Basic Application Technologies of Bifacial Photovoltaic Solar Modules
bipv案例
bipv案例BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaics) is a technology that integrates solar panels into building materials, such as windows, roofs, and facades, to generate electricity. Here are a few BIPV case studies:1. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Solar Village, Saudi Arabia:Located in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, the solar village at KAUST is equipped with BIPV technologies. The project includes solar panels integrated into canopies, facades, and roofs of various buildings within the village. The BIPV installations reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and provide a sustainable energy source for the community.2. SinBerBEST (Sustainable and Integrated Buildings for Energy Systems and Technologies) Project, Singapore:The SinBerBEST project in Singapore is dedicated to developing and implementing sustainable building technologies. One of the focus areas is BIPV integration into building facades. The project aims to optimize solar energy generation while maintaining building aesthetics and functionality.3. The Edge, Amsterdam, Netherlands:The Edge, an office building in Amsterdam, is considered one of the world's greenest buildings. The building's facade incorporates thousands of BIPV solar panels, making it nearly energy-neutral. The BIPV system enables the building to generate its electricity and also provides shading to reduce the need for air conditioning.4. Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE:Masdar City is a sustainable urban development in Abu Dhabi. It incorporates various renewable energy technologies, including BIPV. The city features buildings with integrated solar panels that generate clean energy for the community. The BIPV systems help reduce the overall carbon footprint and contribute to a more sustainable city.5. Sistine Solar Project, Boston, USA:The Sistine Solar project focuses on developing customized solar panels with designs that blend visually into the building facades. The project aims to improve the architectural integration of solar panels and promote wider adoption of BIPV technologies. By integrating solar panels that resemble traditional building materials, such as shingles or tiles, the project enhances the aesthetics of solar installations.These are just a few examples of BIPV installations around the world. With the constant advancements in solar technology and increased emphasis on sustainable construction, BIPV is expected to become more prevalent in the future.。
4张继彬光伏会议演讲
Solar Technology Research Center, Southeast University
三、系统构成
本系统有四部分构成： 1、数据采集部分 2、温度测量部分 3、太阳辐照度测量部分 4、控制电路部分
系统结构框图
Solar Technology Research Center, Southeast University
Solar Technology Research Center, Southeast University
基于虚拟仪器的聚光型硅基太阳能电 池组件性能测试系统
