环境科学与工程毕业设计英文译文
环境工程专业英语翻译(1)
环境工程专业英语翻译(1)环境工程专业英语翻译(1)Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。
这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able to quantify them 理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex interactions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。
环境科学专业英语单词句子翻译
1.在中国，由于鉴别体系及地区的差异，使得危险性固体废物的管理比较混乱。
危险性废物污染相对于常规生活垃圾已经越来越引起人们的重视。
Because of the difference of identification system and region，the management of hazardous solid waste in China are in chaos. Compared to normal live waste, hazardous solid waste has aroused people’s more and more attention..2.目前我国酸雨正在呈现急剧蔓延的趋势，是继欧洲，北美之后世界第三大酸雨区。
The acid rain in China is showing a tendency to spread raptly; China has became the third largest acid rain area next to europe and north america.3.酸雨的危害是多方面的，包括对人体健康，生态系统的和建筑设施都有直接或间接的危害。
The damage of acid rain is multiaspect, including the direct and indirect damage to human health, ecosystem and building facilities.4.酸雨可以使农作物大幅减产，对森林植物危害较大，常使得森林植物树叶枯黄，病虫害加剧，最终导致大面积死亡。
Crop yield can be decreased greatly by acid rain. It also does a great harm to forest plants which often lead leaves scorch and serious pest eventually cause plants die in large area.5.早在2000多年以前，我们的祖先已经提出环境保护的概念，直到1970年，环境保护被纳入我国的基本国策。
环境工程专业英语翻译()
环境工程专业英语翻译()————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。
这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able to quantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex interactionsbetween human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which arenot de alt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。
环境工程专业英语翻译()
环境工程专业英语翻译()————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。
这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able to quantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex interactionsbetween human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which arenot de alt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。
环境工程专业英语复习资料英翻中
Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。
System，according to webster’s dictionary，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，irrigation system，supply system，the world or universe”.系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物;比如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙”。
Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化，。
Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process.资源减量化：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。
建筑环境与设备工程(暖通)毕业设计外文翻译
南京工程学院Nanjing Institute Of Technology毕业设计英文资料翻译The Translation Of The English Material Of Graduation Design学生姓名：学号： 000000000Name: Number: 000000000班级：K暖通091Class: K-Nuantong 091所在学院：康尼学院College:Kangni College专业：建筑环境与设备工程Profession: Building Environment and Equipment Engineering指导教师：Tutor:2013年02月25日英文：Thermal comfort in the future - Excellence andexpectationP. Ole Fanger and Jørn ToftumInternational Centre for Indoor Environment andEnergy Technical University of DenmarkAbstractThis paper predicts some trends foreseen in the new century as regards the indoor environment and thermal comfort. One trend discussed is the search for excellence, upgrading present standards that aim merely at an “acceptable” condition with a substantial number of dissatisfied. An important element in this connection is individual thermal control. A second trend is to acknowledge that elevated air temperature and humidity have a strong negative impact on perceived air quality and ventilation requirements. Future thermal comfort and IAQ standards should include these relationships as a basis for design. The PMV model has been validated in the field in buildings with HVAC systems that were situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and were studied during both summer and winter. In non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates occupants may sense the warmth as being less severe than the PMV predicts, due to low expectations. An extension of the PMV model that includes an expectancy factor is proposed for use in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. The extended PMV model agrees well with field studies in non-air-conditioned buildings of three continents.Keywords: PMV, Thermal sensation, Individual control, Air quality, AdaptationA Search for ExcellencePresent thermal comfort standards (CEN ISO 7730, ASHRAE 55) acknowledge that there are considerable individual differences between people’s thermal sensation and their discomfort caused by local effects, i.e. by air movement. In a collective indoor climate, the standards prescribe a compromise that allows for a significant number of people feeling too warm or too cool. They also allow for air velocities that will be felt as a draught by a substantial percentage of the occupants.In the future this will in many cases be considered as insufficient. There will be a demand for systems that allow all persons in a space to feel comfortable. The obvious way to achieve this is to move from the collective climate to the individually controlled local climate. In offices, individual thermal control of each workplace will be common. The system should allow for individual control of the general thermal sensation without causing any draught or other local discomfort.A search for excellence involves providing all persons in a space with the means to feel thermally comfortable without compromise. Thermal