Topdown例题
bottom up and top down教学法
bottom up and top down教学法
底向上教学法（bottom-up approach）是一种从具体事物出发，逐步递进地进行学习和教学的方法。
在这种方法中，学习者首先掌握基础的知识和技能，然后逐步建立对更复杂、抽象概念的理解和应用能力。
底向上教学法注重细节和具体情境的学习，强调学习的扎实和逐渐拓展知识结构。
顶向下教学法（top-down approach）则是一种从整体到部分的
学习和教学方法。
在这种方法中，学习者从整体上先了解一些关键概念和概况，然后逐步深入学习和理解细节和具体内容。
顶向下教学法强调整体把握和整体理解，以概念导向和问题解决为核心，注重学习者的理解和应用能力的培养。
底向上和顶向下教学法是两种不同的教学方法，它们在学习和教学的重点和逻辑上存在一定的差异。
底向上教学法注重基础知识的扎实和逐步递进的学习，适合于学习者初步接触某一领域时的学习；而顶向下教学法则注重概念和整体理解，适合于学习者已有一定知识基础后进一步深入学习和应用的阶段。
在实际教学中，教师可以根据学习者的背景和学习目标选择合适的教学方法，或者结合两种方法的元素进行综合教学。
无论是底向上还是顶向下教学法，关键是要根据学习者的需求和情境，合理选择教学策略，促进他们的学习效果和能力发展。
托福TPO33听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO33听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO33听力Conversation1文本 Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and a university employee. Student: Hi. I am a little lost. Um, is this the housing maintenance office? Employee: You found it. How can I help you? Student: Oh, good. I have a quick question. Are we allowed to keep electric heaters in our rooms? Employee: Actually, you are not. What’s going on? Your room cold? Student: It’s freezing in my room. I think the heat went out or something. Employee: Are you sure it’s out? Maybe it just got turned out too far. Student: Oh, no. I tried adjusting the, uh, the heat control, but it doesn’t make any difference. It’s so cold in my bedroom I can’t sleep at night. I’ve actually been sleeping on the sofa in the front room. The heat still works in there. Actually, we get hot air in all the bedrooms except ours. Employee: Wow! Do you have a roommate? Student: Yeah. But she said she isn’t bothered by the cold. But on the sofa, I am kept up by the noise out in the hall. The dorms can sometimes get pretty noisy. So what can be done about it? Employee: Well, OK. There’s a couple of things we can do. I can have a custodian take a look at it and see if he can do something. Student: Actually, I asked the custodian yesterday to take a look. But he said he couldn’t find anything wrong. He said that some of the other rooms have lost heat also and that if we’d come here you guys would fix it. Employee: Oh, he did? That’s weird, because I would have…well, the custodians themselves are usually supposed to report any problems right away. OK. In that case, then what you need to do is…here, fill out this form. Student: I have to fill out a form? Employee: Yeah, but at least that’ll put your heater problem in a work order for the maintenance crew and they’ll get to you as soon as possible. Just so you know, because it’s not winter yet and it’s not as cold as it could be, it may take a few days for a maintenance crew to get to you. Student: A few days? I can’t even sleep in my own room! Can’t we just get an electric heater? Employee: I am sorry. But students just aren’t allowed. OK. I can see that this is a problem, and not just with your room. So if you can get the form back to me this afternoon, I’ll try to get a maintenance crew to look at your problem by tomorrow. How’s that? Student: Oh, that would be great. Seriously. I have to take off now. But when I fill this form out, I give it to you, right? Employee: Right. And if I am not here, just put it in my box and I’ll get it. 