TATRA全驱越野卡车超级卡车巨无霸
第五代解放奥威J5PCA3252P2K2TIAl自卸车模型赏析
第五代解放奥威J5PCA3252P2K2TIAl自卸车模型赏析作者：刘峰来源：《专用汽车》 2016年第9期汽车模型爱好者刘峰摘要：1956年第一台解放CA10卡车驶下生产线，解放卡车从此成为国产卡车的代名词。
从第一代中型卡车系列到第六代重型卡车系列，解放卡车一直走在国产卡车的前列，代表了中国卡车的发展。
在这个值得纪念的6周年华诞之际，让我们通过赏析解放系列卡车六代车型模型，一起重温中国卡车这段光辉岁月。
经过10多年的引进、吸收和创新，一汽人掌握了准重型卡车的生产技术。
可是与欧美国家和地区的重型卡车相比，一汽解放尚没有迈入到重型卡车的行列。
为在短时间内达到国际先进的重型卡车制造水平，一汽解放在1999年尝试与奔驰公司合资生产重型卡车，但在谈判过程中奔驰公司要求一汽放弃解放品牌，这个要求深深地刺激了一汽人，合资项目的谈判最后是无果而终。
2000年一汽有史以来最大的开发项目“J5P项目组”成立，项目预算接近3亿元人民币。
这是一汽能否不依赖于技术引进，自主实现重型卡车技术跨越的关键项目。
因此，一汽集团确定的项目研发目标：建立解放自主重型商用车平台，产品性能能达到国内领先、国际先进。
2004年7月，具有完全自主知识产权且符合中国国情的重型卡车——解放第五代“奥威”重卡下线（如图1）。
第五代解放在设计、制造、材料、工艺等各方面紧随国际重卡科技潮流，车辆各大总成的性能和质量相比第四代解放均获得了巨大的提升，重新定义了国产重型卡车的新标准（如图2）。
模型背景深圳市圣然精品有限公司（以下简称深圳圣然）曾经开发过一款36比例奥威带拖挂牵引车模型，由于时间久远，目前模型市场上已经很难觅到其身影（如图3）。
目前市面上还能找到的就是这款奥威J5P自卸车，由深圳飞舟实业有限公司（以下简称康美模型）开发的24比例模型。
深圳市飞舟模型有限公司成立于1997年，“康美模型”是其注册商标。
经过多年发展，康美模型现在已经是国产汽车模型中知名的生产厂家之一。
2018年超级豪华F-350DRW规格 Ford Super Duty 坦克式汽车的详细介绍说明书
(1) 6.7L Power Stroke® V8 Turbo Diesel.(2) M aximum capacity when properly equipped.See your Ford dealer for specific equipmentrequirements and other limitations.(3) F-350 DRW Regular Cab 4x2. The 2018 Super Duty reinforces its tough image and continues to meet the needs of both commercial and personal use customers. Within the toughest industries, people who do the work count on Super Duty pickups for tough-as-nails work capability on any job site. And now Super Duty is available in a 4x2 configuration on the F-450 series, for those who don’t need 4x4 capability.HORSEPOWER450 hp @ 2,800 rpm(1) TORQUE935 lb.-ft. @ 1,800 rpm(1) CONVENTIONAL TOWINGup to 21,000 lbs.(2)5TH-WHEEL TOWING up to 27,500 lbs.(2) GOOSENECK TOWING up to 34,000 lbs.(2) PAYLOADup to 7,630 lbs.(3)6.7L V8 Turbo –The Diesel LeaderDesigned, engineered and builtby Ford, our Second-Generation6.7L Power Stroke® V8 TurboDiesel engine is designed toproduce more power and torquethan ever. And the new largersingle-sequential turbochargerhelps improve airflow andperformance. You’ll reallyappreciate it when towing heavyloads uphill and at high altitudes.Rule the Class With 6.2L 2-Valve V8 GasEase your heavy-duty workload with lots of low-rpm torque. Thegas engine’s stiff SOHC valvetrain with roller-rocker shafts enablesan intake- and exhaust-port layout that optimizes airflow, helpingit produce plenty of torque down low.Balanced performance. Dual-equal variable cam timing phasesthe intake- and exhaust-valve opening and closing eventssimultaneously to optimize fuel economy, low-end torque andpeak horsepower.Alternative fuel options include a CNG/Propane Gaseous EnginePrep Package that readies your truck to be upfit for compressednatural gas (CNG), propane autogas, or as a bi-fuel vehicle with theability to seamlessly switch between CNG or propane and gasoline. POWERFUL ENGINE CHOICESSuper Duty PickupsTrailer Reverse Guidance uses 3 cameras to 5th-Wheel/Gooseneck Prep PackageAvailable on all models (Factory equipped onTrailer Reverse GuidanceUtilizes 3 cameras to provide multiple viewsTRAILER TOWING SELECTORTRAILER TOWING SELECTORTRAILER TOWING SELECTORTRAILER TOWING SELECTORTRAILER TOWING SELECTORFrontal Area is the total area in square feet that a moving vehicle and trailer exposes to airresistance. The chart above shows the maximum trailer frontal area that must be considered for a vehicle/trailer combination. Exceeding these limitations m a y significantly reduce the performance of your towing vehicle.Frontal Area Limitations/Vehicle LineConsiderationsWithF-250/F-350/F-450 75 sq. ft. All 5th-Wheel and Gooseneck Applications Super Duty60 sq. ft.A ll Other ApplicationsFrontal Area ConsiderationsF-250/F-350/F-450 Super Duty Pickups:A conventional trailer hitch receiver is standard on all Super Duty Pickups. The following configurations