英语阅读理解专项及解析

英语阅读理解专项及解析

一、高中英语阅读理解

1．阅读理解

Bamboo is one of the world's most useful plants. For thousands of years, bamboo has been used in many different ways-from food to medicine to clothing and, in small ways, as a building material.

However, bamboo is not often used as a building material in the developed world. A professor at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania is trying to change that. The professor and his students are testing the strength of bamboo.They are testing how much pressure or weight it can take before breaking.

Kent Harries is a professor at the University of Pittsburgh. Harries says that testing methods for bamboo need to be the same for all. They need to be standardized. Standardizing test methods for bamboo will help to bring the plant into common use. It will also give engineers and builders around the world a dependable standard.

Harries says that bamboo is strong in nature. The strength of at least three species of bamboo is similar to steel.Besides its strength, bamboo has other features that make it very useful in building. He says it is resilient(有弹力的), meaning it keeps its shape and strength even under pressure.

Bamboo also grows quickly. Bamboo that is suitable for construction needs much less resources than wood. The harvest cycle of bamboo is about 3 years. Softwoods such as cedar, pine and spruce have a harvest cycle of about 10 years. And hardwoods that come from flowering plants such as oak and walnut need more than 30 years.

Bamboo is widely used as food for panda bears. It is also used for flooring and window covers. However, for building, bamboo is not used much outside its native growing area. This is mostly because of its round shape. But there are other reasons too. People think -- or have the mentality--that bamboo is a low quality building material.

（1）What is the author mainly talking about in the passage?

A. Make bamboo a common building material.

B. Take advantage of bamboo in our everyday.

C. Consider bamboo to be a common plant.

D. Use bamboo to replace building materials.（2）What is the purpose of what Kent Harries and his students did?

A. To prove what is the most useful plant.

B. To introduce bamboo to the developed world.

C. To give engineers and builders some advice.

D. To make sure of the strength of bamboo.（3）What does Harries think of bamboo in the passage?

A. Harries sees bamboo as a great building material.

B. Harries thinks bamboo is as strong as steel.

C. Harries sees bamboo as the most ideal Plant.

D. Harries thinks bamboo has the reliable shape.

（4）What can be inferred from the passage?

A. Bamboo is an environmentally friendly building material.

B. Bamboo material will go to the market in the soon future.

C. Hardwoods are much more popular than softwoods.

D. Bamboo grows not only faster but

takes up less space.

【答案】（1）A

（2）D

（3）A

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了竹子是世界上最有用的植物之一。几千年来，竹子被广泛地应用于各个方面，然而，在发达国家，竹子并没有经常地被应用于建筑领域。Kent Harries 教授试图改变这一点。他和他的学生们测试了竹子的受压力量。Kent Harries 教授认为是一种很好的建筑材料。(1)考查主旨大意。本文讲述了Kent Harries和他的学生所做的实验，实验的目的是测试竹子能否当作建筑材料来使用。故选A。

(2)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“ The professor and his students are testing the strength of bamboo．”可知，教授和他的学生做实验的目的是测试竹子的承受力，故选D。

(3)考查细节理解。根据第四段可知，Kent Harries认为竹子结实、有弹力、能承受压力，是有用的建筑材料，由此可知他的观点是竹子是种很好的建筑材料。故选A。

(4)考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段可知，竹子长得很快，其生长为三年，而针叶木材则需10年，阔叶树时间更长，由此可知，竹子是种很环保的建筑材料。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．阅读理解

Paying a higher price than usual for a ticket to see a film in 3D is the annoyance of many a cinema-goer's life.

But there may be a benefit to doing so, as a study has found that 3D films exercise the brain and improve short-term functioning in a similar way to brain-training tests.

The research found that people who watched a movie in 3D improved cognitive (认知) skills, compared to those who watched it in 2D.

The research was led by neuroscientist(神经学家) Dr Patrick Fagan from Goldsmiths University in London. More than 100 people took part in the experiment, where participants watched Disney film Big Hero 6 in either standard format or RealD 3D.

They also carried out a brain-training-style test before and after seeing a section from the film. The test covered memory, reaction times and cognitive function and the results were compared later.

According to the research, which was carried out in partnership with science group Thrill Laboratory, participants experienced a 23 percent increase in cognitive processing, as well as an 11 percent increase in reaction times.

Dr Fagan said that the results showed enough of an improvement in brain function to suggest that 3D could play a part in improving brain power in the future.

"These findings are more significant than you might think," he said. "It is a fact that people are

living longer and there is a noticeable decline in cognitive brain function in old age which can worsen future quality of life. There has never been a better time to look at ways to improve brain function. The initial results of this study show that 3D films may potentially play a role in slowing this decline."

A second part of the experiment involved those watching the film being fitted with headsets that scanned brain activity and this too showed heightened (加强的) activity when watching 3D. According to the results, participants were seven percent more engaged with what they were watching, adding to argument that 3D movies are more like watching real-life—something Professor Brendan Walker from Thrill Laboratory agreed with.

"As Professor Brendan Walker's test concluded, 3D films are more attractive and heighten the senses — this, in turn, makes the brain run at quicker speeds," Dr Fagan said.

（1）According to the research, people watching a movie in 3D ________.

A. have a good exercise for their brain

B. lose their short memory of its plots

C. are willing to pay a high price for tickets

D. react the same way as those watching it in 2D （2）What can be learned from the research?

A. Watching 2D films limits brain function.

B. 3D would be a contributing factor in improving brain power.

C. The test was carried out after the whole film was viewed.

D. The participants took the brain-training-style test once.

（3）Paragraph 8 is mainly about ________.

