoryC.The Standard TheoryD.The Referential Theory26.Which of the following is not related to Chomsky?（分数：2.00）A.The Generative Grammar.B.The Standard Theory.C.The Systemic-Functional Theory.D.The Classical Theory.27.Which of the following is not the principle of Speech Act Theory?（分数：2.00）A.Illocutionary act.B.Locutionary act.C.Perlocutionary act.D.Prelocutionary act.28.It is a commonplace in linguistics to say that ______ was the era of the comparative and historical study of language.（分数：2.00）A.the 18th centuryB.the 19th centuryC.the 17 th centuryD.the 20 th century29.Three of the following scholars are regarded as the best known ones in the linguistic science of the early nineteenth century except______.（分数：2.00）A.F. BoppB.R. RaskC.J. GrimmD.K. Verner30.The major linguistic controversy in the last quarter of the 19th century was concerned with what is now referred to as ______.（分数：2.00）A.the prosodic phonologyB.the systemic grammarC.the neogrammarianD.the Generative Grammar二、名词解释(总题数：5，分数：10.00)31.Distinctive Feature（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 32.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 33.Immediate Constituent Analysis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 34.Relevance Theory（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 35.Contrastive Analysis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________三、写作题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)36.Judge which of the following sentences are grammatically ill-formed or well-formed and give your reasons why they are acceptable or unacceptable.(100 - 150 words)He said a few words to the press.He said to the press.He said to the press a few words.He said a few words.He said a few words the press.He said the press a few words.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 37.One way of formalizing, or making absolutely precise, the sense-relations that hold among lexemes is by means of Componential Analysis, that is, to find a minimal pair between every two2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________38.Austin"s first shot at his Speech Act Theory is his claim that there are two types of sentences; PERFORMATIVES and CONSTATIVES. Please state what they are and illustrate them with examples.(100 - 150 words).（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 39.Speculative grammar includes Thomas Aquinas"s inquiry based on Priscian"s grammar and Donapus" grammar, Petrus Helias" philosophical and logical explanation of Priscian"s grammar and Roger Bacon"s universal account of language under the surface of diversity. Please give your comments on their work and give your own ideas of the universality and diversity of human languages.(100 - 150 words)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编13
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编13(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.Such errors as "teached" and "womans" are caused by 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：second language learners）解析：解析：（这些错误一般是第二语言习得者犯的。
)2. 1is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grammar-translation Method）解析：解析：（语法翻译法即在外语教学中主要运用翻译和语法学习为教学活动的方法。
)3. 1 is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Situational language teaching）解析：解析：（情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。
) 4.There are three principles of language testing: 1, 2and 3.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Validity：reliability；practicality）解析：解析：（语言测试的三个原则：效度原则、信度原则及实用性原则。
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英语语言学试卷 I. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words. Each blank represents ONE word. 1. Language is a system of ________ ________ ________ used for human communication. 2. Linguistics is the ________ study of ________. 3. F.de Saussure looks at language more from a ________ point of view while Chomsky looks at it more from a ________ point of view. 4. The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme, and are known as ________. 5. F.de Saussure defined language as ________ and ________ while Chomsky defined it as ________ and ________. 6. Phonology is the study of ________ ________. 7. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of linguistic units larger than the segment called phoneme, such as ________, ________, and ________. 8. Some rules in phonology include ________, ________, ________. 9. Morphology refers to ________ structure of words, and the ________ by which words are formed. 10. In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary, they are called ________ ________ words; the other syntactic categories are, for the most part, ________ ________ words. 11. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies _______ words are ________ to form _______ and the _________ that govern the formation of _______. 12. Semantics is the study of ________. 13. The classic “Semantic Triangle” stands for the ________ view of meaning. 14. Synonymy is used to mean ________ of close ________ of meaning. 15. Language acquisition refers to the ________ acquisition of his ________ ________, i.e., how he comes to understand and to speak the language of his community. 16. Transformational rules are those rules which relate or transform the ________ ________ of a sentence into the ________ ________. 17. A person who studies linguistics is usually referred to as a ________. 18. ________ morphemes are attached to words, but they never change their syntactic category. 19. ________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings. 20. In English, ________, ________, ________ and ________ make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are called open classes. 21. Linguistics is a branch of science which takes ________ as its object of investigation. 22. A linguistic study is ________ if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is ________ if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” behaviour. 23. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure‟s “langue” and Chomsky‟s “________”. 24. By ________ ________, we refer to word forms which differ from each other only by one sound, e.g. “pin” and “bin”. 25. When two sounds never occur in the same environment they said to be in ________ ________. 26. ________ is the study of the rules governing the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to form sentences in language. 27. The semantic components of the word ________ are +HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALE, -MARRIED. 28. ________ means that language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. 29. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _______ over wiring. 30. The ________ category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence. 31. Speech Act Theory was proposed by ________ in 1962. 32. _________ _________ govern the combination of sound in a particular language, and can tell you that “blik” is possible in English while “ilkb” is not possible in English. 33.
II. In each question there are four choices. Decide which one
would be the best answer to the question, or best completes the sentence. 1. Linguists give priority to the spoken language not the written language because ________. a. vocal sounds are derived from writing systems b. speech precedes writing everywhere in the world c. we have recording devices to study speech d. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European languages 2. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ________. a. unnatural b. something to be feared c. natural d. abnormal 3. A linguist is interested in _______. a. speech sounds only b. all sounds