Comfort and IAQ Present standards treat thermal comfort and indoor air quality separately, indicating that they are independent of each other. Recent research documents that this is not true . The air temperature and humidity combined in the enthalpy have a strong impact on perceived air quality, and perceived air quality determines the required ventilation in ventilation standards. Research has shown that dry and cool air is perceived as being fresh and pleasant while the same composition of air at an elevated temperature and humidity is perceived as stale and stuffy. During inhalation it is the convective and evaporative cooling of the mucous membrane in the nose that is essential for the fresh and pleasant sensation. Warm and humid air is perceived as being stale and stuffy due to the lack of nasal cooling. This may be interpreted as a local warm discomfort in the nasal cavity. The PMV model is the basis for existing thermal comfort standards. It is quite flexible and allows for the determination of a wide range of air temperatures and humidities that result in thermal neutrality for the body as a whole. But the inhaled air would be perceived as being very different within this wide range of air temperatures and humidities. An example: light clothing and an elevated air velocity or cooled ceiling, an air temperature of 28ºC and a relative humidity of 60% may givePMV=0, but the air quality would be perceived as stale and stuffy. A simultaneous request for high perceived air quality would require an air temperature of 20-22ºC and a modest air humidity. Moderate air temperature and humidity decrease also SBS symptoms and the ventilation requirement, thus saving energy during the heating season. And even with air-conditioning it may be beneficial and save energy during the cooling season. PMV model and the adaptive modelThe PMV model is based on extensive American and European experiments involving over a thousand subjects exposed to well-controlled environments. The studies showed that the thermal sensation is closely related to the thermal load on the effector mechanisms of the human thermoregulatory system. The PMV model predicts the thermal sensation as a function of activity, clothing and the four classical thermal environmental parameters. The advantage of this is that it is a flexible tool that includes all the major variables influencing thermal sensation. It quantifies the absolute and relative impact of these six factors and can therefore be used in indoor environments with widely differing HVAC systems as well as for different activities and different clothing habits. The PMV model has been validated in climate chamber studies in Asia as well as in the field, most recently in ASHRAE’s worldwide research in buildings with HVAC systems that were situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and were studied during both summer and winter. The PMV is developed for steady-state conditions but it has been shown to apply with good approximation at the relatively slow fluctuations of the environmental parameters typically occurring indoors. Immediately after an upward step-wise change of temperature, the PMV model predicts well the thermal sensation, while it takes around 20 min at temperature down-steps .Field studies in warm climates in buildings without air-conditioning have shown, however, that the PMV model predicts a warmer thermal sensation than the occupants actually feel. For such non-air-conditioned buildings an adaptive model has been proposed. This model is a regression equation that relates the neutral temperature indoors to the monthly average temperature outdoors. The only variable is thus the average outdoor temperature, which at its highest may have an indirect impact on the human heat balance. An obvious weakness of the adaptive model is that it does not include human clothing or activity or the four classical thermal parameters that have a well-known impact on the human heat balance and therefore on the thermal sensation. Although the adaptive model predicts the thermal sensation quite well for non-air-conditioned buildings of the 1900’s located in warm parts of the world, the question remains as to how well it would suit buildings of new types in the future where the occupants have a different clothing behaviour and a different activity pattern.Why then does the PMV model seem to overestimate the sensation of warmth in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates? There is general agreement that physiological acclimatization does not play a role. One suggested explanation is that openable windows in naturally ventilated buildings should provide a higher level of personal control than in air-conditioned buildings. We do not believe that this is true in warm climates. Although an openable window sometimes may provide some control of air temperature and air movement, this applies only to the persons who work close to a window. What happens to persons in the office who work far away from the window? We believe that in warm climates air-conditioning with proper thermostatic control in each space provides a better perceived control than openable windows. Another factor suggested as an explanation to the difference is theexpectations of the occupants. We think this is the right factor to explain why the PMV overestimates the thermalsensation of occupants