A. the application of 3D

B. the disadvantages of 2D films

C. the change in brain function

D. the significance of the study

（4）The text is most likely to appear in ________.

A. a sports newspaper

B. a biology textbook

C. a science magazine

D. a film review

【答案】（1）A

（2）B

（3）D

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文介绍3D电影对人的大脑的益处。

( 1 )细节理解题。根据第二段as a study has found that 3D films exercise the brain and improve short-term functioning in a similar way to brain-training tests. 可知，看3D电影能锻炼大脑。故选A。

( 2 )推理判断题。根据第二段But there may be a benefit to doing so, as a study has found that 3D films exercise the brain and improve short-term functioning in a similar way to brain-training tests.可知，3D电影是一个促进大脑力量的因素。故选B。

( 3 )段落大意题。根据第八段第一句These findings are more significant than you might think （这些发现比你想象的更重要）可知，选D。

( 4 )推理判断题。3D电影是高科技产品，所以这篇文章最有可能出现在科学杂志上，故选C。

3．阅读理解

Oh my God, the robots are taking over! We're doomed! Doomed! Now that I've gotten that out of my system, it's become clear that while we may or may not be doomed, the robots are taking over. The latest example is the government's new guidelines for self-driving cars.

Tesla, Google and Uber are already testing driverless cars in cities across America. Uber chief executive Travis Kalanick is among those predicting that by 2021, self-driving cars will play a big part in urban settings.

Nearly 40,000 people died last year in this nation in automobile-related accidents, and we believes driverless cars can save tens of thousands of lives annually.

Makes sense. Robot drivers are less likely to get drunk, drive without a license, text while driving or feel agitated at the scene of a pileup. On the other hand, I wonder how these highly sensitive cars will react, with walkers constantly dashing into the street. Will they jam on the brakes every 10 seconds?

But there's a bigger picture. Not only are robots replacing humans behind the wheel, but behind the work desk, in warehouses, senior homes, you name it. Robots aren't just taking over in the workplace.

The question is, where can't a robot function better than a human? How about writing songs?

A robot can go through every combination of notes in record time and come up with a pleasing melody. The lyrics might be a different story. Is a Grammy-winning song co-written by Hank Human and R-3071 in our future?

Finally, it's only a matter of time until we have robot politicians and presidential candidates. Why not? They can be programmed to be experts in world and domestic affairs and come up with the best solutions without corruption and bad humors.

Actually, it's too bad such technology isn't available in 2016. Pretty sure the robot would win in a landslide.

（1）What does the underlined word “agitated” mean?

A. Tired

B. Cautious

C. Careful

D. Anxious

（2）What doubt does the writer have about self-driving cars?

A. How passengers behave in it.

B. How robot drivers get the license.

C. How they avoid crashing into other car.

D. How they respond to walkers on a busy street.（3）The last questions asked in the sixth paragra ph reflects the writer’s ________.

A. confidence in robots, winning Grammy Awards

B. eagerness to listen to songs written by robots

C. doubt about robots’ ability to write songs

D. curiosity about the future Grammy songs （4）What might be the most suitable title for the text?

A. Robots will control the world in every field

B. Robots are coming but not soon enough

C. Robots are being used in our daily life

D. Robots can drive cars and write music

【答案】（1）D

（2）D

（3）A

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文谈论机器人是否会控制世界的问题。以无人驾驶汽车为例，谈论无人驾驶的优缺点，以及在其他领域对机器人的应用，最后得出结论，机器人等现代化科学技术全面代替人类只是时间问题。

（1）猜测词义。根据划线词所在句“Robot drivers are less likely to...at the scene of a pileup.”可知，作者想说的是无人驾驶汽车看到堵车也不会感到焦虑不安。所以agitated应意为“焦虑的”，相当于 anxious，故选D。

（2）细节理解。根据第四段中on the other hand, I wonder how these highly sensitive cars will react, with walker constantly dashing into the street.可知，作者担心的是这些无人驾驶的汽车如何对经常冲进马路的行人如何反应，故选 D。

（3）推理判断。题干询问的是第六段提出的最后一个问题反映了作者的什么看法，根据本段提到的机器人能够创作出优美的旋律可推知，作者是想借此问题说明将来机器人肯定会写出获得格莱美奖的音乐作品，故选A。

（4）主旨大意。通读全文内容尤其是最后一段中的“it’s too bad such technology isn’t available in 2016”可知，本文作者认为机器人时代来的不够快，B项反映了作者的看法，概括了文章内容。故选B。

【点评】议论文阅读首先要弄清楚作者要证明什么观点，然后用什么样的论据进行怎样的分析，最后得出了什么样的结论，理清了线索，理解文章就不是问题。看题时注意确定关键词，然后在文章中定位，找到与选项一致的内容，就可以轻松的确定答案。

4．阅读理解

Why do you go to the library? For books, yes--but you like books because they tell stories. You hope to get lost in a story or be transported into someone else's life. At one type of library, you can do just that--even though there's not a single book.

At a Human Library, instead of books, you can “borrow” people. Individuals volunteer as human “books” and participants in the event can “read” the book--meaning they would have a one-on-one conversation with the volunteer and share in a dialogue about that individual's experience. “Books” are volunteers from all walks of life who have experienced discrimination (歧视) based on race, religion, class, gender identity, age, lifestyle choices, disability and other aspects of their life

For a certain amount of time, you can ask them questions and listen to their stories, which are as fascinating and as attractive as any you can find in a book. Many of the stories have to do with some kind of stereotype. You can speak with a refugee (难民), a soldier suffering from PTSD, a homeless person or a woman living with HIV. The Human Library encourages people to challenge their own long-held beliefs-to truly get to know, and learn from someone they might otherwise make a quick judgment about.