托福TPO33听力Conversation1题目 1.Why does the woman go to see the man? A. To ask about a university policy regarding dorm room. B. To report excessive noise in her room. C. To report that room temperatures are too high in her room. D. To inquire about the status of a request she had made for a repair 2.How has the woman been dealing with her problem? A. By using an electric heater. B. By staying in a different building. C. By sleeping in another room in her building. D. By exchanging rooms with a friend. 3.What does the man imply about the custodian? A. The custodian is not usually responsible for making repairs. B. The custodian did not follow correct procedures. C. The custodian needs permission before making repairs. D. The custodian had reported the problem earlier. 4.Why does the man mention winter? A. To suggest that an electric heater is not yet necessary. B. To show that he understands the woman’s frustration. C. To encourage the woman to move to another room. D. To explain why it may take time to fix the woman’s problem. 5.What will the man do to help the woman? A. He will fill out a maintenance request form for her. B. He will send a maintenance team to her room soon. C. He will order a new heater for her room right away. D. He will allow her to change room temporarily. 托福TPO33听力Conversation1答案解析 Q1题目解析： 正确答案：A Woman: I have a quick question. Are we allowed to keep electric heaters in our rooms?这句话表示女学生来的目的就是问能否在房间里有电暖气。
人教版八年级英语上册例题讲解Unit5Doyouwanttowatchagamek
Unit 5Do you want to watch a game show?Section B & Self CheckSection B 2bWhen people say “c ulture”，we think of art and history.①But one very famous symbol in American culture is a cartoon.We all know and love the black mouse with two large round ears—Mickey Mouse.②Over 80 years ago，he first appeared in the cartoon Steamboat Willie.③When this cartoon came out in New York on November 18,1928，it was the first cartoon with sound and music.The man behind Mickey was Walt Disney.④He became very rich and successful.In the 1930s，he made 87 cartoons with Mickey.Some people might ask how this cartoon animal became so popular.One of the main r easons is that Mickey was like a common man，but he always tried to face any danger.⑤In his early films，Mickey was unlucky and had many problems such as losing his house or girlfriend，Minnie.⑥However，he was always ready to try his best.People went to the cinema to see the “little man” win.Most of them wanted to be like Mickey.On November 18,1978，Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.Peo ple today expect to see more than just a little mouse fighting bad guys，but many still know who he is.Who has a pair of ears more famous than Mickey's？, 当人们说“文化”时，我们会想到艺术和历史。
郑州市八年级英语上册Unit2Howoftendoyouexercise典型例题
郑州市八年级英语上册Unit2Howoftendoyouexercise典型例题单选题1、David is crazy about Chinese history. He _______ visits the museums first wherever he travels in China. A．neverB．seldomC．sometimesD．always答案：D句意：David对中国历史很着迷。
无论他在中国哪里旅行，他总是先参观博物馆。
考查副词辨析。
never从不；seldom很少；sometimes有时；always总是。
根据David is crazy about Chinese history. David对中国历史很着迷，可知他无论在中国哪里旅行，应该总是先参观博物馆，所以always符合题意，其它选项均语意不通，故答案选D。
2、Your new coat is_________ mine. Mine is red but yours is green.A．strict withB．worried aboutC．similar toD．different from答案：D句意：你的新大衣和我的不一样，我的是红色的，你的是绿色的。
be strict with对某人要求严格；be worried about担心…；be similar to与…相似；be different from和…不同。
根据句意Mine is red but yours is green.可知，两个人的大衣是不一样的，故应选D。
3、You must look left and right before you walk ________ the street.A．throughB．onC．acrossD．along答案：C句意：过马路前你必须左右看看。
考查介词辨析。
through通过；on在……上；across横过，穿过；along沿着。