in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. These occupants are typically people who have been living in warm environments indoors and outdoors, maybe even through generations. They may believe that it is their “destiny” to live in environments where they feel warmer than neutral. This may be expressed by an expectancy factor, e. The factor e may vary between 1 and 0.5. It is 1 for air-conditioned buildings. For non-air-conditioned buildings, the expectancy factor is assumed to depend on the duration of the warm weather over the year and whether such buildings can be compared with many others in the region that are air-conditioned. If the weather is warm all year or most of the year and there are no or few other air-conditionedbuildings, e may be 0.5, while it may be 0.7 if there are many other buildings with air-conditioning. For non-air-conditioned buildings in regions where the weather is warm only during the summer and no or few buildings have air-conditioning, the expectancy factor may be 0.7 to 0.8, while it may be 0.8 to 0.9 where there are many air-conditioned buildings. In regions with only brief periods of warm weather during the summer, the expectancy factor may be 0.9 to 1. Table 1 proposes a first rough estimation of ranges for the expectancy factor corresponding to high, moderate and low degrees of expectation.Table 1. Expectancy factors for non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.A second factor that contributes to the difference between the PMV and actual thermal sensation in non-air-conditioned buildings is the estimated activity. In many field studies in offices, the metabolic rate is estimated on the basis of a questionnaire identifying the percentage of time the person was sedentary, standing, or walking. This mechanistic approach does not acknowledge the fact that people, when feeling warm, unconsciously tend to slow down their activity. They adapt to the warm environment by decreasing their metabolic rate. The lower pace in warm environments should be acknowledged by inserting a reduced metabolic rate when calculating the PMV.To examine these hypotheses further, data were downloaded from the database of thermal comfort field experiments. Only quality class II data obtained in non-air-conditioned buildings during the summer period in warm climates were used in the analysis. Data from four cities (Bangkok, Brisbane, Athens, and Singapore) were included, representing a total of more than 3200 sets of observations . The data from these four cities with warm climates were also used for the development of the adaptive model.For each set of observations, recorded metabolic rates were reduced by 6.7% for every scale unit of PMV above neutral, i.e. a PMV of 1.5 corresponded to a reduction in the metabolic rate of 10%. Next, the PMV was recalculated with reduced metabolic rates using ASHRAE’s thermal comfort tool . The resulting PMV values were then adjusted for expectation by multiplication with expectancy factors estimated to be 0.9 for Brisbane, 0.7 for Athens and Singapore and 0.6 for Bangkok. As an average for each building included in the field studies, Figure 1 and Table 2 compare the observed thermal sensation with predictions using the new extended PMV model for warm climates.Comparison of observed mean thermal sensation with predictions made using the new extension of the PMV model for non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. The lines are based on linear regression analysis weighted according to the number of responses obtained in each building.Table 2. Non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.Comparison of observed thermal sensation votes and predictions made using the new extension of the PMV model.The new extension of the PMV model for non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates predicts the actual votes well. The extension combines the best of the PMV and the adaptive model. It acknowledges the importance of expectations already accounted for by the adaptive model, while maintaining the PMV model’s classical thermal parameters that have direct impact on the human heat balance. It should also be noted that the new PMV extension predicts a higher upper temperature limit when the expectancy factor is low. People with low expectations are ready to accept a warmer indoor environment. This agrees well with the observations behind the adaptive model.Further analysis would be useful to refine the extension of the PMV model, and additional studies in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates in different parts of the world would be useful to further clarify expectation and acceptability among occupants. It would also be useful to study the impact of warm office environments on work pace and metabolic rate.ConclusionsThe PMV model has been validated in the field in buildings with HVAC systems, situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and studied during both summer and winter. In non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates, occupants may perceive the warmth as being less severe than the PMV predicts, due to low expectations. An extension of the PMV model that includes an expectancy factor is proposed for use in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.The extended PMV model agrees well with field studies in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates of three continents.Thermal comfort