演 讲 人: 张继彬 指导教师: 陆 勇
2010年 11月
东南大学太阳能技术研究中心
Solar Technology Research Center, Southeast University
Solar Technology Research Center, Southeast University
3、太阳辐照度测量部分
这里有两种方式进行太阳 辐照度的测量： 一是采用带RS232接口的 TES系列光功率计； 二是采用实验现场的 Campbell Scientific气象 站。 气象站的功能强大，可实 现太阳总辐照度、直射光 辐照度、环境温度等参数 的测量，而且测量精度高， 具有数据存储的功能。为
2、温度测量部分
光伏电池板的发电效率随 电池板温度的变化而改变， 温度参数在聚光光伏系统 的性能参数中占有非常重 要的位置，因此温度采集 成为一关键要素。 这里采用的是K型热电偶 头测量温度，K型热电偶 线性度好，精度高、灵敏 度高，抗氧化性能强，且 价格便宜，通过与 Agilent34970A仪器的配
三电平技术在1MW 1500V 光伏应用中的IGBT功率模块解决方案
三电平技术在1MW 1500V 光伏应用中的IGBT功率模块解决方案Kevin, Lenz, Danfoss Silicon Power, GermanyToke, Franke, Danfoss Silicon Power, GermanyHenning, Ströbel-Maier, Danfoss Silicon Power, Germany* 更多资讯，请联系丹佛斯中国：zengzhigang@摘要在光伏发电应用中，目前的趋势是向开路电压1500V系统发展[1]。
效率高、成本低、体积小是光伏逆变器设计最关心的。
减少并联的IGBT功率模块数量是减小体积和降低成本的关键。
选择正确的拓扑结构可以通过提高开关频率来减小滤波器的体积。
本文介绍了一种三电平的IGBT功率模块，该模块可以减少系统中模块并联的数量。
同时，进一步讨论了不同中性点钳位（NPC）拓扑的优点以及一种直接水冷系统。
1、三电平IGBT 模块为了获得更加高效率的解决方案，三电平技术正在变得越来越重要，甚至在兆瓦（WM）级的高功率应用中。
中性点钳位的三电平技术先后发展出了两种拓扑结构NPC1和NPC2（图1）[2]。
两种拓扑结构在不同的应用中各有优点。
本文介绍了一种基于这两种拓扑的采用相同封装和引脚的IGBT功率模块。
图1：NPC1（左），NPC2（中），两电平半桥拓扑（右）丹佛斯P3L®模块封装是一种多电平应用的标准封装，一个完整的低杂散电感NPC1[7] 和NPC2[5,6]拓扑为高功率应用提供了三电平的优势。
图2：丹佛斯硅动力的P3L®（NPC1和NPC2）以及P3（半桥）模块2、NPC1和NPC2的优缺点2.1、NPC2在低开关频率下效率更高为了满足高效的逆变器的设计要求，IGBT模块的功率损耗是重要的影响因素。
为了评估三电平模块对比两电平半桥模块在功率损耗上的优势，设计了一个仿真计算工具（DICAT）[4]。
Topcon技术分析
02
Topcon技术难点
2.技术难点-硼扩
BBr3: 沸点90℃，常温下为液态。 BCl3: 沸点12.5℃，常温下为气态。
4BCl3+3O2=2B2O3+6Cl2 2B2O3+3Si=4B+3SiO2
BBr3 vs BCl3
B-Cl键能更大，不易分解，在扩散温度 Cl2的氧化性更强，容易氧化金属杂质。 下利用率不高
05
电池技术知识分享
05
电池技术知识分享
为什么是TOPCON?
增加有限的设备可以为电池技术进行升级，而不 至 于HIT直接颠覆式成长。 改善P型电池并兼容P型，可持续发展叠层电池。
CSPV2019-TOPCon: Improvements in Laboratory and Industrialization at Fraunhofer ISE
05
电池技术知识分享
TOPCON设备选型-LPCVD
05
电池技术知识分享
TOPCON设备选型对比
05
电池技术知识分享
TOPCON路线设计参考
步数 1 2 3 4 5
6
7 8 9 10 11 12
制程 制绒 硼扩
BSG+背抛
LPCVD
磷掺杂
去绕镀 ALD 镀膜
丝网烧结 电注入
测试分选
设备厂家参考
STEP 3
的单色紫外光； 分解环境大气的分
子氧
（O2）。所得氧自由基
与
PECVD
O2之间反应产生O3
钝化效果较差；
厚度均匀性不易控制；
生长速度快
STEP 4
02
Topcon技术难点
2.技术难点-Tunnel Oxide
染料敏化太阳能电池发明人Gratzel2009.8.9 武汉POEM会议PPT
COOH
Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Kay, A.; Rodicio, I.; Humphry-Baker, R.; Mueller, E.; Liska, P.; Vlachopoulos, N.; Graetzel, M. J. American Chemical Society (1993), 115(14), 6382-90.
Dye solar cells use sensitizer molecules to generate electric charges from sunlight, Like photosynthesis they achieve separation of light absorption from charge transport
Butterflies flutter and stop using the electricity generated by this plant under the intermittent lightings.
Leaf-shaped transparent DSC with four colors
(CV in CH2Cl2. 110 mV vs. Fc/Fc+) Absorption maximum neutral:
λmax=372 nm (ε=40100) Radical cation:
λmax=511 nm (ε=37400)15
16
Mobility ~ 1 x10-4 V/cm
SEM
Photo-induced separation in conventional photovoltaic cells and dye
Postdocs: Etienne Baranoff, Mingkui Wang ,AndreasKay, Kevin Sivula, Scott Warrren, Jun-Ho Yum, Frˇderic Sauvage,InesRabe.