According to its website, the Human Library is “a place where difficult questions are expected, appreciated and answered.” It provides the opportunity for the community to share and understand the experiences of others in their community.

The Human Library Organization came to be in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2000. Ronni Abergel, his brother Dany, and some colleagues hosted a four-day event during a major Northern European festival, hoping to raise awareness about violence among youth. After the success of this event, Abergel founded the Human Library Organization, which has been growing ever since. Though there are a few permanent human libraries, most aren't places at all, but events. Though many do take place at physical libraries, you don't need a library card—anyone can come and be part of the experience. There have been human library events all over the globe, in universities and in pubs, from Chicago to Tunis to Edinburgh to San Antonio.

The stories these "books" tell range from fascinating to heartbreaking and everything in between. And that's the very point of the organization--to prove that no person can be summed up in just one word. It seeks to show people that you truly can't judge a book by its cover---or by its title or label.

（1）The “books” in human libraries are____________.

A. long-held beliefs attracting individuals

B. inspiring stones motivating people in trouble

C. events in which people can talk to volunteers

D. unfairly-treated people sharing their experiences

（2）The event in Copenhagen is significant because it_______.

A. aimed to help the young suffering from violence

B. attempted to replace traditional physical libraries

C. laid a foundation for the Human Library Organization

D. led to a pleasing development for the community with racism

（3）In human libraries, the readers are likely to_________.

A. deepen their understanding of people

B. enrich their own personal experiences

C. hear the stories from all over the world

D. make quick judgments about the “books”

（4）The main purpose of the passage is to _________.

A. compare and evaluate

B. inform and explain

C. discuss and persuade

D. analyze and suggest

【答案】（1）D

（2）C

（3）A

（4）B

【解析】【分析】这是一篇介绍说明类文章。文章介绍了有关“the Human Library”的相关信息。在the Human Library，读者可以和来自各行各业志愿者们交谈，了解他们的经历和故事，加深对他人的了解。

（1）细节理解题。由第二段中的“At a Human Library, instead of books, you can “borrow” peopl e. Individuals volunteer as human “books” and participants in the event can “read” the book--meaning they would have a one-on-one conversation with the volunteer and share in a dialogue about that individual's experience. “Books” are volunteers from all wa lks of life who have experienced discrimination (歧视) based on race, religion, class, gender identity, age, lifestyle choices, disability and other aspects of their life” 可知，Human Library的“书”实际上人，这些人来自各行各业，他们经历了种族，宗教，性别等方面的歧视。读者们可以和这

些人交谈，了解他们的经历。故答案选D。

（2）推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的“The Human Library Organization came to be in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2000. Ronni Abergel, his brother Dany, and some colleagues hosted a four-day during a major Northern European festival, hoping to raise awareness about violence among youth. After the success of this event, Abergel founded the Human Library Organization, which has been growing ever since”可知，Ronni Abergel，他的兄弟Dany以及一些同事举行了为期四天的活动，希望提高人们对青年人暴力的意识。在这次活动成功之后，Abergel建立了the Human Library Organization，该组织一直在发展中。由此可知，在Copenhagen举行的活动的成功导致了the Human Library Organization的成立，结合选项可推知，该活动奠定了该组织的基础，故答案选C。

（3）细节理解题。由第四段中的“It provides the opportunity for the community to share and understand the experiences of others in their community”可知，the Human Library给社会给提供了分享和了解别人经历的机会。由此可知，通过the Human Library，人们可以加深对他人的了解。故答案选A。

（4）写作意图题。文章介绍了the Human Library(真人图书馆)的情况。在the Human Library，读者可以和来自各行各业志愿者们交谈，了解他们的经历和故事。文章还介绍了the Human Library的成立的情况。很明显，作者希望通过这篇文章让读者了解the Human Library，结合选项，告知解释。故答案选B。

【点评】推理题的解题方法：（1）抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理。要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。（2）整合全文（段）信息进行推断。有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。（3）利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断。每篇文章的语境都有一定褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨文意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。（4）根据文章的结论推断作者的态度。作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。（5）根据上下文的逻辑得出结论。逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。（6）结合已有的知识进行推断。知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。

5．阅读理解

Some of the best research on daily experience is rooted in rates of positive and negative interactions, which has proved that being blindly positive or negative can cause others to be frustrated or annoyed or to simply tune out.

Over the last two decades, scientists have made remarkable predictions simply by watching people interact with one another and then scoring the conversations based on the rate of positive and negative interactions. Researchers have used the findings to predict everything from

the likelihood that a couple will divorce to the chances of a work team with high customer satisfaction and productivity levels.

More recent research helps explain why these brief exchanges matter so much. When you experience negative emotions as a result of criticism or rejection, for example, your body produces higher levels of the stress hormone, which shuts down much of your thinking and activates (激活) conflict and defense mechanisms (机制). You assume that situations are worse than they actually are.

When you experience a positive interaction, it activates a very different response. Positive exchanges increase your body's production of oxytocin, a feel-good that increases your ability to communicate with, cooperate with and trust others. But the effects of a positive occurrence are less dramatic and lasting than they are for a negative one.

We need at least three to five positive interactions to outweigh every one negative exchange. Bad moments simply outweigh good ones. Whether you're having a conversation, keep this simple short cut in mind: At least 80 percent of your conversations should be focused on what's going right.