Top-Down Design
Top-Down Design 何谓Top-Down Design?•它是一种设计的方式由最顶层的产品结构传递设计规范到所有相关次系统的一种设计方式•它是一种管理的工具能在整个设计过程中掌控相关性与衍生的改变能有效的管理外部参考它提供了以下问题的答案:"我如何..."•掌控概念设计的结果•传递进行同步设计工程所须资料与相关设计工作•控制关键的设计资料•当设计变更时控制我的设计资料已更新•使用我的硬设备进行非常复杂的设计Top-Down Design 提供以下功能:•产品结构定义与运用的工具•在次系统与组装阶层攫取设计意念的工具•管理设计规范沟通与整合设计意念的工具•管理内部零件之间的关连性使得工程资料的再利用变得更容易为何要使用Top-Down Design•管理与组织设计意念完整的掌控与传递设计意念更佳的管理与运用避免在建构时不适当的参考关系•弹性化设计更容易与精确的测试造成的改变•资料共享确定共享设计与信息设定的一致性•效率更快的传达改变设变时需要较少时间,金钱与资源•运动控制确立运动的范围与检查干涉Top-Down Design的六个阶段:Top-Down Design的六个阶段: 1. 概念设计(设定设计规范)Conceptual Engineering2. 设定初步的产品架构Define Preliminary Product Structure3. 攫取设计意念(骨架)Capture Design Intent (Skeletons)4. 管理关连性Manage Interdependencies5. 相关设计意念沟通与传递Associative Communication of Design Intent1. 概念设计(设定设计规范)•了解目前的状况空间配置重要的需求•定义新的空间与运动2D草图3D模型仿真快速重复与累积•攫取关键的设计意念记录窗体所有人的资料概念设计现有应用软件输出资料产品结构概念模型工程经验既有影像资料设计需求与规范表格化设计资料 概念设计应用实例概念草图 模型 现有2D,3D 资料 窗体2. 设定初步的产品架构目的:•快速定义产品结构阶层- 在任何组件几何定义之前•直觉式的自动对应起始档案- 确保所有的设计使用相同的必要设定~层名,视角等•弹性与关连的BOM数据•后续工作传递的基础内容:•建立起始的产品结构组装建构环境(Pro/E与模型树弹出选单,Pro/INTRALINK与Pro/PDM)•组件建立方式空的组件,复制起始件,自动以内定基准组装,以现有组装组件为基础,未定位的组件•部分和过度拘束的组件3. 攫取设计意念(骨架)内容:•攫取组装架构的概念设计参数•在单纯与方便的位置取得并控制关键对象的界面•取得并控制多个设计变量•执行三度空间的包装体积与空间需求研究骨架模型•骨架模型是组装设计者的工作台•组装件的3D参数与特征式配置模型•永远是组装件中的第一个组件•可在不同的设计中被使用•可在一个组装件中使用多个骨架•可以包含家族表,可在BOM,简化表示,图面与模型树作特殊处理•独特的关连参考过滤条件•可设定为只能参考骨架•传递时可被过滤•支持BOM,质量性质计算,简化表示,图面与模型树•自动以组装件档名附加方式命名为何使用骨架模型•集中沟通的路线- 传递与保留设计规范与意念,较容易研究,区分与避免问题•使工作分配较容易- 设计变得更可携带与自足•提升良好组织过的设计环境- 真正掌控组装变量•能更快速有效的传递设变- 在正确的时间提供正确的信息骨架建立工具•建成如各别零件- 只包括需要的曲面与基准参考•建成如各别零件- 包括能表现整个组装件的内容•直接组装到现有组装中- 会自动排序到任何实体组件之前4. 管理关连性外部参考•在设计过程中产生与现在设计模型外零件与组装件的关连•快速作大型组装设计时产生的复杂关连需要被管理与组织为何外部的参考很重要•完全扩展参数关连设计的威力与弹性•能更有效率的管理相关连或不相关连对象之间的资料交换•控制能重复使用资料的使用量•确保整个设计意念配置的一致性在Pro/ENGINEER可使用的工具•参考对象控制(Reference Scope Control)•参照检视器(Global Reference Viewer)•参照图形显示(Reference Graph)•模型树(Model Tree)•Pro/PDM and Pro/INTRALINK - 提供更高层次的数据管理功能并在几何建立前先设好关连o确定Top-Down Design的设计方式是否被遵循o将设计管理规则直接合并到设计中o设定是否可被选择o可参考对象的处理方式o确定设计资料再使用的适当性o显示图标可得知所选组件的状态o可作总体性设定(config.pro)或设定在组装层次(模型树)参照检视器(Global Reference Viewer)o可作各组件细部的设计关连检查o了解当设计变更时会如何影响整个设计o检查出参考的种类(外部参考...)o可在树状结构显示方式中检视父子关系参照图形显示(Reference Graph)o容易了解复杂的相互关系o可设定显示的方式模型树(Model Tree)o进行设计时的信息中心o可设定显示资料让重要资料更容易检示5. 相关设计意念沟通与传递帮助设计者快速且容易的将设计规范与意念传达到所有相关次阶层并能及时的更新相关资料在Pro/ENGINEER可使用的工具•骨架模型•复制/发布几何(Copy/Publish)•封包特征( Shrinkwrap)复制几何特征(Copy Geometry Features)•可复制各种类的几何(曲面,边界线,曲线,基准,曲面组,复制/发布几何)•维持被复制几何的名称与层的设定)•可随时切换与被复制几何的关连外部复制几何特征(External Copy Geometry)•建立组装件与外部模型的关连•对使用坐标系统组装练习有帮助发布几何特征(Publish Geometry Features)•预先分类将被复制参考的几何•改善设计团队的沟通•容许设计者设定与其它成员的共享参考具关连性的封包特征•选项位置# Feature# Create# Data Sharing•可设成类似复制几何特征的内部(特征)或外部(组件)使用方式•内部封包- 当被制作封包的几何改变时会随之更新•外部封包- 制作成独立的零件文件供参考,是理想的简化处理方式封包特征何时会更新•内部封包- 参考曲面改变时,组装件重新运算时,使用者点选更新封包时,需要重新检视封包时,加入新的内容时•外部封包- 当此封包与参考的对象同时存在内存中时沟通相关设计意念的好处•改善产品结构中工作的传递- 依设定好的路线,使得资料的传递变得容易•简化工作环境的复杂性- 容易管理可减少问题发生•阶层化的相关信息- 次组装与零件只包含所需要的资料, 避免不需要的参考与关连•提升既存设计资料重复使用的相关性- 共同讯息与资料能重复使用避免无谓的新件6. 进行组装设计进行组装设计的工具•先建立组件再组装方式(自动的拘束条件方式动态拖曳拘束条件自动抓取)•直接在组装件建立组件(骨架模型,零件或组装件,镜射组装)•机构运动仿真(Mechanism)建立组件•建立个别零件•在组装件建立组件- 组件建立时与组件自动产生关连- 提供可选择种类与副种类- 可控制建立的方式(从既有模型复制,无几何的空对象,定位基准面,立刻直接建构几何) - 提供不放置定位选项镜射次组立特性•节省个别镜射组件与手动建立新镜像组立的需求•内定位置及几何与原来被镜像者保持关连•可从新定义位置以打破关连性•可以排除对称零件Mechanisms•提供设计机构运动的仿真•动态拖曳机构•设定的连接与固定件可直接在Pro/MECHANICA使用。
【初中英语】七年级英语完形填空考点+例题-全面解析精品资料