基于Quokka软件的太阳能电池结构设计实验教学创新
实验技术与管理Experimental Technology and Management 第38卷第1期2021年1月Vol.38No.l Jan.2021ISSN1002-4956CN11-2034/TDOI:10.16791/ki.sjg.2021.01.045基于Quokka软件的太阳能电池结构设计实验教学创新相成娣，薛梦凡，田江敏(杭州电子科技大学自动化学院，浙江杭州310018)摘要：太阳能电池结构设计的课程偏重于实践和应用，但由于一般高校实验室缺乏必要的实验设备，该实验教学部分很难实现因此，设计了基于Quokka模拟软件的仿真实验教学，以背接触IBC电池结构为例，给出了实验教学的过程，该实验设计准确度高，贴近实际电池片设计的开发流程，仿真速度快，不需要借助超级电脑就能实现大量的仿真对比此外，该实验教学方法简明扼要、可操作性强，方便学生在课余时间练习。
通过该实验，学生可以把电池结构的各个组成部分联系到一起.不需要进入有危险化学品的实验室，就能对电池结构有一个整体的概念，通过灵活改变电池的结构设计，加深了学生对理论知识的理解与应用，提高了学生的学习、实践与创新能力。
关键词：晶体硅太阳能电池；光伏；结构设计；结构优化；仿真实验教学中图分类号：G64文献标识码：A文章编号：1002-4956(2021)01・0207-06Experimental teaching innovation of solar cell structuredesign based on Quokka softwareXIANG Chengdi,XUE Mengfan,TIAN Jiangmin(School of Automation,Hangzhou Dianzi University,Hangzhou310018,China)Abstract:The course of solar cell structure design focuses on practice and application.However,due to the lack ofnecessary experimental equipment in most of university laboratories,the experimental teaching part is difficult toachieve.Therefore,the simulation experiment based on Quokka simulation software is designed.By taking theback contact IBC solar cell structure as an example,the experiment teaching process is presented.This experimentdesign has high accuracy,close to the development process of the actual solar cell design,and the simulation speedis fast.Without the help of supercomputer,a large number of simulation comparisons can be achieved.In addition,the experimental teaching method is concise,practical and convenient for students to practice in their spare time.Through this experiment,students can obtain comprehensive understanding of the whole cell structure.Withoutentering the laboratory with dangerous chemicals,they can get an overall concept of the cell structure.By flexiblychanging the structure design of the cell,students can deepen their understanding and application of theoreticalknowledge,and improve their learning,practice and innovation abilities.Key words:crystalline silicon solar cell;photovoltaic;structure design;structure optimization;simulationexperimental teaching1背景光伏发电作为清洁可再生能源的发电方式，已经收稿日期：2020-05-20基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目(61803132)；杭州电子科技大学教育教学改革研究资助项目(YBJG202080),“基于太阳能电池制备仿真实验教学的研究与探索”作者简介：相成娣(1988—).女.山东临沂，博士，副研究员，主要从事控制理论和新能源方面的教学和科研，E-mail:***********.cn 成为全球各国推动能源改革与应对气候变化问题结构转型的重要手段。
光伏行业英文词汇
光伏行业英文词汇太阳电池 solar cell通常是指将太阳光能直接转换成电能的一种器件。
硅太阳电池silicon solar cell硅太阳电池是以硅为基体材料的太阳电池。
单晶硅太阳电池single crystalline silicon solar cell单晶硅太阳电池是以单晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池。
非晶硅太阳电池（a—si太阳电池）amorphous silicon solar cell用非晶硅材料及其合金制造的太阳电池称为非晶硅太阳电池，亦称无定形硅太阳电池，简称a—si 太阳电池。
多晶硅太阳电池polycrystalline silicon solar cell多晶硅太阳电池是以多晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池。
聚光太阳电池组件photovoltaic concentrator module系指组成聚光太阳电池，方阵的中间组合体，由聚光器、太阳电池、散热器、互连引线和壳体等组成。
电池温度cell temperature系指太阳电池中P-n结的温度。
太阳电池组件表面温度solar cell module surface temperature系指太阳电池组件背表面的温度。
大气质量（AM）Air Mass (AM)直射阳光光束透过大气层所通过的路程，以直射太阳光束从天顶到达海平面所通过的路程的倍数来表示。
太阳高度角solar 太阳高度角solar elevation angle太阳光线与观测点处水平面的夹角，称为该观测点的太阳高度角。
辐照度irradiance系指照射到单位表面积上的辐射功率（W/m2）。
总辐照（总的太阳辐照）total irradiation (total insolation)在一段规定的时间内，（根据具体情况而定为每小时，每天、每周、每月、每年）照射到某个倾斜表面的单位面积上的太阳辐照。
直射辐照度direct irradiance照射到单位面积上的，来自太阳圆盘及其周围对照射点所张的圆锥半顶角为8o的天空辐射功率。
光伏行业英文词汇
太阳电池 solar cell通常是指将太阳光能直接转换成电能的一种器件。
硅太阳电池silicon solar cell硅太阳电池是以硅为基体材料的太阳电池。
单晶硅太阳电池single crystalline silicon solar cell单晶硅太阳电池是以单晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池。
非晶硅太阳电池（a—si太阳电池）amorphous silicon solar cell用非晶硅材料及其合金制造的太阳电池称为非晶硅太阳电池，亦称无定形硅太阳电池，简称a—si太阳电池。
多晶硅太阳电池polycrystalline silicon solar cell多晶硅太阳电池是以多晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池。
聚光太阳电池组件photovoltaic concentrator module系指组成聚光太阳电池，方阵的中间组合体，由聚光器、太阳电池、散热器、互连引线和壳体等组成。
电池温度cell temperature系指太阳电池中P-n结的温度。
太阳电池组件表面温度solar cell module surface temperature系指太阳电池组件背表面的温度。
大气质量（AM）Air Mass (AM)直射阳光光束透过大气层所通过的路程，以直射太阳光束从天顶到达海平面所通过的路程的倍数来表示。
太阳高度角 solar 太阳高度角 solar elevation angle太阳光线与观测点处水平面的夹角，称为该观测点的太阳高度角。
辐照度 irradiance系指照射到单位表面积上的辐射功率（W/m2）。
总辐照（总的太阳辐照）total irradiation (total insolation)在一段规定的时间内，（根据具体情况而定为每小时，每天、每周、每月、每年）照射到某个倾斜表面的单位面积上的太阳辐照。
直射辐照度direct irradiance照射到单位面积上的，来自太阳圆盘及其周围对照射点所张的圆锥半顶角为8o的天空辐射功率。
太阳能电池行业英语词汇2