Workplaces, for example, often see this. During performance reviews, managers routinely spend 80 percent of their time on w eaknesses and “areas for improvement”. They spend roughly 20 percent of the time on strengths and positive aspects. Any time you have discussions with a person or group, spend the vast majority of the time talking about what is working, and use the remaining time to address weaknesses.

（1）The underlined phrase “tune out” in Paragraph 1 probably means

A. stop listening

B. change one's mind

C. sing aloud

D. be crazy

（2）What will happen if you experience negative emotions?

A. The situations are sure to become worse.

B. Much of your thinking will be prevented.

C. You will feel an urge to improve and become better.

D. You'll be motivated to resolve conflicts with people.

（3）From Paragraph 4, we can learn that

A. we need a positive feeling to beat one negative feeling

B. positive interactions have greater effects than negative ones

C. our conversation should center on what needs improvement

D. the effect of negative feelings lasts longer than that of positive ones

（4）What is the best title for the passage?

A. Harmful Negatives

B. More Positive Interactions

C. How to Be a Productive Manager

D. Less Time on Strengths and Positive Aspects 【答案】（1）A

（2）B

（3）D

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是说明文。主要讲述通过一些关于日常经验的研究证明，当你因为批评或遭到拒绝而经历负面情绪时，你的身体会产生较高水平的应激激素，它关闭了你的思维，激活冲突和防御的机制。而当你体验到积极的互动时，积极的交流会增加你与他人

沟通、合作和信任的能力。但是积极的影响不如消极的影响更持久，它需要三到五个积极的互动才能去掉一个负面互动。这给我们一个启示，在谈话时尽可能多的积极互动，才会调动人的积极性。

（1）考查猜测词义题。根据第一段中的内容可知，一些关于日常经验的最好研究是建立在积极和消极互动率的基础上的，这证明了盲目的积极或消极会使其他人感到沮丧或烦恼，或者干脆把不理睬。分析选项的内容可知A项符合题意。

（2）考查细节理解题。根据第三段中的中间部分“When you experience negative emotions as a result of criticism or rejection, for example, your body produces higher levels of the stress hormone, which shuts down much of your thinking and activates （激活） conflict and defense mechanisms （机制）.” 可知，你经历负面情绪时，你的身体会产生较高水平的应激激素，它关闭了你的思维机制和激活你的防御机制。由此可判断B项是正确的。

（3）考查细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“B ut the effects of a positive occurrence are less dramatic and lasting than they are for a negative one.”可知，积极面事件的影响不如消极的影响更持久。由此判断出D项正确。

（4）考查主旨大意题。通读全文可知，一些关于日常经验的研究证明，当你因为批评或遭到拒绝而经历负面情绪时，你的身体会产生较高水平的应激激素，它关闭了你的思维，激活冲突和防御的机制。而当你体验到积极的互动时，积极的交流会增加你与他人沟通、合作和信任的能力。但是积极的影响不如消极的影响更持久，它需要三到五个积极的互动才能去掉一个负面互动。这给我们一个启示，在谈话时尽可能多的积极互动，才会调动人的积极性。分析选项可知B项正确。

【点评】科普文客观题的解题方法1.“找”。读完材料，审完题干(题干不可不审清)，可根据题干确定选项的大致范围，开始找与选项相对应的句子，然后再进行合理的想象、推理及判断。有时候选项的语句散见于文章的各处，也一定找准原句。2.“比”。比较时重在关注意思、关注逻辑关系。有时需要统观全篇，不能只盯住一处。3.“判断”。推断时，切不可只凭主观臆断，一定要找到确切的根据，找到合理的解释。

6．阅读理解

Everest

121min Adventure/Biography/Drama

Storyline: A group of climbers start their final climb to the summit of Mount Everest，the highest point on Earth. With little warning，a violent storm strikes the mountain，swallowing the adventurers...

Director: Baltasar Kormakur

Stars:Jason Clarke, Ang Phula Sherpa, Thomas M.Wright

Add to watchlist

War Room

120min Drama

Storyline: Tony and Elizabeth Jordan, seemingly have it all--great jobs, a beautiful daughter, their dream home. In reality, their marriage has been a war zone. With guidance from Miss Clara, an older, wiser woman, Elizabeth discovers she can start fighting for her family instead of against

them.

Director: Alex Kendrick

Stars: Priscilla C. Shirer, T.C. Stalligs, Karen Abercrombie

Add to watchlist

Straight Outta Compton

147min Biography/Drama/Music

Storyline: In 1987, five young men, using honest rhymes, put their frustration and anger about life into the most powerful weapon they had: their music. Straight Outta Compton tells the true story of how these cultural rebels（叛逆者）stood up to the authorities that meant to keep them down and formed the world's most dangerous group N.W.A.

Director: F. Gary Gray

Stars: O'Shea Jackson Jr., Corey Hawkins, Jason Mitchell

Add to watchlist

A Walk In The Woods

104min Adventure/Biography/Comedy

Storyline: After spending two decades in England, Bill Bryson returns to the US, where he decides the best way to connect with his homeland is to hike the Appalachian Trail. He travels with Katz, one of his oldest friends. The trouble is that the two have a completely different definition of the word, “adventure”. The real fun begins...

Director: Ken Kwapis

Stars: Robort Redford, Nick Nolte, Emma Thompson

Add to watchlist

（1）If you prefer family-themed movies, which one should see?

A. Everest

B. War Room

C. Straight Outta Compton

D. A Walk In The Woods （2）What is N.W.A according to the passage?

A. A movie club

B. A music group

C. An adventure team

D. A charity organization

（3）Why does Bill Bryson hike the Appalachain Trail?