have a standard 2.5" receiver with a 2" reducer:– F-250 (less Trailer Tow Package)– F-350 Single Rear Wheel (142", 148", 160", 164") – F-350 Single Rear Wheel 6.2L 176"The following configurations have a standard 3" receiver with a2.5" and a 2" reducer:– F-250 equipped with Trailer Tow Package – F-350 Single Rear Wheel 6.7L 176" – F-350/F-450 Dual Rear WheelFactory-Installed Trailer Hitch Receiver OptionsNote: S ee chart below for the weight-carrying and weight-distributing capacities of these hitch receivers. (These capacities also are shown on a label affixed toeach receiver.)Weight-Carrying Max. Tongue Weight-Distributing Max. TongueMax. Trailer Load Max. Trailer Load VehicleCapacity (lbs.)(1) (lbs.)Capacity (lbs.)(1) (lbs.)F-250/F-350 Super Duty SRW15,0001,500 15,000(2) 1,500(2)F-250/F-350 Super Duty SRW w/6.7L engine 18,000 1,800 18,000(3) 1,800(3)F-350 Super Duty DRW w/6.2L engine16,700 1,670 16,700 1,670F-350 Super Duty DRW w/6.7L engine and F-450 Super Duty21,0002,10021,0002,100(1) Hitch receivers do not include a hitch ball or ball mounting. You are responsible for obtaining the proper hitch ball, ball mounting, weight-distributing equipment (i.e., equalizing arms and snap-up brackets, sway control system) and other appropriate equipment to tow both the trailer and its cargo load. (2) Not available with 6.7L diesel with 176" wheelbase. (3) Available only with 176" wheelbase.Refer to the Trailer Towing Selector chart for Maximum Loaded Trailer Weights for each vehicle.Hitch Receiver Weight CapacityNotes: • C ontent may vary depending on model, trim and/or powertrain.See your dealer for specific content information.• T railer Towing Package recommended for all light trucks that will be usedfor towing to help ensure easy, proper connection of trailer lights.F-250/F-350/ F-450 F-250ModelSuper Duty Pickup Super Duty Pickup (1)(Option Code)(Std.) (535)7-Wire Harness & 4-/7-Pin Connector X (Std.)Smart Trailer Tow Connector X(3) –Hitch ReceiverSee chart belowSee chart belowTrailer Brake Wiring/Feed Kit X(2) –Upgraded Rear Axle X(3) X Increased GCW (6.7L) X(3) X Trailer Brake Controller X(3) –Aluminum Wheels–X(4)(1) Requires 6.7L diesel engine. (2) In-cab, no controller (SRW). (3) F-350DRW/F-450 only. (4) Chrome (Lariat/King Ranch) or Polished (Platinum).Trailer Towing PackageRear Axle Ratio CodesIf you do not know the axle ratio of your vehicle, check its Truck Safety Compliance Certification Label (located on the left front door lock facing or the door latch post pillar). Below the bar code, you will see the word AXLE and a two-digit code. Use this chart to find the axle ratio that corresponds to that code:Rear Axle Non-L imited L imited ElectronicVehicle Ratio Slip Slip L ockingSuper Duty 3.31 31 Not Available 3H 3.55 35 3K 3J 3.73 37 3L 3E 4.10 Not Available 4N Not Available 4.30 Not Available 4L 4MSlide-In Camper InstallationConsult your camper manufacturer/dealer for details regarding proper installation of your slide-in camper A dimensionally stable block spacer is recommended between the headboard of the pickup box and the forward edge of the camper floor. Resting the spacer on the pickup box bed helps prevent movement and contact of the fully installed camper with the pickup box headboard or taillight rear pillarsNote: Be sure to measure your slide-in camper before attempting to install it onto the bed of the truck. Some campers may require a platform in the bed of the truck to make sure there is adequate clearance for both the box rails and cab roof of the truck.Camper Center-of-GravityAll Styleside pickups that qualify for slide-in camper bodies have camper center-of-gravity included on the Consumer Information Sheet in the glovebox Data is calculated for each individual truck, based on vehicle optionsIf