and air quality in a building should be considered simultaneously. A high perceived air quality requires moderate air temperature and humidity. AcknowledgementFinancial support for this study from the Danish Technical research Council is gratefully acknowledged. ReferencesAndersson, L.O., Frisk, P., Löfstedt, B., Wyon, D.P., (1975), Human responses to dry, humidified and intermittently humidified air in large office buildings. Swedish Building Research Document Series, D11/75.ASHRAE 55-1992: Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc.Baker, N. and Standeven, M. (1995), A Behavioural Approach to Thermal Comfort Assessment in Naturally Ventilated Buildings. Proceedings from CIBSE National Conference, pp 76-84.Brager G.S., de Dear R.J. (1998), Thermal adaptation in the built environment: a literature review. Energy and Buildings, 27, pp 83-96.Cena, K.M. (1998), Field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a hot-arid climate. (Eds. Cena, K. and de Dear, R.). Final report, ASHRAE 921-RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.de Dear, R., Fountain, M., Popovic, S., Watkins, S., Brager, G., Arens, E., Benton, C., (1993a), A field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a hot humid climate. Final report, ASHRAE 702 RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.de Dear, R., Ring, J.W., Fanger, P.O. (1993b), Thermal sensations resulting from sudden ambient temperature changes. Indoor Air, 3, pp 181-192.de Dear, R. J., Leow, K. G. and Foo, S.C. (1991), Thermal comfort in the humid tropics: Field experiments in air-conditioned and naturally ventilated buildings in Singapore. International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 34, pp 259-265.de Dear, R.J. (1998), A global databaseof thermal comfort field experiments. ASHRAE Transactions, 104(1b), pp 1141-1152.de Dear, R.J. and Auliciems, A. (1985), Validation of the Predicted Mean Vote model of thermal comfort in six Australian field studies. ASHRAE Transactions, 91(2), pp 452- 468.de Dear, R.J., Brager G.S. (1998), Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference. ASHRAE Transactions, 104(1a), pp 145-167.de Dear, R.J., Leow, K.G., and Ameen, A. (1991), Thermal comfort in the humid tropics - Part I: Climate chamber experiments on temperature preferences in Singapore. ASHRAE Transactions 97(1), pp 874-879.Donini, G., Molina, J., Martello, C., Ho Ching Lai, D., Ho Lai, K., Yu Chang, C., La Flamme, M., Nguyen, V.H., Haghihat, F. (1996), Field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a cold climate. Final report, ASHRAE 821 RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.Fang, L., Clausen, G., Fanger, P.O. (1999), Impact of temperature and humidity on chemical and sensory emissions from building materials. Indoor Air, 9, pp 193-201.Fanger, P.O. (1970), Thermal comfort. Danish Technical Press, Copenhagen, Denmark.Fouintain, M.E. and Huizenga, C. (1997), A thermal sensation prediction tool for use by the profession. ASHRAE Transactions, 103(2), pp 130-136.Humphreys, M.A. (1978), Outdoor temperatures and comfort indoors. Building Research and Practice, 6(2), pp 92-105.Krogstad, A.L., Swanbeck, G., Barregård, L., et al. (1991), Besvär vid kontorsarbete med olika temperaturer i arbetslokalen - en prospektiv undersökning (A prospective study of indoor climate problems at differenttemperatures in offices), Volvo Truck Corp., Göteborg, Sweden.Tanabe, S., Kimura, K., Hara, T. (1987), Thermal comfort requirements during the summer season in Japan. ASHRAE Transactions, 93(1), pp 564-577.Toftum, J., Jørgensen, A.S., Fanger, P.O. (1998), Upper limits for air humidity for preventing warm respiratory discomfort. Energy and Buildings, 28(3), pp 15-23.中文：未来的热舒适性——优越性和期望值Fanger和Jørn Toftum国际室内环境中心和丹麦能源科技大学摘要本文预测了一些在新世纪中可以预见的热舒适性以及室内环境的发展趋势。
环境科学与工程专业英语第三版钟理课文翻译1.1
环境工程专业英语钟理翻译第一部分环境科学和工程的介绍第一单元环境科学与工程是什么？自然科学广义上，科学是系统化的知识，它是通过观察、实验，来源于并测试问题的认识构想和数据的收集。
我们区别社会科学和自然科学,前者是通过涉及人的研究，以及他们怎么作为家庭、部落、社区、种族、国家住在一起;后者涉及自然的研究和物质世界.自然科学包括像这样不同的学科，比如生物、化学、地理、物理、和环境科学。
环境科学与生物、化学和物理(及他们的分支学科:微生物、有机化学、核物理等）学科关注自然科学的不同，在最广义上，环境科学包含自然科学的各个方面。
当然,环境科学的历史研究也曾重点关注自然环境。
这个自然环境，和人造自然不同，我们是指大气、土壤、水和居民。
现代环境科学也是探索人工环境放入应用,可能更准确的说法是，人工环境的排放物.定量环境科学科学，或者更准确地是,科学方法，是通过记录下的观测结果来处理数据的。
这些数据当然是,充满可能性的宇宙的一个样本。
他们可能是有代表性的，也有可能是被曲解的.即便他们是有代表性的，也有可能包含一些偶然的以现有知识无法解释的变异.在数据收集和记录过程中，仔细认真、无偏见和独立核实是科学的基石。
当对数据收集和整理揭露了某些规律时,可能归纳出概况或假设.这基本上是在某种情况下，某一现象可以普遍被观察到的一个声明。
许多概括是统计上的，它们在大集合中应用准确；但仅仅是可能性，当应用在小组或个体上。
在科学途径中,假设经过测试、修订、再测试后，直到被证明为可行的.如果我们用某一种假设或者总结一系列的概括,我们可以公式出一个理论.例如，长时间受到公认的理论被认为是定律。
举一些例子,运动定律是描述运动物体的行为的；气体定律,是描述气体行为的。
理论的发展是一项重要的完成，因为它会产生大量知识的统一。
而且，一个理论给予我们一个新的有力工具来获取知识，因为它给我们展示了去哪里寻找新的概括。
因此，数据的积累变得更不像是事实的胡乱收集；而是对所需信息的系统的探寻。
环境科学与工程专业英语翻译
of the core is allowed .除去核心没有维持工作涉及的是被允许的。
At the end of the transformers' useful life, it must be destroyed in an EPA-approved facility,
在变压器有效寿命的 or the transformer liquid must be incinerated and the carcass landfilled. 尽头，它会被环境保护局支持的设施销毁，或变压器的液体被焚烧和外壳被掩埋。The courts
例患者出现各种病态症状。 1000
A similar poisoning occurred in Taiwan in 1979. Causa ve
agents were considered to be coconaminants of PCBs such as poly- chlorinated dibenzofurans
在 Japan,accidental poisoning occurred by cooking rice in bran oil contaminated by PCBs. 1968
年，多氯联苯类化合物受到实质性的的关注和得到臭名，日本用受到多氯联苯污染的米糠 油做饭的意外中毒事件。 超过 Over 1000 pa ents suffered from various morbid symptoms.
PCB
多氯联苯变压器，多氯联苯含量在百万分之 transformers contain 500 or more ppm PCBs.