A. To accompany his friend Katz

B. To exercise and keep himself fit

C. To strengthen his bond with the US

D. To have an adventure in the woods

【答案】（1）B

（2）B

（3）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，推荐了四部电影。

（1）考查推理判断。根据War Room部分中的“120min Drama Storyline: Tony and Elizabeth Jordan, seemingly have it all--great jobs, a beautiful daughter, their dream home. In reality, their marriage has been a war zone.”可知，如果你更喜欢以家庭为主题的电影，你应该看War Room，故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据Straight Outta Compton部分中的“147min Biography/Drama/Music Storyline: In 1987,five young men, using honest rhymes, put their frustration and anger about life into the most powerful weapon they had: their music. ---formed the world's most dangerous group N.W.A.”可知，N.W.A. 是一个音乐团队。故选B。

（3）考查推理判断。根据 A Walk In The Woods部分中的“Storyline: After spending two decades in England, Bill Bryson returns to the US, where he decides the best way to connect with his homeland is to hike the Appalachian Trail.”可知，Bill Bryson会徒步穿越the Appalachain Trail是为了加强他与美国的关系。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解

China's cancer researcher Zhu Chen, together with two French researchers Anne Dejean and Hugues de Thé, received Sjoberg Prize 2018 in Stockholm Concert Hall, Sweden on Friday.

“We used wisdom from both Chinese and West ern medicine and offered a cure to one of the most deadly cancers,” Chen told Xinhua, “I feel that Chinese medicine has potential to contribute more to human health. It struggles for benefiting all mankind. It's a language of peace, and of development and progress.” Chen recalled the cooperation with the two French researchers for over 30 years.

This year's Sjoberg winners have developed a new and targeted treatment for a specific form of blood cancer called acute promyelocytic leukaemia (急性早幼粒白血病). It was once one of the deadliest forms of cancer, but it is now possible to cure nine out of ten patients who receive the new treatment. The winners have made this revolutionary development possible by methodically mapping the molecular mechanisms responsible for the disease.

The Prize is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and is funded (资助)by the Sjoberg Foundation. The foundation, with a donation of 2.5 billion US dollars, was founded in 2016, and serves to promote scientific research that focuses on cancer, health and the environment.

The Prize is an annual international prize in cancer research awarded to individual researchers or research groups. The prize amounts to one million US dollars, of which 100,000US dollars is the prize sum and 900,000US dollars is funding for future research.

（1）Zhu Chen was awarded Sjoberg Prize for the .

A. research into a language

B. promotion of Chinese medicine

C. treatment for a once fatal cancer

D. cooperation with French researchers

（2）What can we know about the Sjoberg Foundation?

A. It funds research in certain fields.

B. It favors individual researchers.

C. It donates 2.5 billion US dollars.

D. It awards the prize annually.

（3）What can the text be classified as?

A. A biography.

B. A news report.

C. A science fiction.

D. An advertisement.（4）What is the best title for the text?

A. New Cure for Cancer

B. Breakthroughs to human health

C. Great Contributions of Chinese Medicine

D. Three Scientists Receiving Sjoberg Prize

【答案】（1）C

（2）A

（3）B

（4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道，中国科学家Zhu Chen和另外两位法国科学家荣获舍贝里奖。

(1)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“We used wisdom from both Chinese and Western medicine and offered a cure to one of the most deadly cancers”解释了Zhu Chen和另外两位法国科学家获奖的原因。故选C。

(2)考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“The foundation, with a donation of 2.5 billion US dollars, was founded in 2016, and serves to promote scientific research that focuses on cancer, health and the environment.”可知选A。

(3)考查推理判断。根据全文内容和文体特点而判断此文应该是一篇新闻报道。故选B。

(4)考查主旨大意。新闻报道主旨一般就在首段呈现。根据第一段“ China's cancer researcher Zhu Chen, together with two French researchers Anne Dejean and Hugues de Thé, received Sjoberg Prize 2018 in Stockholm Concert Hall, Sweden on Friday.”中国科学家Zhu Chen和另外两位法国科学家荣获舍贝里奖，故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇新闻报道，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

8．阅读理解

We want our children to succeed, in school and, perhaps even more importantly, in life. But the paradox(悖论) is that our children can only truly succeed if they first learn how to fail. Consider the finding that world-class figure skaters fall over more often in practice than low-level figure skaters. At first sight this seems contradictory. Why are the really good skaters falling over the most?

The reason is actually quite simple. Top skaters are constantly challenging themselves in practice, attempting jumps that stretch their limitations. This is why they fall over so often, but it is precisely why they learn so fast. Lower-level skaters have a quite different approach. They are always attempting jumps they can already do very easily, remaining within their comfort zone. This is why they don't fall over. In a superficial sense, they look successful, because they are always on their feet. The truth, however, is that by never failing, they never progress.

What is true of skating is also true of life. James Dyson worked through 5,126 failed prototypes(原型) for his dual cyclone vacuum before coining up with the design that made his fortune. These failures were essential to the pathway of learning. As Dyson put it: “You can't develop new technology unless you test new ideas and learn when things go wrong. Failure is essential to invention.”

In healthcare, however, things are very different. Clinicians don't like to admit to failure, partly because they have healthy egos(自我)(particularly the senior doctors) and partly because they fear litigation(诉讼). The consequence is that instead of learning from failure, healthcare often covers up failure. The direct consequence is that the same mistakes are repeated. According to

the Journal of Patient Safety, 400,000 people die every year in American hospitals alone due to preventable error. Until healthcare learns to respond positively to failure, things will not improve. But let us return to children. One of the major mistakes in education in the 1970s was the attempt to equip children with confidence by giving them lots of successes （setting the bar very low）. The consequence was that the ego of kids became bound up with success, and they became unable to take risks and collapsed as soon as they hit a proper challenge.