vehicle does not qualify for camper use, theConsumer Information Sheet states that the vehicle is not recommended for camper use, and no center-of-gravity data is shownF-250/F-350/F-450 Super Duty Camper Package (Option Code 471)Increased capacity front springs (2 Up [4x2] or 1 Up [4x4] upgrade over springs computer-selected based on options ordered. Not included if maximum springs already selected.)Rear stabilizer bar (SRW)Rear auxiliary springs (F-250)Slide-in camper certificationCombined weight of vehicle, camper body, occupants and cargo must not exceed Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR)Camper Package (Option Code 471) required with F-250/F-350/F-450 Super Duty ®Cargo Weight Rating shown in chart is maximum allowable, assuming weight of a base vehicle with required camper option content and a 150-lb. passenger at each available seating position Ratings also assume weight of engine and standard transmission. Cargo Weight Rating shown must be further reduced by weight of transmission upgrade and any other options. Option weights and center-of-gravity information are available on the Ford Pickup Truck Consumer Information SheetI f you intend to pull a trailer in addition tocarrying your camper, see the F-Series Pickup Trailer Towing Selector charts.MAXIMUM CARGO WEIGHT WITH SLIDE-IN CAMPERNote: T he following chart lists GVWRs and Maximum Cargo Weights (with minimum equipment) by engine foreach approved pickup model: 3.5L V6 EcoBoost ®, 5.0L V8, 6.2L V8 and 6.7L Power Stroke ® Turbo Diesel V8.GVWR (lbs.) Maximum Cargo Weight Rating (lbs.)ModelWheelbase 6.2L 6.7L 6.2L Std./Opt.† 6.7L Std./Opt.†F-250 Super Duty (1)4x2 Reg. Cab 141.6"10,000 10,000 3,866/ – 3,051/ –4x2 SuperCab 148.0" 10,000 10,000 3,139/ – 2,330/ –4x2 SuperCab 164.2" 10,000 10,000 3,029/ – 2,200/ –4x2 Crew Cab 159.8" 10,000 10,000 3,041/ – 2,212/ –4x2 Crew Cab 176.0" 10,000 10,000 2,812/ – 1,983/ –4x4 Reg. Cab 141.6" 10,000 10,000 3,447/ – 2,660/ –4x4 SuperCab 148.0" 10,000 10,000 2,731/ – 1,944/ –4x4 SuperCab 164.2" 10,000 10,000 2,641/ – 1,825/ –4x4 Crew Cab 159.8" 10,000 10,000 2,645/ – 1,836/ –4x4 Crew Cab176.0" 10,000 10,000 2,389/ – 1,560/ –F-350 Super Duty (1)4x2 SRW Reg. Cab (2) 141.6" 10,000 10,600* 3,675/ – 3,638/2,9384x2 SRW SuperCab (2) 148.0" 10,000 10,800* 2,972/ – 3,059/2,2594x2 SRW SuperCab (2) 164.2" 10,300* 11,000* 3,162/2,862 3,132/2,1324x2 SRW Crew Cab (2) 159.8" 10,100* 10,900* 2,914/2,814 2,978/2,0784x2 SRW Crew Cab (2) 176.0" 10,500* 11,100* 3,087/2,587 2,940/1,8404x2 SRW Reg. Cab (3) 141.6" 10,400 11,100 4,017/ – 3,981/ –4x2 SRW SuperCab (3) 148.0" 10,500 11,200 3,414/ – 3,402/ –4x2 SRW SuperCab (3) 164.2" 10,800 11,500 3,605/ – 3,574/ –4x2 SRW SuperCab (3) 164.2" – 11,400 – / – 3,474/ –4x2 SRW Crew Cab (3) 159.8" 10,600 11,300 3,357/ – 3,321/ –4x2 SRW Crew Cab (3) 176.0" 10,900 11,500 3,430/ – 3,283/ –4x2 SRW Crew Cab (3) 176.0" – 11,400 – / – 3,183/ –4x2 DRW Reg. Cab 141.6" 14,000 14,000 7,247/ – 6,507/ –4x2 DRW SuperCab 164.2" 14,000 14,000 6,356/ – 5,637/ –4x2 DRW Crew Cab 176.0" 14,000 14,000 6,130/ – 5,406/ –4x4 SRW Reg. Cab (2) 141.6" 10,300* 11,000* 3,564/3,264 3,531/2,5314x4 SRW SuperCab (2) 148.0" 10,400* 11,100* 2,960/2,560 2,953/1,8534x4 SRW SuperCab (2) 164.2" 10,700* 11,300* 3,151/2,451 3,026/1,7264x4 SRW Crew Cab (2) 159.8" 10,500* 11,200* 2,910/2,410 2,874/1,6744x4 SRW Crew Cab (2) 176.0" 10,800* 11,500* 2,977/2,177 2,923/1,4234x4 SRW Reg. Cab (3) 141.6" 10,800 11,500 4,007/ – 3,974/ –4x4 SRW Reg. Cab (4) 141.6" 11,300 11,500 4,502/ – 3,969/ –4x4 SRW Reg. Cab (4) 141.6" – 11,400 – / – 3,869/ –4x4 SRW SuperCab (3) 148.0" 10,800 11,500 3,303/ – 3,295/ –4x4 SRW SuperCab (4) 148.0" 11,300 11,500 3,798/ – 3,291/ –4x4 SRW SuperCab (4) 148.0" – 11,400 – / – 3,191/ –4x4 SRW SuperCab (3) 164.2" 