AAbsorber— In a photovoltaic device, the material that readily absorbs photons to generate charge carriers (free electrons or holes).AC— see alternating current.Activated Shelf Life— The period of time, at a specified temperature, that a charged battery can be stored before its capacity falls to an unusable level.Activation Voltage(s)— The voltage(s) at which a charge controller will take action to protect the batteries.Adjustable Set Point— A feature allowing the user to adjust the voltage levels at which a charge controller will become active.Alternating Current (AC)— A type of electrical current, the direction of which is reversed at regular intervals or cycles. In the United States, the standard is 120 reversals or 60 cycles per second. Electricity transmission networks use AC because voltage can be controlled with relative ease.Acceptor— A dopant material, such as boron, which has fewer outer shell electrons than required in an otherwise balanced crystal structure, providing a hole, which can accept a free electron.AIC— See amperage interrupt capability.Air mass (sometimes called air mass ratio)— Equal to the cosine of the zenith angle-that angle from directly overhead to a line intersecting the sun. The air mass is an indication of the length of the path solar radiation travels through the atmosphere. An air mass of 1.0 means the sun is directly overhead and the radiation travels through one atmosphere (thickness).Ambient Temperature— The temperature of the surrounding area.Amorphous Semiconductor— A non-crystalline semiconductor material that has no long-range order.Amorphous Silicon— A thin-film, silicon photovoltaic cell having no crystalline structure. Manufactured by depositing layers of doped silicon on a substrate. See also single-crystal silicon an polycrystalline silicon.Amperage Interrupt Capability (AIC)—direct current fuses should be rated with a sufficient AIC to interrupt the highest possible current.Ampere (amp)— A unit of electrical current or rate of flow of electrons. One volt across one ohm of resistance causes a current flow of one ampere.Ampere-Hour (Ah/AH)— A measure of the flow of current (in amperes) over one hour; used to measure battery capacity.Ampere Hour Meter— An instrument that monitors current with time. The indication is the product of current (in amperes) and time (in hours).Angle of Incidence— The angle that a ray of sun makes with a line perpendicular to the surface. For example, a surface that directly faces the sun has a solar angle of incidence of zero, but if the surface is parallel to the sun (for example, sunrise striking a horizontal rooftop), the angle of incidence is 90°.Annual Solar Savings— The annual solar savings of a solar building is the energy savings attributable to a solar feature relative to the energy requirements of a non-solar building.Anode— The positive electrode in an electrochemical cell (battery). Also, the earth or ground in a cathodic protection system. Also, the positive terminal of a diode.Antireflection Coating— A thin coating of a material applied to a solar cell surface that reduces the light reflection and increases light transmission.Array— see photovoltaic (PV) array.Array Current— The electrical current produced by a photovoltaic array when it is exposed to sunlight.Array Operating Voltage— The voltage produced by a photovoltaic array when exposed to sunlight and connected to a load.Autonomous System— See stand-alone system.Availability— The quality or condition of a photovoltaic system being available to provide power to a load. Usually measured in hours per year. One minus availability equals downtime.Azimuth Angle— The angle between true south and the point on the horizon directly below the sun.Back to TopBBalance of System— Represents all components and costs other than the photovoltaic modules/array. It includes design costs, land, site preparation, system installation, support structures, power conditioning, operation and maintenance costs, indirect storage, and related costs.Band Gap— In a semiconductor, the energy difference between the highest valence band and the lowest conduction band.Band Gap Energy (Eg)— The amount of energy (in electron volts) required to free an outer shell electron from its orbit about the nucleus to a free state, and thus promote it from the valence to the conduction level.Barrier Energy— The energy given up by an electron in penetrating the cell barrier; a measure of the electrostatic potential of the barrier.Base Load— The average amount of electric power that a utility must supply in any period.Battery— Two or more electrochemical cells enclosed in a container and electrically interconnected in an appropriate series/parallel arrangement to provide the required operating voltage and current levels. Under common usage, the term battery also applies to a single cell if it constitutes the entire electrochemical storage system.Battery Available Capacity— The total maximum charge, expressed in ampere-hours, that can be withdrawn from a cell or battery under a specific set of operating conditions including discharge rate, temperature, initial state of charge, age, and cut-off voltage.Battery Capacity— The maximum total electrical charge, expressed in ampere-hours, which a battery can deliver to a load under a specific set of conditions.Battery Cell— The simplest operating unit in a storage battery. It consists of one or more positive electrodes or plates, an electrolyte that permits ionic conduction, one or more negative electrodes or plates, separators between plates of opposite polarity, and a container for all the above.Battery Cycle Life— The number of cycles, to a specified depth of discharge, that a cell or battery can undergo