语言学名词解释

Chapter 6: Pragmatics

1. pragmatics: The study of how speakers uses sentences to effect successful communication.

2. context: The general knowledge shared by the speakers and the hearers. (05)

3. sentence meaning: The meaning of a self-contained unit with abstract and de-contextualized features.

4. utterance meaning: The meaning that a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context. (03).

6. Speech Act Theory: The theory proposed by John Austin and deepened by Searle, which believes that we are performing actions when we are speaking. (05)

7. constatives: Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable. (06F)

8. performatives:Performatives are sentences that don’t state a fact or describe a state, a nd are not verifiable.

9. locutionary act: The act of conveying literal meaning by virtue of syntax, lexicon and phonology.

10. illocutionary act:The act of expressing the speaker’s intention and performed in saying something. (06F)

11. perlocutionary act: The act resulting from saying something and the consequence or the change brought about by the utterance.

1. historical linguistics:A subfield of linguistics that study language change.

2. coinage: A new word can be coined to fit some purpose. (03)

3. blending: A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.

5. borrowing: When different culture come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language to another. It is also called load words.

6. back formation: New words may be coined from already existing words by subtracting an affix mistakenly thought to be part of the old word. Such words are called back-formation.

7. functional shift: Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.

8. acronyms: Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.

Chapter 8: Language And Society

2. speech community: A group of people who form a community and share at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms. (05)

3. speech varieties: It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.

4. regional dialect: A variety of language used by people living in the same geographical region.

5. sociolect: A variety of language used by people, who belong to a particular social class.

6. registers : The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.

7. idiolect :A person’s dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements, regarding regional, social, gender and age variations. (04)

10. field of discourse : the purpose and subject matter of the communicative behavior..

11. tenor of discourse: It refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other.

12. mode of discourse: It refers to the means of communication and it is concerned with how communication is carried out.

13. standard dialect: A superposed variety of language of a community or nation, usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.

14. formality: It refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen.

15. Pidgin: A blending of several language, developing as a contact language of people, who speak different languages, try to communication with one another on a regular basis.

16. Creole : A pidgin language which has become the native language of a group of speakers used in this daily life.

17. bilingualism : The use of two different languages side by side with each having a different role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.(07C)

18. diaglossia : A sociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist in

a speech community, each having a definite role to play.

Chapter 9: Language And Culture

1. culture : The total way of life of a person, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of human community.

5. linguistic relativity : A belief that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language-----又叫Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. (06C)

7. denotative meaning: It refers to the literal meaning, which can be found in a dictionary.

8. connotative meaning: The association of a word, apart from its primary meaning.

9. iconic meaning: The image of a word invoked to people.

Chapter 10: Language Acquisition

1. language acquisition:It refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.

2. language acquisition device (LAD): A hypothetical innate mechanism every normal human child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language. (03)

4. motherese: A special speech to children used by adults, which is characterized with slow rate of speed, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and simpler sentence structures etc.----又叫child directed speech，caretaker talk.(05)

6. under-extension: Use a word with less than its usual range of denotation.

7. over-extension: Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children.

Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition

1. second language acquisition: It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.

2. target language: The language to be acquired by the second language learner.

3. second language: A second language is a language which is not a native language in a country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.

4. foreign language: A foreign language is a language which is taught as a school subject but which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country.

5. interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions.

6. fossilization: In second or foreign language learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.

12. interlingual error: errors, which mainly result from cross-linguistic interference at different levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical etc.

13. intralingual error: Errors, which mainly result from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language. The typical examples are overgeneralization and cross-association.

14. overgeneralization: The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable.

15. cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.

16. error: the production of incorrect forms in speech or writing by a non-native speaker of a second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of that target language.

17. mistake: mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and

self-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.

21. acquisition: Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly aware

of their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.

24. language aptitude: the natural ability to learn a language, not including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc.

25. motivation:motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive.

26. instrumental motivation: the motivation that people learn a foreign language for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering a career etc. (06C)

27. integrative motivation: the drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture. (06C/ 05)

28. resultative motivation: the drive that learners learn a second language for external purposes. (06F)

29. intrinsic motivation: the drive that learners learn the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.

30. learning strategies:learning strategies are learners’ co nscious goal-oriented and

problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency.

31. cognitive strategies: strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned. (07C/ 06F)

32. metacognitive strategies: the techniques in planning, monitoring and evaluating one’s learning.

33. affect/ social strategies: the strategies dealing with the ways learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native.