500
或超过百万分之一。They must be inspected quarterly for leaks, and detailed records must be
环境工程专业英语12到18章翻译
Unit 12 水污染与治理1854年英国伦敦爆发了大规模的流行性霍乱。
此事明确地证实了污水和疾病之间的关系。
当初以公共健康为目的所采取的污染控制，依然是许多地区的主要目的。
然而，水资源的保持，产鱼区的防护，以及娱乐活动用水的维持在今天也成为关注的焦点。
紧随第二次世界大战之后所产生的城市人口密度突增和工业化进程的加剧，都使得水污染问题越见明显。
致使对于水污染的关注程度在70年代中期达到了顶峰。
水污染是一个不准确的术语，它并未指出污染物的种类和来源。
而我们处理废水问题的方式往往取决于以下几个方面：污染物是否需要氧气，是否助长藻类，是否有传染性，是否有毒，或者仅仅是否好看。
水源的污染可能直接来自生活污水的排放或工厂污水排放（点源），也可能间接地由空气污染、农业排水或城市排水（非点源）所引发。
化学上所谓的纯水仅仅是水分子的集合。
无论在野外的河流或湖泊、云层或雨水中，还是在下雪期间，极地的冰帽地区，这种物质在自然界均不能找到。
然而在实验室中可以制备非常纯净的水，但是存在一定的困难。
因为水极易接受和容纳外来物质。
城市污水，也被称作生活污水，是一种复杂的混合物。
它包含水（通常超过99％）以及悬浮或溶解的有机和无机污染物。
这些污染物的浓度通常很低并且以mg/L来表示，也就是说，每升混合物含有多少毫克污染物。
重量与体积比也常用来表示在水、废水、工业废水和其它稀释溶液中的污染物浓度。
微生物任何地方只要存在适合的食物，充足的湿度和适当的温度，微生物即可大量繁殖。
而生活污水为各种各样的微生物提供了一个理想的环境。
这些微生物主要是细菌，某些病毒和原生动物。
废水中的大多数微生物是无害的，并且可借助生化过程，将有机物转化为稳定的最终产物。
但是当一些人患有可通过有毒废水传播的传染性疾病时，其排泄物所携带的致病病原体，极有可能成为污水的组成部分。
虽然在发达国家，类似于水传播的细菌性疾病，例如霍乱、伤寒和肺结核，病毒性疾病例如传染性的肝炎和原生虫引起的痢疾，已经不再是问题，但是在那些经过适当处理过的污水不能被公共利用的地区仍然存在着很大威胁。
环境专业英语课文翻译
环境专业英语课文翻译环境专业英语课文翻译有关环境的科技文献翻译逐渐增多，这对大量了解国外前沿的环境问题、对该学科在国内的发展也起着至关重要的作用。
所以，作为环境领域的科技工作者，必须了解环境学科专业英语的翻译方法技巧以及常用的词汇。
以下是小编整理的环境专业英语课文翻译，欢迎阅读。
【课文】What is the book about?The goal of the book is to enable engineering and science students to understand the environmental issues of interdisciplinary research: their causes, why they are concerned, and how we control them. This book includes:What does it mean to describe the environment and the environmentInformation on the underlying causes of environmental destructionUnderstand the nature of environmental problems and the basic scientific knowledge that can be quantifiedCurrent use of environmental control technologies in water, air and pollutionThere is a considerable gap in many scientific knowledge about understanding and controlling the complex interactions between human activities and natureMany environmental problems can use current technology to eliminate or reduce, but because lack of willingness to do so or in many cases because of the lack of resources to do so, these environmental problems are not processingSome important definitions:In this book, they are used for the first time, and definitions are displayed in either capital or blackThe environment is the habitat of material life around us, and here we can see, hear, touch, smell, and tasteSystem according to Webster's dictionary, is defined as "a group or series of can form a unit or organic whole interrelated things", for example, the solar system, irrigation system, supply system, the world and the universe.Pollution is defined as "in the atmosphere, water or land in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of undesirable change, this change harmful to affect the health of humans or other organisms, survival, or activities".When the goal of improving environmental quality is used to improve human welfare, the word "environment" expands to include all social, economic and cultural content. This expansion is unfeasible in many real situations and is impractical in a textbook designed for a semester