We need to flip(翻转) this approach. In a complex world, failure is inevitable. It is those individuals and institutions that have the flexibility to face up to failure, learn the lessons and adapt which eventually excel(突出).

（1）The question raised in the first paragraph is to ________.

A. open up a discussion on the topic

B. analyze the reason for success

C. express the author's opposition

D. doubt the abilities of the top skaters

（2）Which of the following is the structure of the passage?

A. B. C. D.

（3）What would be the best title for the passage?

A. How we can avoid failure in life

B. What we should learn from failure

C. Why failure is the key to flying high

D. Where we further improve ourselves

【答案】（1）A

（2）A

（3）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，论证了“失败是孩子成功的必须条件”这一观点。(1)考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“But the paradox（悖论）is that our children can only truly succeed if they first learn how to fail.”可知，文章的中心论点是如果孩子想要真正成功，首先就要学会失败。后面以世界级滑冰运动员摔倒的次数更多来证明这一点，最后一句提出问题：为什么好的滑冰运动员反而摔倒的次数多呢？下文对这个问题做了回答，进一步阐明了文章的中心论点。很明显，这个问题就是为了引出下文对中心论点的论述服务的。故选

A。

(2)考查文章结构。第一段提出中心论点并以滑冰运动员为例引出第二段。第三段James Dyson为正面例子证明：成功是建立失败的基础上的。而第四和第五两段分别以医疗和20世纪七十年代的儿童教育为反例证明：不经历失败就不会获得成功和提高。最后一段再次强调中心论点。故选A。

(3)考查主旨大意。文章第一段即提出中心论点：the paradox（悖论）is that our children can only truly succeed if they first learn how to fail，中间几段以正反两方面的例子证明了该论点。最后一段又重新强调了该论点。很明显，文章的中心意思就是：失败是孩子真正成功的必要条件。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，文章结构和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，要求考生根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

9．阅读理解

Scientists found that sleeping considerably improves our creativity. After taking a nap people are able to think faster and put more imagination into their thinking. Besides, if we dream, the thinking abilities are improved even more.

Researchers consider that sleeping on a problem in most cases leads to elucidation(解释). They say when a person enters a phase called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) during sleep, it increases the effect. Such phase takes place right before we awake and according to scientists it helps our brain make links between unrelated subjects.

In the study, led by Professor Sara Mednick, scientists made a conclusion that the REM was "important for assimilating(消化) new information into past experience" in order to find solutions to creative problems.

Prof. Mednick is a psychiatrist at the University of California. Her study involved the analysis of 77 adults. Each participant was given several word-associated creative tasks. All tasks were given in the morning, with participants being shown a number of groups of 3 words, for example: cookie, heart and sixteen. They were asked to come up with a word that would be associated with all three given terms—like sweet. Sometime later, after some participants were allowed to sleep, they were asked to perform the same tasks and some new ones. It is worth mentioning that while some people slept, researchers used brain scans to see the type of sleep each participant entered.

When given the same tasks, participants, who took a nap, were able to give more varied solutions, some of which were much better than they gave earlier. But when given new tasks, researchers found that those who entered REM sleep had a 40 percent better result compared to the performance they showed in the morning.

（1）What does "it" refer to in the second paragraph?

A. The effect.

B. REM.

C. Sleep.

D. A problem.

（2）Why do the researchers study the REM?

A. Because REM takes place just after you sleep.

B. Because REM can store more information.

C. Because REM can help find creative solutions

D. Because REM can make a creative invention.

（3）What can we know from this passage?

A. Taking a short nap is good for your thinking during the day.

B. Sleeping has three processes which is good for creativity.

C. Each adult was allowed to sleep after the task was given.

D. REM is a process taking place right after we awake when we nap.

（4）The important stage in the study is________.

A. to think of a creative word

B. to show a group of 3 words

C. to give participants time to think

D. to let some participants sleep for a while

【答案】（1）B

（2）C

（3）A

（4）D

【解析】【分析】文章讲述了科学研究发现，睡眠能大大提高我们的创造力。

( 1 )词义猜测题。根据前一句They say when a person enters a phase called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) during sleep可知，it指代REM，选B。

( 2 )细节理解题。根据倒数第三段scientists made a conclusion that the REM was "important for assimilating(消化) new information into past experience” in order to find solutions to creati ve problems.可知，科学家之所以研究这个时期是因为这个时期对于找到创造性问题的解题办法是重要的，这个时期会将新信息消化为经验，故答案为C。

( 3 )细节理解题。根据最后一段When given the same tasks, participants, who took a nap, were able to give more varied solutions, some of which were much better than they gave earlier.可知，小睡一会之后会让人有更好的表现。故选A。

( 4 )推理判断题。根据倒数第二段It is worth mentioning that while some people slept, researchers used brain scans to see the type of sleep each participant entered.可知，研究很重要的一个阶段就是要让参加者睡一会，然后来扫描他们大脑看看他们进入的睡眠阶段。选D。

10．阅读理解

“Years ago when I was at the Gra nd Canyon, I remembered someone coming up to the canyon's edge, taking a shot with a camera and then walking away, like 'got it – done', barely even glancing at the magnificent scene in front of him,” Linda Henkel, a scientist at Fairfield

University, US told Live Science.

Henkel was surprised by how obsessed (痴迷的) people are with taking pictures these days - before dinner, during friends' birthday parties, on museum tours and so on.