【初中英语】七年级英语完形填空考点+例题-全面解析精品资料一、七年级英语完形填空1．完形填空“Come here, boys and girls! Story time,” says Ms Lee to the class.Great! The children love 1 very much. They all sit around Ms Lee, and she 2 the story. Then, FatherChristmas （圣诞老人） comes.“Excuse me, is Aaron in the 3 ?” he asks.Everyone looks at Aaron. He walks up to Father Christmas and says, “I'm Aaron. Do I4 you?”“Get the beard （胡须）off my face, and you will know me.”Aaron is very curious （好奇的）, 5 he gets the beard off Father Christmas' face.6 does he see? His father!Aaron's father is a soldier （士兵）. He 7 goes back home. This year he has a long holiday. He can 8 with his family. It's great. He dresses up 9 Father Christmas and comes to Aaron's school.Aaron is 10 to see his father. It's a great Christmas present for him.1. A. shows B. tricks C. films D. stories2. A. writes B. starts C. talks D. seems3. A. world B. museum C. classroom D. building4. A. know B. see C. hear D. find5. A. so B. because C. but D. if6. A. What B. Who C. When D. Where7. A. seldom B. always C. usually D. often8. A. get ready B. find out C. let off D. get together9. A. with B. to C. as D. for10. A. angry B. sad C. sorry D. glad【答案】（1）D；（2）B；（3）C；（4）A；（5）A；（6）B；（7）A；（8）D；（9）C；（10）D；【解析】【分析】短文大意：亚伦的爸爸是一名军人，平时很少回家。
最新七年级英语下册阅读理解点+例题_全面解析
最新七年级英语下册阅读理解点+例题_全面解析一、七年级英语下册阅读理解专项目练习（含答案解析）1．根据材料内容，选择正确答案。
AOn a Quiet Night---------- Tang Li BaiI saw the moonlight before my couchAnd wonder if it were not the frost on the groundI raised my head and looked out on the mountain moonI bowed my head and thought of my far-off homeBHomesickness-------------by Yu GuangzhongIn my childhoodHomesickness was a small stampI was hereAnd my mother was over thereWhen I grew upHomesickness was a narrow ship-ticketI was hereAnd my bride was over thereAnd thenHomesickness wasWith me outsideAnd my mother insideBut nowHomesickness is a shallow straitI am on this sideAnd the mainland is on the other side（1）Poem A was written by in Dynasty.A. Du Fu; TangB. Bai Juyi; TangC. Li Bai; TangD. Sushi; Song （2）Choose the best phrase to fill in the blank.A. a big rockB. a huge mountainC. a small tombD. a long river （3）What's the theme of the two poems?A. Missing hometown.B. Talking about friendship.C. Missing mother.D. Talking about city.【答案】（1）C（2）B（3）A【解析】【分析】1.第二行Tang Li Bai唐，李白。
where,from where引导的定语从句经典总结
3. we’re just trying to reach a point ___ both sides will sit down together and talk. （2006山东卷） A. where B. that C. when D. which DDA
4. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ___ sight matters more than hearing. （2007天卷 A. when B. whose C. which D. where D. where。 5. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes ___ people were eaten by the tiger. （2005广东卷） A. in which B. by which C. which D. that A. in which。 6. I’ll give you my friend’s home address, ___ I can be reached most evenings. （2008北京卷) A. which B. when C. whom D. where D. where。
where 引导的定语从句
一、where定语从句修饰抽象名词point You reach a point where medicine can’t help. 你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。
We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。 注：有时point也可以是具体的地点： Let the point where AB cuts CD be called E. 设AB线与CD线的相交点为E。 The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1. 事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口。
top-down and bottom-up process