before failing to meet its specified capacity or efficiency performance criteria.Battery Energy Capacity— The total energy available, expressed in watt-hours (kilowatt-hours), which can be withdrawn from a fully charged cell or battery. The energy capacity of a given cell varies with temperature, rate, age, and cut-off voltage. This term is more common to system designers than it is to the battery industry where capacity usually refers to ampere-hours.Battery Energy Storage— Energy storage using electrochemical batteries. The three main applications for battery energy storage systems include spinning reserve at generating stations, load leveling at substations, and peak shaving on the customer side of the meter.Battery Life— The period during which a cell or battery is capable of operating above a specified capacity or efficiency performance level. Life may be measured in cycles and/or years, depending on the type of service for which the cell or battery is intended.BIPV (Building-Integrated Photovoltaics)— A term for the design and integration of photovoltaic (PV) technology into the building envelope, typically replacing conventional building materials. This integration may be in vertical facades, replacing view glass, spandrel glass, or other facade material; into semitransparent skylight systems; into roofing systems, replacing traditional roofing materials; into shading "eyebrows" over windows; or other building envelope systems.Blocking Diode— A semiconductor connected in series with a solar cell or cells and a storage battery to keep the battery from discharging through the cell when there is no output, or low output, from the solar cell. It can be thought of as a one-way valve that allows electrons to flow forwards, but not backwards.Boron (B)— The chemical element commonly used as the dopant in photovoltaic device or cell material.Boule— A sausage-shaped, synthetic single-crystal mass grown in a special furnace, pulled and turned at a rate necessary to maintain the single-crystal structure during growth.Btu (British Thermal Unit)— The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit; equal to 252 calories.Bypass Diode— A diode connected across one or more solar cells in a photovoltaic module such that the diode will conduct if the cell(s) become reverse biased. It protects these solar cells from thermal destruction in case of total or partial shading of individual solar cells while other cells are exposed to full light.Back to TopCCadmium (Cd)— A chemical element used in making certain types of solar cells and batteries.Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)— A polycrystalline thin-film photovoltaic material.Capacity (C)— See battery capacity.Capacity Factor— The ratio of the average load on (or power output of) an electricity generating unit or system to the capacity rating of the unit or system over a specified period of time.Captive Electrolyte Battery— A battery having an immobilized electrolyte (gelled or absorbed in a material).Cathode— The negative pole or electrode of an electrolytic cell, vacuum tube, etc., where electrons enter (current leaves) the system; the opposite of an anode.Cathodic Protection— A method of preventing oxidation of the exposed metal in structures by imposing a small electrical voltage between the structure and the ground.Cd— see cadmium.CdTe— see cadmium telluride.Cell (battery)— A single unit of an electrochemical device capable of producing direct voltage by converting chemical energy into electrical energy. A battery usually consists of several cells electrically connected together to produce higher voltages. (Sometimes the terms cell and battery are used interchangeably). Also see photovoltaic (PV) cell.Cell Barrier— A very thin region of static electric charge along the interface of the positive and negative layers in a photovoltaic cell. The barrier inhibits the movement of electrons from one layer to the other, so that higher-energy electrons from one side diffuse preferentially through it in one direction, creating a current and thus a voltage across the cell. Also called depletion zone or space charge.Cell Junction— The area of immediate contact between two layers (positive and negative) of a photovoltaic cell. The junction lies at the center of the cell barrier or depletion zone.Charge— The process of adding electrical energy to a battery.Charge Carrier— A free and mobile conduction electron or hole in a semiconductor.Charge Controller— A component of a photovoltaic system that controls the flow of current to and from the battery to protect it from over-charge and over-discharge. The charge controller may also indicate the system operational status.Charge Factor— A number representing the time in hours during which a battery can be charged at a constant current without damage to the battery. Usually expressed in relation to the total battery capacity, i.e., C/5 indicates a charge factor of 5 hours. Related to charge rate.Charge Rate— The current applied to a cell or battery to restore its available capacity. This rate is commonly normalized by a charge control device with respect to the rated capacity of the cell or battery.Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)— A method of depositing thin semiconductor films used to make certain types of photovoltaic devices. With this method, a substrate is exposed to one or more vaporized compounds, one or more of which contain desirable constituents. A chemical reaction is initiated, at or near the substrate surface, to produce the desired material that will condense on the substrate.Cleavage of Lateral Epitaxial Films for Transfer (CLEFT)— A process for making inexpensive Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) photovoltaic cells in which a thin film of GaAs is grown atop a thick, single-crystal GaAs (or other suitable material) substrate and then is cleaved from the substrate and incorporated into a cell, allowing the substrate to be reused to grow more thin-film GaAs.Cloud Enhancement— The increase in solar intensity caused by reflected irradiance from nearby clouds.Combined Collector— A photovoltaic device or module that provides useful heat energy in addition to electricity.Concentrator— A photovoltaic module, which includes optical components such as lenses (Fresnel lens) to direct and concentrate sunlight onto a solar cell of smaller area. Most concentrator arrays must directly face or track the sun. They can increase the power flux of sunlight hundreds of times.Conduction Band (or conduction level)— An energy band in a semiconductor in which electrons can move freely in a solid, producing a net transport of charge.Conductor— The material through which electricity is transmitted, such as an electrical wire, or transmission or distribution line.Contact Resistance— The resistance between metallic contacts and the semiconductor.Conversion Efficiency— See photovoltaic (conversion) efficiency.Converter— A unit that converts a direct current (dc) voltage to another dc voltage.Copper Indium Diselenide (CuInSe2, or CIS)— A polycrystalline thin-film photovoltaic material (sometimes incorporating gallium (CIGS) and/or sulfur).Crystalline Silicon— A type of photovoltaic cell made from a slice of single-crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon.Current— See electric current.Current at Maximum Power (Imp)— The current at which maximum power is available from a module.Cutoff Voltage— The voltage levels (activation) at which the charge controller disconnects the photovoltaic array from the battery or the load from the battery.Cycle— The discharge and subsequent charge of a battery.Czochralski Process— A method of growing large size, high quality semiconductor crystal by slowly lifting a seed crystal from a molten bath of the material under careful cooling conditions.Back to TopDDangling Bonds— A chemical bond associated with an atom on the surface layer of a crystal. The bond does not join with another atom of the crystal, but extends in the direction of exterior of the surface.Days of Storage— The number of consecutive days the stand-alone system will meet a defined load without solar energy input. This term is related to system availability.DC— See direct current.DC-to-DC Converter— Electronic circuit to convert direct current voltage s (e.g., photovoltaic module voltage) into other levels (e.g., load voltage). Can be part of a maximum power point tracker.Deep-Cycle Battery— A battery with large plates that can withstand many discharges to a low state-of-charge.Deep Discharge— Discharging a battery to 20% or less of its full charge capacity.Depth of Discharge (DOD)— The ampere-hours removed from a fully charged cell or battery, expressed as a percentage of rated capacity. For example, the removal of 25 ampere-hours from a fully charged 100 ampere-hours rated cell results in a 25% depth of discharge. Under certain conditions, such as discharge rates lower than that used to rate the cell, depth of discharge can exceed 100%.Dendrite— A slender threadlike spike of pure crystalline material, such as silicon.Dendritic Web Technique— A method for making sheets of polycrystalline silicon in which silicon dendrites are slowly withdrawn from a melt of silicon whereupon a web of silicon forms between the dendrites and solidifies as it rises from the melt and cools.Depletion Zone— Same as cell barrier. The term derives from the fact that this microscopically thin region is depleted of charge carriers (free electrons and hole).Design Month— The month having the combination of insolation and load that requires the maximum energy from the photovoltaic array.Diffuse Insolation— Sunlight received indirectly as a result of scattering due to clouds, fog, haze, dust, or other obstructions in the atmosphere. Opposite of direct insolation.Diffuse Radiation— Radiation received from the sun after reflection and scattering by the atmosphere and ground.Diffusion Furnace— Furnace used to make junctions