They keep taking pictures because they think that it helps record the moment, but as Henkel's latest study has just found out, this obsession may prevent their brains remembering what actually happened, reported The Guardian.

In her study, Henkel led a group of college students around a museum and asked them to simply observe 15 objects and photograph 15 others. The next day the students' memory of the tour was tested, and the results showed that they were less accurate in recognizing the objects and they remembered fewer details about them if they photographed them.

''When people rely on technology to remember them — counting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing to attend to it fully themselves, it can have a negative impact on how well they remember their experiences,” Henkel explained.

But there is also an exception: if students zoomed in to photograph part of an object, their memory actually improved, and those who focused the lens (镜头) on a specific area could even recall parts that weren't in the frame.

So basically, this study is saying that constantly taking pictures can harm your memory. But shouldn't reviewing pictures we have taken help wake up our memories? This is true, but only if we spend enough time doing it.

“In order to remember, we have to access and interact with the photos, rather tha n just collect them,” Henkel told The Telegraph. However, previous research has shown that most people never take the time to look over their digital pictures simply because there are too many of them and they aren't usually very organized on their computers.

（1）Why did the author mention Henkel's trip to the Grand Canyon at the beginning? A. To complain about some tourists' bad habits. B. To give suggestions on how to enjoy one's tour.

C. To point out people's obsession with taking pictures.

D. To describe the beautiful view of the Grand Canyon.

（2）What can we learn from Henkel's study?

A. Reviewing pictures always helps people bring back memories easily.

B. Taking pictures in a museum tour helps students recognize objects better.

C. People should spend more time taking pictures than studying real objects.

D. Pictures focusing on the details of objects probably improve people's memories.

（3）The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 probably refers to “________”.

A. the camera

B. technology

C. the event

D. an object

（4）What is the article mainly about?

A. People's obsession with taking pictures and its influence.

B. Possible ways of using pictures to improve one's memory.

C. Great harm to memory caused by taking pictures constantly.

D. A believable study into the negative impact of lining cameras often.

【答案】（1）C

（2）D

（3）C

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，人们都有拍照的喜好，拍照有助于我们记忆。但是如果我们只是简单地记录下来，而不去欣赏的话，也就没有什么意义，还不如不去拍照。

(1)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Henkel was surprised by how obsessed (着迷的) people are with taking pictures these days – before dinner, during friends birthday parties, on museum tours and so on.”可知，在文中提到Henkel对人们执迷于拍照的惊讶，以此来说明一种现象：人们执迷于拍照的现象。故选C。

(2)考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“But there is also an exception: if students zoomed (缩放) in to photograph part of an object, their memory actually improved”可知，在拍照时，如果只关注某个细节，可能有助于他们记忆的提高。故选D。

(3)考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的“When people rely on t echnology to remember them 一counting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing to attend to it fully themselves” 前面说人们要依靠技术来记住它们时，要依靠照相机来记录事件，那么就完全不需要关注这个事件了。可知，本句是说如果你要用相机来记录事件，就不需要来关注这个它（事件）。故选C。

(4)考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，本文主要叙述现代人痴迷于拍照，是因为拍照有助于记录某一时刻，但不利于他们的记忆。如果放大拍摄对象或拍下来后再欣赏的话就有助于记忆或回忆。即本文主要介绍痴迷拍照及其影响。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇生活类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括和归纳，选出正确答案。

11．阅读理解

Forcing waiters and waitresses to survive on tips from customers rather than normal wages is a pointless, crude, and unique American custom that, in the past several years, a handful of progressive restaurant owners have attempted to do away with. Danny Meyer, CEO of Union Square Hospitality Group, is about to join their ranks and has announced that he plans to gradually stop tipping at the company's 13 restaurants.

What, exactly, is wrong with tipping? As Brian Palmer has explained, more or less it's everything. To start, leaving a waiter's pay in the hands of customers has a feeling of classism (阶级歧视). And in theory, handing restaurant customers the power to tip is at least supposed to motivate better service. This fails in practice because humans turn out to be pretty arbitrary (随意的) about their tipping behavior. Research has shown that the amount diners tip has very little to do with their level of satisfaction. All of this doesn't encourage waiters and waitresses to do anything but turn over as many tables as possible.

Tipping is also very unfair to kitchen staff. The law allows restaurants to divide tips between front-of-the-house workers like waiters, hosts, hostesses, and bartenders (调酒师), but not cooks.

This creates a system in which the people serving the food in a restaurant can earn more than the people preparing it.

One of the most fascinating parts of Meyer's move is that, unlike some restaurant owners who have taken an anti-tipping stand, he won't simply add a standard extra charge to diners' bills. Rather, Union Square Hospitality Group means to raise menu prices enough to fully cover the cost of a meal. If Meyer manages to move away from tipping at all without hurting his profits, it would almost certainly set the stage for others to follow suit.

（1）What's Danny Meyer's attitude towards stopping tipping?

A. Negative.

B. Supportive.

C. Objective.

D. Doubtful.

（2）What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?

A. Tipping may disturb the restaurants' management.

B. Tipping will guarantee diners high quality service.

C. Tipping can arouse the staff's enthusiasm for work.

D. Tipping will bring customers a sense of satisfaction.

（3）What can we know about Union Square Hospitality group?

A. Brian Palmer is in charge of it now.

B. Its cooks earn much more than its servers.

C. Restaurant tipping has been totally banned there.

D. Diners will be charged more for the dishes there.

（4）What is the topic of the passage?