11,200 11,500 3,594/ – 3,169/ –4x4 SRW SuperCab (4) 164.2" 11,500 11,500 3,889/ – 3,164/ –4x4 SRW SuperCab (4) 164.2" 11,400 11,400 3,789/ – 3,064/ –4x4 SRW Crew Cab (3) 159.8" 10,900 11,500 3,253/ – 3,117/ –4x4 SRW Crew Cab (4) 159.8" 11,300 11,500 3,648/ – 3,112/ –4x4 SRW Crew Cab (3) 159.8" 11,300 11,500 3,419/ – 2,866/ –4x4 SRW Crew Cab (4) 159.8" – 11,400 – / – 3,012/ –4x4 SRW Crew Cab (4) 176.0" 11,500 11,500 3,614/ – 2,861/ –4x4 SRW Crew Cab (4) 176.0" 11,400 11,400 3,514/ – 2,761/ –4x4 DRW Reg. Cab 141.6" 14,000 14,000 6,837/ – 6,114/ –4x4 DRW SuperCab 164.2" 14,000 14,000 5,942/ – 5,221/ –4x4 DRW Crew Cab 176.0" 14,000 14,000 5,710/ – 4,956/ –F-450 Super Duty (1)4x2 DRW Crew Cab 176.0" – 14,000 – / – 4,793/ –4x4 DRW Crew Cab176.0"–14,000– / –4,473/ –(1) Requires Camper Package option. (2) 17" tires and wheels. (3) 18" tires and wheels. (4) 18"/20" tires and wheels. *10,000 pounds with optional 10,000 GVWR Package. † With 10,000 GVWR Package.F-SERIESPICKUP/CAMPERCOMBINATION SELECTORAFTER YOU BUY Before heading out on a trip, check your vehicle’s Owner’s Manual for break-in and severe-duty maintenance schedules (do not tow a trailer until your vehicle has been driven at least 1,000 miles). Be sure to have your fully-loaded vehicle (including passengers) and trailer weighed so as not to exceed critical weight limits. If any of these limits are exceeded, cargo should be removed from the vehicle and/or trailer until all weights are within the specified limits.BEFORE YOU BUY If you are selecting a vehicle that will be used for towing, you should determine the approximate weight of the trailer you intend to tow, including the weight of any additional cargo and fluids that you will be carrying in the trailer. Also, be sure the vehicle has the proper optional equipment. Keep in mind that performance can be severely affected in hilly terrain when the minimum acceptable powertrain combination is selected. Consider purchasing a vehicle with a more powerful engine.BrakesMany states require a separate braking system ontrailers with a loaded weight of more than 1,500pounds. For your safety, Ford Motor Companyrecommends that a separate functional brake systembe used on any towed vehicle, including those dolly-towed or towbar-towed. There are several basic typesof brake systems designed to activate trailer brakes:1. E lectronically Controlled Brakes usuallyprovide automatic and manual control of trailerbrakes. They require that the tow vehicle beequipped with a controlling device and additionalwiring for electrical power. These brakes typicallyhave a control box installed within reach ofthe driver and can be applied manually orautomatically.2. E lectric-Over-Hydraulic (EOH) TrailerBrakes are operated by an electrically poweredpump that pressurizes a hydraulic fluid reservoirbuilt into the trailer’s brake system. Many of theavailable EOH trailer brake models are compatiblewith the Ford factory installed, dash-integratedTrailer Brake Controller (TBC).3. S urge Brakes are independent hydraulic brakesactivated by a master cylinder at the junction ofthe hitch and trailer tongue. They are not controlledby the hydraulic fluid in the tow vehicle’s brakesystem, and the tow vehicle’s hydraulic systemshould never be connected directly to the trailer’shydraulic system.Be sure your trailer brakes conform to all applicablestate regulations. See Towing Safely for All Vehicleson the next page for additional braking information.Trailer LampsMake sure the trailer is equipped with lights that conformto all applicable government regulations. The trailerlighting system should not be connected directlyto the lighting system of the vehicle. See a localrecreational vehicle dealer or rental trailer agency forcorrect wiring and relays for the