course. Our investigation of environmental problems is therefore limited to our definition of "environment".The interaction of the systemMany different environmental problems are linked to water, air or land systems. Many of these problems apply only to one of these systems, providing sufficient justification for the breakdown of these categories. Such classification is also more useful and easy to understand the related problems in a system. Moreover, it is wise to do so, this is because as a result of the management and administrative reasons, these related to air pollution, water supply, wastewater treatment and solid waste treatment subdomains are usually handled by government agencies, respectively.Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not limited to air, water or land systems, but also intersystem interactions. For example, the acid rain problem arises from the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted from power plant chimneys, smelters and car exhausts. Then the gas is transported by air to the vast area, and the rain "washes them away", producing acid rain that is harmful to aquatic life, forests and crops. Two environmental problems related to interaction between systems: the increasing global problem of carbon dioxide in the air, and the problem of endemic acid rain.Environmental problemsMany of the major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the use of science and technology. Here are some examples. Can you come up with other examples?Produce more and better quality foodCreating protection and living space to avoid extreme environmentsRapid and reliable transport methodsThe invention of various communication systemsThe invention of machines for human and animal physical strengthSafe water supply and waste disposalThe elimination of many infectious diseasesThe elimination of most water-borne diseases by using improved water technology in developed countriesProvide opportunities for cultural and recreational activities through the effectiveness of better productivity (brought by) leisure time.Avoid the worst effects of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, earthquakes and volcanic eruptionsHowever, these improvements have resulted in adverse adverse effects, such as loss of arable land, lost forests, environmental pollution and new organisms that are resistant to control. Many of the little things that were initially thought to be harmful are now considered to be a potential threat to nature and humans. In agricultural society, people basically live in harmony with nature, grow food, collect wood, and make clothes and tools that come from the land. Waste from animals and humans has been returned to earth as fertilizer. There are few problems with water, land or air pollution.Ancient cities, especially cities like the Roman empire, had systems for water supply and disposal of waste. Ancient Roman cities (approximately one million people) were supplied by the ditches in the ancient Roman drains. This is one of the most famous and early examples