中国政治经济文化英文

china

Political:

China is one of the countries in the world, which is earliest to reach its cultural flourishment.

China’s ancient history has undergone several stage:primitive society、slave society、feudal society。

1.Primitive Society：China is one of the important cradles of human beings. After a long period of evolution, the primitive man and clans in different periods have come into being. Such as (Homo erectus yuanmouensis)(About 17,000,000 years ago)

2. Slave society Xia Dynasty、Shang Dynasty、Zhou Dynasty、The Spring and Autumn Period

3.Feudal society: feudal society can be divided into five stage

(1)formation and initial development: Warring state、Qin、Han.

(2)Feudal national secession and national integration: The three kingdoms、The Jin Destiny、Northern and Southern Dynasties.

(3)prosperity phase: Sui Tang and the Five Dynasties

(4)National fusion and the feudal economy continued to develop: Liao 、Song、Jin 、Xia、Yuan.

(5)The feudal system gradually declined: Ming 、Qing

Economy:China's original agriculture originated in the Yellow River and Yangtze river basin, and it reached a higher level in the central plains firstly, after the Southern S ong dynasty , economic gravity moved to south .

1.With the improvement of the instruments of production , the primitive society agricultural developed to the simple collaboration of their farming

2. The spring and autumn period and the warring states period, iron plough , oxen-led appeared and were used, with the individual family as the unit, agriculture and handicraft industry of combining the self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy finalized the design basically, and continued in the ancient society.

3. In Ming and Qing dynasty, although the bud of capitalism appeared, but there was no breakthrough in the economic structure.

4.Ancient Chinese handicraft industry in the world has been in a leading position , camp officer handicraftindustry represents the highest level of production technology.

5. In the middle and later of Ming dynasty, employment relationship appeared in private handicraft industry, and bred the bud of capitalism

6. Early business developed prosperously, the urban scale and function expanded gradually, the foreign trade prospered in Han and Tang Dynasty.

7. In Ming and Qing dynasty, the feudal economy prospered comprehensively and business appeared new characteristics. But under the policy of physiocracy and restriction of business and seclusion , bud of capitalism have been hampered, also lost the initiative in the business of foreign trade, did not keep up with the trend of the world, China's

economy is gradually falling behind。

Culture:

(1) Confucianism :

①Peace and order: the most important things to Confucius were peace, and order. He left that everyone had a proper role in society, and that if people were willing to accept their role, and fulfill it, that peace and harmony would abound.

②Respect for elders: in order to help people accept their roles in society, and establish order, Confucius outlined how individuals should treat one another. The most important of these ethics outlined the responsibilities of children to respect and listen to their parents, and other elders.

③Ethics: He also laid out ethics for how subjects should follow rulers, for how rulers should treat subjects, how husbands and wives should treat one another, and how friends should treat each other.

④Teaching accepted by Emperor

(2) Daoism:

①Reject material things

②commune with nature

③become one with Dao(force with all things)

(3) Buddhism:

①Four noble truths

②Eightfold path

③Nirvana

④Harmony with the universe

(4) Neo-Confucianism

Neo-Confucianism was an attempt to create a more rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by rejecting superstitious and mystical elements of Taoism and Buddhism that had influenced Confucianism during and after the Han Dynasty. Although the Neo-Confucianists were critical of Taoism and Buddhism,the two did have an influence on the philosophy, and the Neo-Confucianists borrowed terms and concepts from both. However, unlike the Buddhists and Taoists, who saw metaphysics as a catalyst for spiritual development, religious enlightenment, and immortality, the Neo-Confucianists used metaphysics as a guide for developing a rationalist ethical philosophy.

humanistic and rationalistic

with the belief that the universe could be understood through human reason, and that it was up to humanity to create a harmonious relationship between the universe and the individual.

The rationalism of Neo-Confucianism is in contrast to the mysticism of the previously dominant Chan Buddhism. Unlike the Buddhists, the Neo-Confucians believed that reality existed, and could be understood by humankind, even if the interpretations of reality were slightly different depending on the school of Neo-Confucianism.

But the spirit of Neo-Confucian rationalism is diametrically opposed to that of Buddhist mysticism. Whereas Buddhism insisted on the unreality of things, Neo-Confucianism stressed their reality. Buddhism and Taoism asserted that existence came out of, and returned to, non-existence; Neo-Confucianism regarded reality as a gradual realization of the Great Ultimate... Buddhists, and to some degree, Taoists as well, relied on meditation and insight to achieve supreme reason; the Neo-Confucianists chose to follow Reason.

The importance of li in Neo-Confucianism gave the movement its Chinese name, literally "The study of Li."