in semiconductor s by diffusing dopant atoms into the surface of the material.Diffusion Length— The mean distance a free electron or hole moves before recombining with another hole or electron.Diode— An electronic device that allows current to flow in one direction only. See blocking diode and bypass diode.Direct Beam Radiation— Radiation received by direct solar rays. Measured by a pyrheliometer with a solar aperture of 5.7° to transcribe the solar disc.Direct Current (DC)— A type of electricity transmission and distribution by which electricity flows in one direction through the conductor, usually relatively low voltage and high current. To be used for typical 120 volt or 220 volt household appliances, DC must be converted to alternating current, its opposite.Direct Insolation— Sunlight falling directly upon a collector. Opposite of diffuse insolation.Discharge— The withdrawal of electrical energy from a battery.Discharge Factor— A number equivalent to the time in hours during which a battery is discharged at constant current usually expressed as a percentage of the total battery capacity, i.e., C/5 indicates a discharge factor of 5 hours. Related to discharge rate.Discharge Rate— The rate, usually expressed in amperes or time, at which electrical current is taken from the battery.Disconnect— Switch gear used to connect or disconnect components in a photovoltaic system.Distributed Energy Resources (DER)— A variety of small, modularpower-generating technologies that can be combined with energy management and storage systems and used to improve the operation of the electricity delivery system, whether or not those technologies are connected to an electricity grid.Distributed Generation— A popular term for localized or on-site power generation.Distributed Power— Generic term for any power supply located near the point where the power is used. Opposite of central power. See stand-alone systems.Distributed Systems— Systems that are installed at or near the location where the electricity is used, as opposed to central systems that supply electricity to grids. A residential photovoltaic system is a distributed system.Donor— In a photovoltaic device, an n-type dopant, such as phosphorus, that puts an additional electron into an energy level very near the conduction band; this electron is easily exited into the conduction band where it increases the electrical conductivity over than of an undoped semiconductor.Donor Level— The level that donates conduction electrons to the system.Dopant— A chemical element (impurity) added in small amounts to an otherwise pure semiconductor material to modify the electrical properties of the material. An n-dopant introduces more electrons. A p-dopant creates electron vacancies (holes).Doping— The addition of dopants to a semiconductor.Downtime— Time when the photovoltaic system cannot provide power for the load. Usually expressed in hours per year or that percentage.Dry Cell— A cell (battery) with a captive electrolyte. A primary battery that cannot be recharged.Duty Cycle— The ratio of active time to total time. Used to describe the operating regime of appliances or loads in photovoltaic systems.Duty Rating— The amount of time an inverter (power conditioning unit) can produce at full rated power.Back to TopEEdge-Defined Film-Fed Growth (EFG)— A method for making sheets of polycrystalline silicon for photovoltaic devices in which molten silicon is drawn upward by capillary action through a mold.Electric Circuit— The path followed by electrons from a power source (generator or battery), through an electrical system, and returning to the source.Electric Current— The flow of electrical energy (electricity) in a conductor, measured in amperes.Electrical grid— An integrated system of electricity distribution, usually covering a large area.Electricity— Energy resulting from the flow of charge particles, such as electrons or ions.Electrochemical Cell— A device containing two conducting electrodes, one positive and the other negative, made of dissimilar materials (usually metals) that are immersed in a chemical solution (electrolyte) that transmits positive ions from the negative to the positive electrode and thus forms an electrical charge. One or more cells constitute a battery.Electrode— A conductor that is brought in conducting contact with a ground.Electrodeposition— Electrolytic process in which a metal is deposited at the cathode from a solution of its ions.Electrolyte— A nonmetallic (liquid or solid) conductor that carries current by the movement of ions (instead of electrons) with the liberation of matter at the electrodes of an electrochemical cell.Electron— An elementary particle of an atom with a negative electrical charge and a mass of 1/1837 of a proton; electrons surround the positively charged nucleus of an atom and determine the chemical properties of an atom. The movement of electrons in an electrical conductor constitutes an electric current.Electron Volt (eV)— The amount of kinetic energy gained by an electron when accelerated through an electric potential difference of 1 Volt; equivalent to 1.603 x10^-19; a unit of energy or work.Energy— The capability of doing work; different forms of energy can be converted to other forms, but the total amount of energy remains the same.Energy Audit— A survey that shows how much energy used in a home, which helps find ways to use less energy.Energy Contribution Potential—Recombination occurring in the emitter region of a photovoltaic cell.Energy Density— The ratio of available energy per pound; usually used to compare storage batteries.Energy Levels— The energy represented by an electron in the band model of a substance.。