of sewers built in these systems. Urban technology in ancient cities seemed to have been forgotten for centuries by europeans who built cities. Water supply and waste treatment are neglected, resulting in many outbreaks of diarrhea, cholera, typhoid and other water-borne diseases. Until the middle of the 19th century, people realize the carrying pathogenic organism pollution wastewater error handling, since the 19th century in Britain, Europe and North America since the industrial revolution, grows increasingly fuelled by urbanization and industrialization of the environment. Both urbanization and industrialization were the basic causes of water and air pollution that could not be processed at that time.In the following decades, the rapid development of water quality and some wastewater treatment technologies in developed countries resulted in a sharp reduction in water pollution incidents. Note that all wastes are discharged into theenvironment, thereby contaminating our water, air and land systems.【翻译】这本书主要关于什么？这本书的目标是使工程和科学的学生了解学科间的研究环境问题：它们的起因，为什么它们被关注，我们怎么控制它们。
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厌氧塘处理含有淀粉的污水：泰国的研究实例 B.K.Rajbhandari，A.P.Annachhatre 亚洲环境工程和管理技术研究所，4#信箱，Klong Luang，Pathumthani 12120，泰国 2004.1.20修改稿 2004.1.26 审定稿 2004.3.12可在线阅览
摘要
因为厌氧塘可达到沉降固体颗粒和去除有机物的双重目的，所以它能够特别有效地处理含有高浓度可生物降解固体颗粒的污水。人们在热带气候条件下评定一个用于处理含有高浓度有机碳、可生物降解淀粉颗粒和氰化物的污水处理系统的处理效果。每天大约有5000立方米来自淀粉厂的污水被一系列厌氧塘处理，其中包括7.39公顷的厌氧塘和29.11公顷的临时处理塘，可以达到90%以上的COD、TSS去除率和51%的CN去除率。厌氧塘沉降物和散装液中活性微生物群的产甲烷率为：每克VSS可产生20.7ml和11.3ml的甲烷。污泥的氰化物降解能力为：每克VSS可将10mg/l和20mg/l的氰化物分别降解为0.43mg/l和0.84mg/l。淀粉污水沉降实验表明，120分钟的沉降时间足以去除90---95%的TSS。 关键词：厌氧塘；氰化物降解能力；有机碳；沉降特性；专门的产甲烷细菌活动；淀粉厂污水 1.介绍
厌氧塘被广泛用于处理食品厂、纸浆厂、制糖厂、和蒸馏厂所产生的的有机污水。厌氧塘能够特别有效地处理含有高浓度可生物降解悬浮固体的污水。在这样的情况下，厌氧塘的流层起到沉淀池的作用，同时，厌氧塘的生物降解主要发生在厌氧塘的沉降物中。沉降物中的厌氧反应包括：可生物降解颗粒物质的溶解、酸化反应、乙酰化反应和产甲烷反应。散装液中所发生的反应与厌氧塘中所发生的反应相比可以忽略。因此，厌氧塘达到了沉降颗粒物质和进行有机物厌氧转化的双重目的。然而，厌氧塘的运行也存在很多内在的问题，如大量的土地需求，硫化氢、二氧化碳、甲烷等令人厌恶的温室气体的排放。尽管存在这些问题，厌氧塘在土地充足的地方还是特别受到欢迎的。 淀粉厂所排放的污水就是一种广泛被厌氧塘处理的污水。世界很多盛产木薯的地方都生产淀粉。木薯根含有20---25%的淀粉。淀粉的提取过程必不可少地包括木薯根的预处理，淀粉的提取、分离和干燥。这一过程产生的污水量为：生产每吨淀粉可产生20---60立方米。pH值为3.8---5.2。污水本身含有很高的有机物，其化学需氧量可达到25000mg/l。污水本身含有高浓度的TSS，其浓度为3000---15000mg/l，在自然条件下可高度生物降解。含有木薯淀粉的污水也含有高浓度的氰化物，其浓度可达到10---15mg/l。氰化物浓度为0.3mg/l时就会对水生生物产生剧毒作用。 根据报道，现在的水污染问题很严重。污水的酸性特征可以伤害水生有机体，并减少纳污河流的自净化能力。污水存在的悬浮性固体颗粒能够沉降在河床上，伤害水中的鱼类。因为这些固体颗粒主要是有机物质，它们可以很容易地被降解掉，从而减少水中的溶解氧。类似的，污水中的高浓度的COD会使纳污水体中的溶解氧很快减少并促进令人厌恶有机体的生长。据报道，在亚洲很多国家，特别是印度和泰国，由生产木薯淀粉所引起的水污染已经是一个很严重的问题。木薯含有合成氰化物，并将其作为自然防御物。在淀粉的制作过程中，木薯根部以里那苦苷酸形式存在的合成氰化物被水解成里那苦苷酶，然后分解为氰化氢流入污水中。淀粉污水中的氰化物在厌氧处理过程中可以有效地被去除。厌氧污泥上流系统能够有效地处理淀粉污水，特别是去除其中的氰化物。有资料记载，产甲烷菌对氰化物的适应浓度为5---30mg/l。因此，用厌氧塘处理木薯淀粉污水可以达到三个目标：颗粒物质的沉降、有机物质的厌氧转化和氰化物的去毒。 据此，现在的工作就是评定厌氧塘处理木薯淀粉厂污水的能力，特别是关于去除 COD、TSS和氰化物的的能力。既然厌氧塘是作为淀粉颗粒沉降池来使用的，那么其沉降特性也应该由实验来评定。此外厌氧塘沉降物和散装液中的厌氧微生物的产甲烷活动（SMA）应当由专门的产甲烷实验来测定。氰化物的降解率也需要评定。 2、方法