关于二语习得的几个问题1. How do you teach grammar? How important is grammar in language learning?I used to teach grammar using a grammar book, teaching rules first and then asking the students to practice some exercises, the final step is to check the answers, discuss with them and explain the reasons.Grammar is important because it is the language that makes it possible for us to talk about language. Grammar names the types of words and word groups that make up sentences not only in English but in any language. As human beings, we can put sentences together even as children--we can all do grammar. But to be able to talk about how sentences are built, about the types of words and word groups that make up sentences--that knows about grammar. And knowing about grammar offers a window into the human mind and into our amazingly complex mental capacity.2. What aspects of pronunciation do you consider are most teachable? Do you think imitation and correction are the only way to teach pronunciation and intonation?The aspects of pronunciation including individual sounds, word stress, connected speech, intonation, phonetic symbols, rules, and rhythm. I think the most teachable ones are the followings: the sounds of the language, stress and rhythm, and intonation.I think except imitation and correction, there are some other ways to teach pronunciation and intonation:a. Utilization of known soundsb. Explanation: Explanation of how to produce sounds or use pronunciation patterns appropriately should be kept to a minimum through directions about what to do with the vocal organs can help some young and adult EFL learners in some circumstances.c. Communication activitiesd. Tutorial sessions and self-studye. play games and use music to enhance the impression3. Can you give examples of top-down and bottom-up process in listening comprehension?Example one:“Over lunch, your friend tells you a story about a recent holiday, which was a disaster. You listen with interest and interject at appropriate moments, maybe to express s urprise or sympathy.”With the holiday anecdote, your main concern was probably understanding the general idea and knowing when some response was expected. The way you listened to the holiday anecdote could be characterized as top-down listening.Example two:“That evening, another friend calls to invite you to a party at her house the following Saturday. As you’ve never been to her house before, she gives you directions. You listen carefully and make notes.”W hen listening to directions to a friend’s hous e, comprehension is achieved by dividing and decoding the sound signal bit by bit. The ability to separate the stream of speech into individual words becomes more important here, if we are to recognize, for example, the name of a street or an instruction to take a particular bus. In this situation, we rely more on bottom-up processing.4. Which learning strategies here you employed yourself? Which would you recommend to students?According to Oxford's (1990) Classification of Language Learning Strategies, there are two main classes: Direct Learning Strategy and Indirect Learning Strategy.Direct strategies:I. MemoryA. Creating mental linkagesB. Applying images and soundsC. Reviewing wellD. Employing actionII.CognitiveA. PracticingB. Receiving and sending messages strategiesC. Analyzing and reasoningD. Creating structure for input and outputIII. Compensation strategiesA. Guessing intelligentlyB. Overcoming limitations in speaking and writingIndirect strategies:I. Metacognitive StrategiesA. Centering your learningB. Arranging and planning your learningC. Evaluating