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Basic Application Technologies of Bifacial Photovoltaic Solar ModulesTOSHIO JOGE,1 YOSHIO EGUCHI,1 YASUHIRO IMAZU,1 ICHIRO ARAKI,1 TSUYOSHI UEMATSU,2 and KUNIHIRO MATSUKUMA3
1Hitachi, Ltd., Power & Industrial Systems Division, Japan
2Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Japan
3Sojo University, Japan
SUMMARYIn order to realize a photovoltaic (PV) solar powersystem which is low cost and flexible on its installation, theauthors have studied vertical installations of bifacial solarmodules. Simulation studies and field tests were performedin order to evaluate daily and yearly output energies whenbifacial modules are vertically installed at various azimuthangles. It is clarified that the yearly generated energies bya vertically installed bifacial module are equivalent to thoseof a monofacial module facing south with an optimum tilt,regardless of the azimuth angles. According to the aboveresults, some applications have been successfully demon-strated including a fence-integrated PV system and a pole-mounted PV system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ElectrEng Jpn, 149(3): 32–42, 2004; Published online in WileyInterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI10.1002/eej.10370
Key words: photovoltaic solar cell; bifacial solarcell; vertical installation.
1. IntroductionAt present, the photovoltaic solar cells commonly inuse are monofacial cells, and photovoltaic solar cells whichcan generate electricity by receiving light on both sides arereferred to as bifacial photovoltaic cells. Bifacial photovol-taic solar modules rapidly gained attention as a way tocreate a low-cost photovoltaic system because the quantityof silicon substrate materials that represent the majority ofmanufacturing costs can be reduced, and the total electricalconversion efficiency can be increased because sunlight isreceived on both faces. Research on bifacial photovoltaicsolar modules has been performed since the 1980s [1–4].
Given the complex manufacturing processes required andthe high-quality silicon substrates needed, as of the presenttime it would not be an exaggeration to say that massproduction of bifacial photovoltaic solar modules is virtu-ally nonexistent. The authors have developed a low-costbifacial photovoltaic cell for mass production. The expec-tation is that lower costs can be realized by making use ofthinner solar-grade CZ-type single-crystal silicon sub-strates, and developing efficient manufacturing processesand vastly reducing the use of materials such as electrodepastes. The bifacial photovoltaic cell developed is an n+pp+ type cell created with a back surface field (BSF) throughboron dispersion on the cell surface at a 125-mm angle. Thebifacial photovoltaic solar module is a flat module thatencloses two transparent protective surfaces (reinforcedwhite glass) over the cell.The bifacial photovoltaic module can generate elec-tricity due to solar light on the front and back side when setup facing south, as is done with an ordinary single-sidedphotovoltaic module. The amount of sunlight striking theback side is only about 10% of the amount of sunlightstriking the front side. Systems that use the bifacial photo-voltaic solar module are not that much better. The authorshave considered a method to set up the bifacial photovoltaicsolar modules vertically. They believe that this will allowfor a solar power generation system with characteristics thatwere previously unavailable, and which can contribute tothe development and spread of solar power generators. Notethat with respect to setting up the bifacial photovoltaic solarmodules vertically, an example of a system which is incor-porated into the sound barriers along a highway that runsnorth–south has been set up in Switzerland as a proof ofconcept.In this paper, the authors report the results of simula-tions for setting up the bifacial photovoltaic solar modulesbeing discussed vertically as well as the results of verifica-tion experiments performed outside. In addition, the results
© 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 149, No. 3, 2004Translated from Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol. 123-B, No. 8, August 2003, pp. 947955
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