trailer and heavy-dutyflashers.Safety Chains– A lways use safety chains when towing. Safety chainsare used to retain connection between the towingand towed vehicle in the event of separation of thetrailer coupling or ball– C ross chains under the trailer tongue to prevent thetongue from contacting the ground if a separationoccurs. Allow only enough slack to permit full turning– be sure they do not drag on the pavement– W hen using a frame-mounted trailer hitch,attach the safety chains to the frame-mountedhitch using the recommendations supplied by thehitch manufacturer– S ee your vehicle’s Owner’s Manual for safety chainattachment information– F or rental trailers, follow rental agency instructionsfor hookup of safety chainsTrailer Wiring Harness– S ome vehicles equipped with a factory-installedTrailer Tow Package include a trailer wiring harnessand a wiring kit– T his kit includes one or more jumper harnesses(to connect to your trailer wiring connector) andinstallation instructionsWeight DistributionFor optimum handling and braking, the load must be properly distributed Keep center of gravity low for best handlingApproximately 60% of the allowable cargo weight should be in the front half of the trailer and 40% in the rear (within limits of tongue load or king pin weight) Load should be balanced from side-to-side to optimize handling and tire wear Load must be firmly secured to prevent shifting during cornering or braking, which could result in a sudden lossof controlBefore StartingBefore setting out on a trip, practice turning, stopping and backing up your trailer in an area away from heavy traffic Know clearance required for trailer roof Check equipment (make a checklist) Backing UpBack up slowly, with someone spotting near the rear of the trailer to guide you Place one hand at bottom of steering wheel and move it in the direction you want the trailer to goMake small steering inputs – slight movement of steering wheel results in much greater movement in rear of trailer TurningWhen turning, be sure to swing wide enough to allow trailer to avoid curbs and other obstructions.BrakingAllow considerably more distance for stopping with trailer attached Remember, the braking system of the tow vehicle is rated for operation at the GVWR, not GCWRIf your tow vehicle is an F-150, F-Series Super Duty®, Transit or Expedition and your trailer has electric brakes, the optional Integrated Trailer Brake Controller (TBC) assists in smooth and effective trailer braking by powering the trailer’s electric or electric-over-hydraulic brakes with proportional output based on the towing vehicle’s brake pressure If your trailer starts to sway, applybrake pedal gradually. The slidinglever on the TBC should be used onlyfor manual activation of trailer brakeswhen adjusting the gain. Misuse, suchas application during trailer sway,could cause instability of trailer and/ortow vehicleTowing On HillsDownshift the transmission to assistbraking on steep downgrades and toincrease power (reduce lugging) whenclimbing hillsWith TorqShift® transmission, selecttow/haul mode to automaticallyeliminate unwanted gear search whengoing uphill and help control vehiclespeed when going downhillParking With A TrailerWhenever possible, vehicles withtrailers should not be parked on agrade. However, if it is necessary, placewheel chocks under the trailer’s wheels,following the instructions below.Apply the foot service brakes and holdHave another person place the wheelchocks under the trailer wheels on thedowngrade sideOnce the chocks are in place, releasebrake pedal, making sure the chockswill hold the vehicle and trailerApply the parking brakeS hift automatic transmission into park,or manual transmission into reverseWith 4-wheel drive, make sure thetransfer case is