A. Restaurants' getting rid of tipping.

B. Difficulties that restaurants are faced with.

C. The popularity of no-tipping restaurants.

D. Tips on running restaurants successfully.

【答案】（1）B

（2）A

（3）D

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，介绍了强迫服务员和侍者靠顾客的小费，而不是正常的工资维持生计是一种毫无意义、粗鲁、独特的美国风俗，过去几年，一些进步的餐馆老板试图消除这种风俗。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Danny Meyer, CEO of Union Square Hospitality Group, is about to join their ranks and has announced that he plans to gradually stop tipping at the company's 13 restaurants.”可知Danny Meyer宣布他计划逐步停止在该公司13家餐厅给小费，这表明他对停止给小费是支持的，故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“leaving a waiter's pay in the hands of customers has a feeling of classism (阶级歧视)．This fails in practice because humans turn out to be pretty arbitrary (随意的) about their tipping behavior.”和“All of this doesn't encourage waiters and waitresses to do anything but turn over as many tables as possible.”可知给服务员小费有一个阶级歧视的感觉，由于人类的随意性并不能达到预期效果，起不到鼓励服务员的作用。这些都会扰乱饭店的管理，故选A。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Rather, Union Square Hospitality Group means to raise menu prices enough to fully cover the cost of a meal.”可知Union Square Hospitality Group

打算提高菜单价格，这样顾客就会为饭菜多支付钱，故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“Danny Meyer, …… has announced that he plans to gradually stop tipping at the company's 13 restaurants.”点明了本文主要内容，下文介绍了给小费的不良影响及Danny Meyer这一举动的意义。本文是围绕禁止给小费这一事件写的，Restaurants' getting rid of tipping适合作为标题，故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

12．阅读理解

Throughout the country there are festivals and special events celebrating winter at its fullest, including hockey and dog sled races, skating events and whatever season-inspired activity draws in the crowds.

Rossland Winter Carnival late January

Rossland, British Columbia (BC)

Recognized as canada's longest-running winter carnival (狂欢), the Rossland Winter Carnival has been a popular event for over 116 years. Popular parts of this event include snow volleyball, a parade, and a kid's carnival.

Ice On Whyte Festival early January to early February

Edmonton, Alberta (AB)

A popular event for more than decade,the Ice on Whyte Festival in Edmonton, is one of the top

10 events and festivals in Edmonton, Alberta. The festival features a wealth of ice carvings and creations along with 10 days of festival fun-from a giant ice slide, games, and ice carving lessons to live music, fashion, food, and culturally themed days and even a marketplace.

Fete des Neiges de Montreal mid January to early February

Montreal, Quebec (QC)

Celebrating more than 30 years as a popular winter event, it offers all sorts of fun involving everything from snow to ice on three nonstop weekends at the beginning of the year. Highlights include 15 snow slopes for breathtaking tube sliding, dog sledding, and even addictive dancing at the disco-themed La Bouletheque.

Winterpride end January to early Februar Whistler,

British Columbia (BC)

The 26th Whistler Pride will be filled with celebration of annual events with adventurous winter activities including ski and snowboard touring, snowmobile trips, and snowshoe adventures, dog-sledding through the Callahan Valley,and back-country ventures, as well as featuring nightlife highlights of drag shows, as well as wine-tastings, fine dining and even comedy shows.

（1）Where will you go if you like art works from ice?

A. Whistler. British Columbia.

B. Montreal, Quebec.

C. Edmonton. Alberta.

D. Rossland. British Columbia.

（2）What is the feature of the event in Montreal?

A. It provides kinds of activities on ice or snow.

B. It takes place three weeks at the start of a

year.

C. It offers dog sledding to tourists for nothing.

D. It lasts the longest time of all the events.（3）Which will be chosen for a person who like wine?

A. Rossland Winter Carnival

B. Ice On Whyte Festival

C. Fete des Neiges de Montreal

D. WinterPride

【答案】（1）C

（2）A

（3）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了加拿大的一些城市在冬季给人们提供的娱乐活动。

(1)考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“ The festival features a wealth of Ice carvings and creations along with10 days of festival fun..”，故选C。

(2)考查细节理解。依据第四段中的“... it offers all sorts of fun involving everything from snow to ice on three nonstop weekends...”可知这活动提供连续三周的冰上或雪上的活动，故选A。

(3)考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“... as well as wine-tastings,fine dining...”可知，参加WinterPride可以品尝到葡萄酒，故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，结合题目要求，选出正确答案。

13．阅读理解

TEENSGIVING is an exciting yearly event where hundreds of New York City teens gather together annually for a remarkable day of community service. This year, TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2016 participants will once again better New York City and influence thousands of lives!

When is TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2016?

Sunday, April 20, 2016

Where is TEENSGIVING?

All over New York City. Everyone will meet at the 92nd Street Y ( 92nd and Lexington ) at 9:00 AM for the event kick-off. Then, all TEENSGIVING volunteers will go across the city to work with our partnering agencies where they will make a HUGE difference and have fun!

Who participates in TEENSGIVING?

Hundreds of teenagers from around the city. Teens come from the 92nd Street Y, various city schools, youth groups, and organizations in the area. In addition, many adult volunteers ( aged 21 and older) will donate their time to TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2016.

What projects do participants do at the agencies?

Sample projects include painting park benches, planting gardens, visiting and playing with poor and disabled children, assisting at animal shelters, working at soup kitchens, delivering meals and celebrating with families at homeless shelters.

Do I get anything for participating in TEENSGIV1NG?

Yes! Every body benefits! Teen volunteers will receive “6 hours” of community service credit, good towards honor society, high school graduation and college application requirements. Adult