坐落在泰国中央省份的木薯淀粉厂和葡萄厂每天可生产250吨的淀粉，人们对那里的厌氧塘处理系统作了调查。这些工厂使用地下水作为工艺用水水源，每天产生大约5000立方米污水。调查期间的环境温度为30---35摄氏度。 2.1 处理塘 图1为淀粉厂稳定塘处理系统的示意图。这一处理系统由21个厌氧塘和临时处理塘组成，它们连接在一起，共占地36.5公顷。它们当中，6号塘是占地7.39公顷的厌氧塘，15号塘是占地29.11公顷的临时处理塘。现在重点研究的是厌氧塘处理系统。在研究期间，仅有4个厌氧塘在运行。厌氧塘的常用尺寸大约是长250m 、宽100m、深4---5 m 。 厌氧塘的运行参数列在表1中。该厌氧塘处理淀粉厂和葡萄糖厂产生的污水。淀粉厂污水首先流入2号塘，然后流入4号塘；而葡萄厂的污水首先流入3号塘，然后流入5号塘。淀粉厂污水和葡萄糖厂污水最后汇在5号塘。汇合后的污水流入一系列临时性处理塘，处理后，最终排入地表水体。 2.2 污泥活性实验 SMA实验的示意图如图2。为了测定SMA，把来自4号塘一定量的污泥清洗3次以去除存在的COD，装入115ml的溶浆瓶。同时在4号塘中取100ml散装液装入溶浆瓶中以测定散装液沉降污泥的SMA。将一定量的淀粉厂污水作为底物加入溶浆瓶中，使其中的COD达到2000----2500mg/l的水平。加入营养物质以保证碳：氮：磷为300：5：1。 将pH值调整为7---7.8，将2g/ml的碳酸氢钠溶液作为缓冲溶液随底物一起加入溶浆瓶中， 以确保实验中的pH值为中型。接下来，用氮气将瓶中的氧气清除掉并安上移液系统，之后，用橡胶隔膜和铝质瓶帽将溶浆密封起来。移液瓶装有3%的氢氧化钠溶液。在48小时的不同时间间隔内测量甲烷的产生情况，每次测定气体之后，进行人工旋流将溶浆瓶中的浆体混合。该实验在30摄氏度恒温室内进行。同样，厌氧塘沉降物中的氰化物分解活动也在溶浆瓶中进行。将4号塘沉降层中一定量的污泥保存在溶浆瓶中，并灌满70ml含有类似SMA实验所使用营养物质的污水。将储存好的氰化物溶液加入每个溶浆瓶中，使其中的氰化物浓度分别达到10mg/l和20mg/l。然后用氮气对溶浆瓶进行冲洗并立刻用橡胶隔膜和铝质瓶塞将其密封。将瓶子保存在30摄氏度的恒温室中。在48小时内，每8个小时用汉密尔顿管取出样品并分析其氰化物含量。 2.3 悬浮固体沉降实验 在静态条件下，用直径为10cm和高度为2.0m的沉降柱来测定淀粉厂污水总悬浮固体（TSS）的沉降特性。沉降柱可适应不同浓度的TSS。可用自来水稀释高浓度污水来配置所需TSS浓度的污水。污水经完全搅拌后流入沉降柱内，在2---60分钟内的不同时间间隔内收集沉降柱顶部的样品液并分析其TSS浓度。 2.4 分析程序 根据标准方法来分析COD、BOD、VSS、DS等参数。根据VSS来测定污泥活性实验中使用的污泥量。所有的样品都要用0.45um的玻璃纤维过滤器进行过滤以测定其中的溶解性COD和BOD。用分光光度计来测定其中的氰化物。 2.5 数据分析 厌氧塘的处理效果用九个算术平均值加上或减去标准偏差来表示。SMA可用两个平行实验来测定。可用线性回归曲线来描述两次平行实验的结果以及甲烷产量与所用时间之间的关系。根据回归曲线的斜率和所用的污泥量来计算SMA。同样，可以在氰化物累积分解量和所用时间之间建立线性关系。沉降实验中的数据可以用来在半去除时间和流入的总悬浮性固体浓度之间建立线性关系。可以用微软公司的Excel2000来进行所有的数据分析。 3 结果和讨论
3.1 现有污水处理过程的分析 原污水的特性：厌氧塘系统大约每天可以处理4500立方米的淀粉污水和500立方米的葡萄糖污水。厌氧塘的工艺流程和取样点见图3。原污水、流入处理系统的污水和排出处理系统的污水的特性参数见表2。表2中的a列和d列分别对应淀粉厂污水和葡萄糖厂污水。淀粉厂污水酸性很高，而葡萄糖厂污水酸性较低，接近中性。从表2中可以看出，淀粉厂污水的BOD含量为12776+499mg/l，而葡萄糖厂的BOD含量为1046+153 mg/l。淀粉厂污水TSS含量为9130+3067mg/l，主要是极易生物降解的淀粉颗粒。淀粉厂污水氰化物浓度为17.5+1.5 mg/l，而葡萄糖厂污水中检测不出氰化物。 厌氧塘的处理效果：厌氧塘面积的详细情况和污水滞留时间已列在表中。总滞留时间为：淀粉厂污水是33+5天；葡萄糖厂污水是1813+3天。每天总量为4999+785立方米的污水平均污染负荷是每天63258+10198kg的COD，其中淀粉厂污水的COD为62732+10152kg，葡萄糖厂污水的COD为658+138kg。厌氧塘总的平均容积负荷是每天每立方米有497+82 kgBOD（即每天每立方米有514+82kgCOD）。 在六个厌氧塘中，1号塘和6号塘在研究期间并没有运行。1号塘被淀粉厂污水的淀粉颗粒填满，以便于淀粉厂污水流入2号塘。2号塘的COD、BOD和TSS的平均去除率很低，大约分别为10.5+6.8%。8.6+6.2%和18.0+10.9%。2号塘也部分被淀粉颗粒填满，其中的污水经一个修建好的渠道流入4号塘。这表明1号塘、2号塘主要是作为悬浮颗粒的沉降池来运行的，因此，它们必须定期排泥。由于淀粉颗粒的沉积，污水在厌氧塘的滞留时间也减少了。 2号塘的pH值是酸性的，在4.1---4.3之间。这样的条件对产甲烷菌的生长是很不利的，故在这样的条件下是不会产生甲烷的。2号塘BOD的去除率小于10%进一步验证了这一事实。然而4号塘和5号塘是处于厌氧条件的，其pH值在6---8之间。事实上，这两个厌氧塘存在活跃的生物活动，因为这两个塘中有大量气泡形成而且在塘水表面存在悬浮污泥。根据资料记载，适于产甲烷菌的最佳pH值在6.0---8.0之间，但对整个生物群体来说最佳pH值接近7.0。 基于表3的数据，4号塘和5号塘的处理效果是令人满意的，而4号塘的处理效果是最好的，COD、BOD和TSS去除率分别达到了88.6+0.6%，90.5+0.6%，87.6+2.8%。2号塘有很高的平均容积负荷，达到了每天每立方米有1031+165kgBOD，而3号塘的平均容积负荷非常低，仅为每天每立方米有6+2 kgBOD。4号塘和5号塘的平均容积负荷分别为每天每立方米有716+128和300+47 kgBOD，均在大多数资料所规定的范围内。淀粉污水中含有17.5+1.5mg/l的氰化物。因为这些厌氧塘已经运行了20多年，所以这些厌氧塘中的污泥已经很好适应了污水中存在的氰化物。2号塘、4号塘和5号塘的氰化物去除率分别为2.8+2.5%、38.4+2.6%和9.2+5.0%。 COD、BOD和TSS总的去除率分别为96.2+0.6%、98.2+0.4%和94.7+1.3%。而DS和CN的去除率分别为71.4+1.0%、51.2+1.1%。然而，经过厌氧塘处理后的污水仍然达不到排放标准，因此对厌氧塘处理后的污水进行进一步的处理是必要的。COD的去除要达到上向流污泥流化床（UASB）的处理效果。Pena研究了在相同环境条件下厌氧塘和UASB处理相同生活污水的效果，得出了这两个系统具有类似处理效果的结论。 3.2 污泥活性 厌氧塘沉降层活性污泥的SMA实验结果表明：在开始的13个小时内，甲烷的产量很低，13个小时之后，产量开始增加。这表明了淀粉厂污水中的有机质转化为产甲烷菌所需的有机酸大约需要13个小时。而厌氧塘散装液中存在剩余有机酸，所以可以立即观察到散装液中的污泥存在产甲烷活动。表4列出了SMA实验结果，其它数值已有资料记载。从表4可以看出，厌氧塘沉降物和散装液的甲烷产率分别是每天每克VSS可产生20.7和11.3ml甲烷，这要低于资料记载的数据。这可以解释与UASB相比，厌氧塘为什么需要相对较长的污水滞留时间。厌氧塘的处理效率比较低，它们需要1.2天的污水滞留时间，25摄氏度左