not in neutral (ifapplicable)Starting Out Parked OnA GradeApply the foot service brake and holdStart the engine with transmission inpark (automatic) or neutral (manual)Shift the transmission into gear andrelease the parking brakeRelease the brake pedal and move thevehicle uphill to free the chocksApply the brake pedal while anotherperson retrieves the chocksAcceleration And PassingThe added weight of the trailer candramatically decrease the accelerationof the towing vehicle – exercise caution.When passing a slower vehicle, be sureto allow extra distance. Remember, theadded length of the trailer must clearthe other vehicle before you can pullback inSignal and make your pass on levelterrain with plenty of clearanceIf necessary, downshift for improvedaccelerationDriving With An AutomaticOverdrive TransmissionWith certain automatic overdrivetransmissions, towing – especiallyin hilly areas – may cause excessiveshifting between overdrive and the nextlower gear.To eliminate this condition and achievesteadier performance, overdrive can belocked out (see vehicle Owner’s Manual)I f excessive shifting does not occur, useoverdrive to optimize fuel economyOverdrive may also be locked out toobtain engine braking on downgradesWhen available, select tow/haul modeto automatically eliminate unwantedgear search and help control vehiclespeed when going downhillDriving With Cruise ControlTurn off the cruise control with heavyloads or in hilly terrain. The cruisecontrol may turn off automaticallywhen you are towing on long, steepgrades. Use caution while driving onwet roads and avoid using cruise controlin rainy or winter weather conditions.Tire PressureUnderinflated tires get hot and mayfail, leading to possible loss ofvehicle controlOverinflated tires may wear unevenlyand compromise traction and stoppingcapabilityTires should be checked often forconformance to recommended coldinflation pressuresSpare Tire UseA conventional, identical full-size sparetire is required for trailer towing (mini,compact and dissimilar full-size sparetires should not be used; alwaysreplace the spare tire with a new roadtire as soon as possible).On The RoadAfter about 50 miles, stop in aprotected location and double-check:Trailer hitch attachmentLights and electrical connectionsTrailer wheel lug nuts for tightnessEngine oil – check regularly through-out tripHigh Altitude OperationGasoline engines lose power by 3-4%per 1,000 ft. elevation. To maintainperformance, reduce GVWs and GCWsby 2% per 1,000 ft. elevation starting atthe 1,000 ft. elevation point.Powertrain/Frontal AreaConsiderationsThe charts in this Guide show theminimum engine size needed to movethe GCW of tow vehicle and trailer.Under certain conditions, however, (e.g.,when the trailer has a large frontal areathat adds substantial air drag or whentrailering in hilly or mountainous terrain)it is wise to choose a larger engineSelecting a trailer with a low-drag,rounded front design will help optimizeperformance and fuel economyNote: F or additional trailering informationpertaining to your vehicle, refer to thevehicle Owner’s Manual.Towing a trailer is demanding on your vehicle, your trailer and your personal driving skills.Follow some basic rules that will help you tow safely and have a lot more fun.Photography, illustrations and informationpresented herein were correct when approvedfor publishing. Ford Motor Company reservesthe right to discontinue or change at any timethe specifications or designs without incurringobligation. Some features shown or describedare optional at extra cost. Some options arerequired in combination with other options.Consult your dealer for the latest, mostcomplete information on models, features,prices and availability.Many of the recreational vehicles shown inthis brochure are modified or manufacturedby companies other than Ford MotorCompany. Ford assumes no responsibility forsuch modifications or manufacturing./towing-guides. TOWING SAFELY FOR ALL VEHICLES。