your learningII. Affective StrategiesA. Lowering your anxietyB. Encouraging yourselfC. Taking your emotional temperatureIII. Social StrategiesA. Asking questionsB. Cooperating with othersC. Empathizing with othersI usually use direct strategies, especially memory and cognitive strategies when I am learning language. And I recommend the students to combinememory strategies, metacognitive strategies, and affective strategies together to learn foreign languages. Because I think students should have a learning plan first, and then use memory and practice remember what he have learned. During the process, the students maybe feel depressed when he comes across some difficulties, then he should use affective strategies to encourage himself. At last, the students should know how to use metacognitive strategies to evaluate his learning. That’s why I recommend the students to combine memory strategies, metacognitive strategies, and affective strategies together to study.。
任务型阅读经典例题 百度文库
一、高中英语任务型阅读1．任务型阅读Green is not always referring to the color. In some cases, it is the term used for being environmentally friendly. If you've been looking to replace your furniture, consider going green because environmentally friendly furniture offers many benefits. Here are a few tips to get you started on your hunt for the perfect eco-friendly furniture.First, environmentally friendly furniture isn't harmful to your health. Also its manufacturing process doesn't cause damage to the environment in any way. Besides, by purchasing eco-friendly products, you prevent deforestation and global warming to some extent in your own way. You do your part in protecting the environment. Environmentally friendly furniture is cost-effective as well.The materials that are used in furniture are what make them green. Materials can be good for the environment either because they are materials that are considered renewable resources or they are all natural. A lack of chemicals and toxins (毒素) in green furniture also means it is a better choice for the environment. It may be hard to imagine that a sofa or a table could actually be a green product but they really can be depending on what they're made of.There are a lot of renewable sources that manufacturers could use when building the furniture, so you should be keeping an eye out for them. Bamboo can be an excellent replacement for wood and can also replace plastics and metals in some furnishing. Cotton is a sofa fabric that is safe for the environment and it can be replenished (补充) often. Hemp is also a renewable source that can be used for fabric and twine.Recycled materials also can be made into green furniture. Metals can be recovered and remade into new things such as frames and foundations for sofas. Recycled plastic can also be made into furniture such as tables and chairs. Touching up old furniture instead of buying new items is very cheap way to be green. Yard sales and second-hand stores sell furniture too and buying the used means new things won't be made, so no more damage has to happen to the earth.Therefore, when you want to hunt for the perfect environmentally friendly furniture, you should try to know the type of materials which are used in building the furniture.reused/recycled/used；like；second-hand/used/old；better/necessary/important/vital/essential【解析】【分析】如果你想换家俱，可以考虑选择绿色环保家俱，本文主要介绍了环保家俱的优势以及这种家俱材料的选择等有关事宜。