欧洲卡车模拟2卡车参数
Mercedes-Benz Actros High Roof Sleeper
Mercedes-Benz Actros High Roof Sleeper
Mercedes-Benz Actros MegaSpace
Mercedes-Benz Actros High Roof Sleeper
品牌 系列
Stralis Active Space
Iveco
标准车型
Iveco Stralis Active Space
标准车型
Iveco Stralis Active Super
Iveco Stralis Active Space
Iveco Stralis Active Space
Iveco Stralis Active Space Super
Active Super 6×2/4 (Cursor 10 450 + ZF 12AS2330TD) 400L
Active Space 4×2 (Cursor 10 450 + ZF 12AS2331TD R) 1300L
Active Space 6×4 (Cursor 10 450 + ZF 12AS2331TD R) 400L
Active Space Super 4×2 (Cursor 10 450 + ZF 12AS2331TD R) 1300L
Active Space Super 6×2/4 (Cursor 13 560 + ZF 12AS2331TD R) 400L
报价
97255EUR(￥68W)
驾驶室
Active Space
超级卡车欧曼EST带给用户五大超级价值
04□邮箱：yumn-830@08北京车展■ 本报记者 贺北时超级卡车欧曼EST带给用户五大超级价值福田戴姆勒汽车发布了由德美中联合打造的第一代互联网超级卡车——欧曼EST；同时，由北京福田戴姆勒汽车梅赛德斯-奔驰发动机工厂生产的经典动力OM457发动机一同发布；“3款整车及一台发动机”的发布，让福田戴姆勒汽车在北京车展上赚足了眼球，成为惟一一家既发布新款整车产品又发布自有动力新品的重卡企业。
据悉，本次发布的第一代互联网超级卡车——欧曼EST 将有望于2017年初正式上市；这也继2012年欧曼GTL 发布、2014年欧曼GTL 超能版发布之后，福田戴姆勒又一款引领重卡升级步伐的代表产品；由德美中联合打造的欧曼EST 的发布，成就了福田戴姆勒“每两年发布一款新品”的传奇速度，昭示着“欧曼”这个被物流用户熟知的重卡品牌将全面驶入以“智能化、高性能”产品助推中高端物流升级的快车道。
中国重卡行业迎来第一代互联网超级卡车为了引导重卡制造商提高车辆燃油效率、节约物流成本和油耗，2009年美国能源部牵头，联合纳威司达、彼得比尔特、康明斯、戴姆勒等世界领先的卡车生产企业和发动机厂商，开启了“提升两个50%”的“超级卡车”计划，即货运效率提高50%，发动机燃油效率提高50%；2014年康明斯、戴姆勒、纳威司达均已突破“超级卡车”计划目标；与此同时，戴姆勒在欧洲推出了集“自适应巡航系统、自动刹车辅助、车道偏离警告”以及“前瞻性”巡航控制系统于一身的奔驰无人驾驶卡车——Future Truck 2025，以智能化科技引领全球超级卡车步伐；2015年，戴姆勒在北美推出的福莱纳卡车，更是将货运效率提升了115%（英里/加仑），超额完成了“超级卡车”计划的既定目标。
掀起全球“超级卡车”热浪的原因有二：其一是来自能源消耗过快与大气环境污染的双重压力，使欧美等发达国家不得不重新审视重卡带来的能源消耗以及污染问题；其二，高物流运输成本制约了现代化物流发展，只有进一步提升重卡运输效率才能有效缓解物流用户的成本压力。
世界上最长最大的卡车
世界上最长最大的卡车世界上最长最大的卡车卡车在我们的眼中来说是相对比较大的车型，但是如果不去了解，你一定想象不到世界上最大最长的卡车有多大。
下面不如跟着店铺一起看看!卡特彼勒卡特彼勒797型自卸载重车是迄今为止最大的卡车。
797型自卸载重车的个头大得像天外来客，它、长约为15米，当其翻斗放下的时候，它有23.9英尺高(约7.3米);当它倾翻时，有49.3英尺(约16米)高。
Caterpillar 797荣获2000- 2001年度最大卡车头衔。
它的V24发动机功率达到惊人的3400马力。
卡特彼勒有23英尺(6·97米)高，47.5英尺(14·4米)长，30英尺(10米)宽，当翻斗升起后高度则达到50英尺(15米)，8台电脑监视著油压，扭矩，机器性能和轮胎温度等。
797上的轮胎是米其林专为其定制。
每个轮胎都有13英尺(约4米)高，耗资3万美元。
797装备850加仑的油箱，也可选装1800加仑的油箱。
车辆本身卖到340万美元。
在每个轮子后面都有一组42英寸的刹车碟，前轮10个，后轮15个。
一台电脑控制着刹车冷却系统，并以每分钟1160加仑(1加仑(美)等于3·785L)的速度将油通过碟片上的散热器，这样带走刹车产生的巨大热量。
797的翻斗能容360吨，但在装矿石时能轻松达到400吨，加上自重的288吨，所以总质量达到了648吨。
惊奇的是，它的最快速度是40英里每小时。
几个简单的例子：Caterpillar 797所使用的59/80R63轮胎是当前世界上最大的轮胎，直径达4.03m，重5.3t，每只造价为2.9万美元，6个轮胎与6辆宝马3系等值;797的24缸发动机排量达117L，油箱容积达到6813L，百公里油耗788L，顶级跑车也难以望其项背;而它的价格也同样让人仰望，最低也要343万美元。
在2008年9月的MINExpo展会上，最新版Caterpillar 797F登场，此型号装备了排量106L的'Cat C175-20 ACERT柴油机，最大功率比797B增加了333kW，仍然保留CAT传统的机械传动方式，其油箱容量达到7571L，最大设计车速67.6km/h。
全球名车录
世界十大名车排行榜世界十大名车之一：恩佐.法拉利这个产品以法拉利公司创始人恩佐?法拉利的名称命名，是为了纪念他在公司的卓越(报价图片参数)成就，并将此产品作为礼物来见证恩佐不朽的远见：将赛车以及技术先进的街道车辆产品相结合的思想!第二名.世界十大名车之二：兰博基尼这是一款典型男士跑车，并不仅是因为它外貌刚阳，只因为它的各项操作都比一般跑车重手。
例如转向系统，方向盘没有动力辅助。
车身重1655公斤，车头占40%的重量，再加上245mm 宽的轮胎，不是停车重手那么简单，市区慢驶也很重手。
第三名. 世界十大名车之三：奔驰SLR(报价图片参数)SLR装备的是一款由AMG提供的5.4升V8发动机，带机械增压器，在6500转动时发出最大功率626马力，而达到3250转时可以提供780牛.米的超强扭炬。
这款发动机与SL55AMG的相似之处仅限于结构，其余的都变了。
第四名. 世界十大名车之四：布加迪(报价图片参数).威龙(报价图片参数)此款两座双门超级跑车系1999年东京车展上概念车的改进，已获批准正式生产。
第五名. 世界十大名车之五：福特GT 福特GT是为了纪念福特建厂百年而制造的现代版GT40赛车。
虽然在外观上看起来和60年代的那台GT40好像没什么区别，不过它怀旧的车身并非为了纯粹的漂亮或仿古，而是经过现代技术重新设计，符合空气动力学的要求。
第六名.世界十大名车之六：克莱斯勒ME-Four-Twelve第七名. 世界十大名车之七：阿斯顿.马丁DB9这辆双门轿跑车上最有激情的东西，当然就是那台来自前身车型DB7Vantge的V12发动机，这台功率为456马力发动：机的扭矩曲线，已经被优化得近乎完美。
第八名.世界十大名车之八：保时捷Carrera(报价图片参数)GT Carrera GT有很多卖点，其中之一就是位于驾驶员座舱后部的10缸引擎，它基于一个5.5升的引擎改造而成，该引擎作为一流的赛车动力系统，参加勒芒24小时全天赛车比赛。
英国ASAM手工制作——全球最强大件运输车Nicolas
驾驶室由法国雷诺公司出品。
ASAM是一家具有45年历史的英国手工模型制造商。模型比例为1：48。主要生产：重型牵引车模型，工程车模型，现代商 业车模型，老的军事车辆模型等。为了使模型迷手中的模型升值，ASAM会不定期的对一些款式停产。
Rotran的这4台Tractomas D100型牵引车主要用于Eskom覆盖整个南非的将近2.6万km输变电网线变压器的运输，运输距离从 300km到4000km不等，经常要翻越山区，需要进行推/拉组合牵引作业。满载时的推/拉组合作业，列车总长可以达到125m左 右，总质量约600t。
相关资料： 法国的Nicolas[尼古拉斯]推出了世界上最大和动力最强的D100型牵引卡车。这家重型运输车辆制造商在法国Champs-surYonne的开放日推出这种型号的牵引车，之后将向南非的Gino Koster公司交付4台产品。 给人以深刻印象的Nicolas公司生产的Tractomas TR D100型，驱动形式为10×10，据称是目前公路行驶车辆中最大、功率最 强的重型牵引车。 多年以来，重型牵引车市场一直稳定地朝着大功率和专业化的方向发展。虽然国际上竞争激烈，但Nicolas公司一直保持着在 这个市场上的领先地位，量体裁衣地为用户精心制造重型牵引车Tractomas系列。 南非的一个用户需要一种新型的按要求定制的产品。南非能源联合体Eskom重型运输分会Rotran订购了4台D 100，替换其车 队中陈旧的但独特的Pacific牵引车。 为满足Rotran的严格要求，Nicolas设计和制造了Tractomas TR D100型牵引车，该车驱动形式为10×10，有5个车桥，据称是 目前公路行驶车辆中最大、功率最强的重型牵引车。D 100的详细参数也给人以深刻印象: 车长12.62m，两个前桥处宽 3.30m，3个后桥处宽 3.48m，车高4.52m。 底盘的车架由两个箱形高强钢焊接梁组成，前、后各有一个牵引力1万kN的牵引钩。底盘有高承载能力的鞍座，可以作为半挂 车使用，也可以加上配重箱，作为全挂车使用。D 100质量为40t，加上31t的配重，或在鞍座上承载31t，总质量为71t。空载 时，前桥轴荷为12.5t，后桥轴荷为25t。该车配置了Kessler桥，Michelin 16.00R25 XVC轮胎。满载时，前桥轴荷2×10t，后 桥轴荷3×17t。后桥为液压悬架，前桥为半椭圆板簧悬架。12缸卡特彼勒3412E增压柴油机安装在标准的雷诺Kerax卡车司机 室下面。这台 27.3L发动机在2100r/min时功率为671kW，1400r/min时转矩为3460 Nm。 D 100安装了带Dana Spicer变矩器和离合器的自动变速箱，有8个前进挡和4个倒挡。分动箱直接装在变速箱上，带有机械式 手动轴间差速锁。减速器由手动操作，可提供200kW的制动功率。传动系统还配置有电子牵引力控制装置。
北奔重汽携3款硬核产品亮相2020北京车展
TRUCKS卡车天地北奔重汽：携3款硬核产品亮相2020北京车展〇本刊记者李浩东肖献法I文Beiben Trucks Group Co., Ltd.: 3 Hardcore Products Unveiled at Auto China 2020 in BeijingAt Auto China 2020, Beiben Trucks Group Co.,unched three products,i.e. 2021 V3 lightweightconstruction waste transporter(8 x4),V3ET hazardous chemicals semi-trailer towing vehicle(6 x4) and2549Sstandard load electric semi-trailer towing vehicle(6 x4).受新冠疫情影响，以"智领未来" 为主题的2020(第16届）北京国际汽车展览会在延期近半年后于2020年9 月26日开幕。
北奔重型汽车集团有限 公司（简称：北奔重汽）成为唯一参加 2020北京车展的重卡生产企业。
此次 车展，北奔重汽携3款硬核产品—2021款轻量化渣土运输车（V3-8x4>、V3E T危品运输半挂牵引车（6x4)和 标载运输纯电动半挂牵引车（2549S，6x4)亮相，其涂装精致、威武霸气的3辆“陆地巨无霸”成为展会的亮点。
3款展车均基于成熟的北奔V3系列平台。
其中，2021款轻量化渣土车是北奔重汽顺应市场发展需求，全新推出的一款完全符合国家法规的渣土运输车。
1. 2021款轻量化渣土车2021款轻量化渣土运输车（V3-8x4)是继承北奔的口碑和优势产品——传统自卸车的基础上，利用北奔最前沿的减重技术全新打造的最新一代轻量化渣土运输车；主要用于公路标载运输，适用于城市渣土、垃圾、土方、细砂、煤粉、污泥等运输。
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越野车中的轰炸机 太脱拉全驱越野重卡
本文来自卡车之家
如果说斯堪尼亚是“公路之王”，那么来自捷克的太脱拉（TATRA）就是当之无愧的“越野之王”了。庞
大的身躯、惊人的牵引能力、独一无二的传动系统、身姿矫健的悬架系统、所向披靡的通过能力，绝对是
越野车中的“轰炸机”！
来自捷克的TATRA有着超过百年的技术沉淀
和捷克的斯柯达一样，太脱拉（TATRA）也是一个有着超过一百年历史的老字号。创立于1850年的太脱
拉无疑就是世界上最早的卡车制造商，当然，那个时候的卡车是以马匹作为动力来源的。太脱拉的第一款
内燃机动力汽车诞生于1897年，是一辆装备汽油机的小轿车，而其第一辆卡车诞生于1898年。
“越野之王”决非浪得虚名，太脱拉的彪悍不止体现在一个方面，而是在任何方面！风冷发动机、干式油
底壳、发动机变速器均采用压力润滑；全时全驱、每个差速器均有锁止机构，最大可达12Л12六轴全驱；
断开式车桥、全独立悬架、带轮边减速器、左右车轮错位布置，独特的摆动式车桥绝对彪悍；脊梁式车架，
传动轴及差速器全部封闭在脊柱内；太脱拉拥有极为强劲的扭矩输出，在全车断气制动的情况下仍能起步
行驶。
全独立悬架、全时全驱系统是其引以为傲的看家技术
太脱拉的发动机一概采用风冷式冷却系统，也许你觉得风冷发动机没什么了不起的，摩托车的发动机都
是风冷的。但是我要告诉你，太脱拉的V8发动机也能实现风冷！这一点除了太脱拉还有谁能够做到呢？风
冷发动机的强悍之处在于其极端的适应能力，尤其是在极低温的环境下和水源稀少的沙漠地带，它可以在
零下40摄氏度的环境下顺利启动，永远不用担心你的发动机会冻结。太脱拉拥有直列6缸、V型8缸、V型10
缸和V型12缸车型，全部为风冷式、直喷柴油机、带涡轮增压和中冷器，另外还可以选装雷诺（RENAULT）、
康明斯（CUMMINS）以及卡特彼勒（CATERPILLAR）的水冷发动机。
脊梁式车架结构有着极强的抗扭转能力
润滑系统采用了超级跑车常用的干式油底壳和压力润滑方式，不过太脱拉不是为了改善发动机的高度而
采用这样的设计的，而是为了车辆在大坡度爬行时仍能保证发动机的机油供应不受影响，同时也给变速器
提供压力润滑，这对最大爬坡度可超过45度的越野车辆尤为重要。
绝对独一无二的传动系统是太脱拉最大的特色，整车采用了中央脊梁式车架结构，传动轴和差速机构都
被封闭在了脊柱的套管之内，不仅保证了传动轴的安全还大大提高了车辆的通过能力、增强了整车的抗扭
转能力。
所向披靡的通过能力
这套传动系统的独特之处还在于其轮间差速器和轴间差速器全部布置在中央脊柱套管之内，差速器采用
了行星齿轮排式差速器，带差速锁。不仅有4X4、6X6以及8X8车型，太脱拉更有10X10和12X12的猛兽级越
野车辆。
断开式车桥是太脱拉另一与众不同之处，这帮助太脱拉这样的重型卡车实现了全轮独立悬架，允许车
轮有较大的跳动空间，大大提高了整车在极端路况下的通过能力，尤其是通过台阶、壕沟、扭曲路的能力。
太脱拉在空载的时候车轮是呈内八字的大外倾角姿态，行驶的时候只有轮胎的外侧胎肩接触地面，而满载
的时候却是呈负外倾的姿态，这因为其断开式车桥实际上是单横摆臂的结构所造成的，只要使用特制的轮
胎，其轮胎磨损情况可以有效的改善。
错位布置的半轴有点不可思议
另外，这种断开式车桥的轮间差速器并不在桥包中，而是被转移到了脊柱套管了，左右侧车轮分别由
两套锥齿轮驱动，为了让这两套锥齿轮互不干涉，其左右半轴在纵向错开了一定的距离，也就是说它的两
个半轴并不在一个平面内。类似的设计手法装载机（4X4轴转向的装载机）上也有使用，还有采用错开一
定角度的做法来避免左右锥齿轮互相干涉的情况。
脊梁式车架的抗扭曲特性要比梯形车架和周边式车架优异，不过也使得传动系统的维修保养变得繁琐，
因为所有的东西都藏在了脊柱套管里面。
12X12的猛兽级越野车通过能力不逊于履带式车辆
或许是因为太脱拉过于彪悍，因此它多见于军用车辆、越野用车、矿用车辆中。在常规运输中极少
见到，因为它自重大、油耗高、排放不达标、车速低、维修保养成本高等因素它并不适合公路运输。事实
上我国在上世纪80年代进口过一大批太脱拉T-815型的自卸卡车，采用T3B-928大功率V型8缸增压中
冷风冷发动机，多为6Л6全驱车型，具有强劲的越野性能和通过能力，牵引能力可达150吨，非常适合于
当时的矿山、建筑、水利水电工程、筑路等基础建设施工。时至今日，你仍然有机会看到这些社会主义建
设的先驱，虽然它们已经老态龙钟，但依然强筋有力。
● 太脱拉更多底盘图片欣赏