America in World War Ⅰ一战中的美国
美国历史知识点梳理
美国历史知识点梳理美国历史是世界历史中的重要组成部分，涵盖了从殖民地时期到现代的丰富内容。
本文将对美国历史的一些重要知识点进行梳理，以帮助读者更好地了解和掌握这段历史。
一、殖民地时期（Colonial Period）1. 罗斯托克定居点（Roanoke Colony）：是英国在1587年在北美建立的第一个永久性殖民地，但最终失踪成为“失落的殖民地”。
2. 普利茅斯殖民地（Plymouth Colony）：由清教徒建立于1620年，被认为是美国最早的永久性英国殖民地之一。
3. 马萨诸塞湾殖民地（Massachusetts Bay Colony）：由清教徒建立于1630年，成为新英格兰地区的中心，对美国的政治、宗教和文化发展产生了深远影响。
二、独立战争与建国初期（Revolutionary War and Early Republic）1. 波士顿倾茶事件（Boston Tea Party）：1773年，美国殖民地居民抗议英国的茶叶税法，把大量茶叶倾入波士顿港口，成为独立运动的重要事件之一。
2. 独立宣言（Declaration of Independence）：1776年7月4日，美国大陆会议通过的宣言，宣布美国独立，成为美国历史上的重要里程碑。
3. 美国宪法（United States Constitution）：1787年制定，成为美国的最高法律，确立了联邦制度和三权分立的原则，为美国政治体系奠定了基础。
三、南北战争与重建时期（Civil War and Reconstruction）1. 南北战争（American Civil War）：1861年至1865年，是美国历史上的一场内战，以南方联盟（Confederate States of America）与北方联邦（Union）之间的冲突为主，结束了奴隶制度，巩固了联邦政府的权威。
2. 解放宣言（Emancipation Proclamation）：1862年颁布，林肯总统宣布解放南方奴隶，成为南北战争中的重要政治举措。
《注定一战---》18分钟让你明白美国动手真相
18分钟让你明白美国动手真相《注定一战：美国和中国能逃避修昔底德陷阱吗？》2019、06、11、格雷厄姆·埃里森格雷厄姆·埃里森的著作《注定一战：美国和中国能逃避修昔底德陷阱吗？》（Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap?）于2017年5月由霍顿米夫林出版公司出版后迅速成为畅销书。
△2018年5月26日，哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院首任院长格雷厄姆·埃里森教授在复旦大学主办的“上海论坛”上发表演讲。
格雷厄姆·埃里森多次到访中国，对中国的发展和崛起有着深入的研究，并一直致力于探讨和解决中美之间如何避免修昔底德陷阱。
下面，是格雷厄姆·埃里森教授2018年9月在TED上的演讲视频和双语对照全文，对于美国人眼中的中国崛起究竟是什么样的问题，让我们一起来聆听他的独到见解：只有那些拒绝学习历史的人，会被迫重蹈历史的覆辙！So, let me thank you for the opportunity to talk about the biggest international story of your professional lifetime, which is also the most important international challenge the world will face for as far as the eye can see.首先我想感谢能有这个机会, 来讨论你们职业生涯中最大的国际话题，同时也是众所周知，最重要的，全世界正面临的国际性挑战。
The story, of course, is the rise of China. Never before have so many people risen so far so fast, on so many different dimensions. The challenge isthe impact of China's rise -- the discombobulation this will cause the Unites States and the international order, of which the US has been the principal architect and guardian. The past 100 years have been what historians now callan "American Century." Americans have become accustomed to their place at the top of every pecking order. So the very idea of another country that couldbe as big and strong as the US -- or bigger -- strikes many Americans as an assault on who they are.这个话题，毋庸置疑，便是中国的崛起。
一战的性质资料
无名将士纪念碑 （位于凡尔登战场的杜瓦蒙特）
which contains the remains of more than 130,000 unknown soldiers .
Austro-Hungarian soldiers executing Serb civilians
奥匈士兵枪杀塞尔维亚平民
2. 伦敦密约 London Treaty
was a secret pact between Italy and Triple Entente, signed in London on 26 April 1915 by the Kingdom of Italy, Great Britain, France and Russia.
was a set of secret assurances made by the Triple Entente (协约国) during World War I. France and Great Britain promised to give Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, and the Dardanelles (land on either coast in Thrace and Asia Minor), which at the time were part of the Ottoman Empire, to the Russians in the event of victory. The city of Constantinople was intended to be a free port.
According to the pact, Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join Triple Entente, as already stated in a secret agreement signed in London, on 4–5 September 1914. Furthermore, Italy was to declare war against Germany and Austria-Hungary within a month (this happened against Austria-Hungary within a month but much later, in 1916, against Germany), Italy was to obtain the following territorial gains (see Italia irredenta) at the end of the war:
来安方《新编英美概况》笔记和典型题详解(美国—美国的历史)【圣才出品】
第2章美国的历史2.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence1. The Founding of the colonies2. The Early Immigrants3. Relation between England and Colonies4. The Boston Tea Party5. The First Continental Congress6. The Second Continental Congress7. Military Struggle and Final VictoryⅡ. Appearance of the American Constitution and Territorial Expansion1. America Following Independence2. The Constitutional Convention3. The American Constitution4. The Second War with England (1812)5. The Monroe Doctrine (1823)6. The Mexican War and Its Results (1846-1848)Ⅲ. The Civil War1. The Beginning of Slavery in America2. Conflicts Arising from Slavery3. Lincoln’s Death and American Concept of a Hero4. Effect of the Civil War5. Economic Development6. Progressivism7. The Federal Reserve Bank8. Imperialist Foreign Policy and War with SpainⅣ. America During and After World WarⅠ1. America Entering the War (1917)2. America after World WarⅠ3. The Great DepressionⅤ. America During and After World War Ⅱ1. Background and Outbreak of General War2. Changes of the U.S. Policy3. The Lend-Lease Bill4. America’s Entry into the War5. America after the War6. Cold War and America’s Containment7. Red Scare and the McCarthy Era8. Demand for Reform9. The Watergate Affair10. Reagan Revolution and ClintonⅠ. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence (十三块英属北美殖民地和独立战争)1. The Founding of the colonies (殖民地的建立)(1)The first successful English colony in North America was planted in Virginia in 1607. Thecolonists named their new settlement Jamestown, in honor of the king.英国在北美的第一块殖民地位于弗吉尼亚州。
一战历史-英文的介绍
Consequences of the war
1914---1918 European
9 million 5 million
28 na6 billion
$151 billion
World War lasted from 1914 to 1918 ,it is really an important war in history
Few events better reveal the uttermost unpredictability of the future. At the dawn of the 20th century,
Most Europeans anticipated a future of peace and prosperity. Europe had not fought a major for 100 years.
Economically , the war severely disrupted the European economies and allowed the Uinted States,to become the World’s
Economically, the war severely disrupted the European economies and allowed the United States to become the world’s leading creditor and industrial power. The war also brought vast social consequences,including the mass murder of Armenians in Turkey and an influenza epidemic that killed ove 25 million people woldwide.
美国国家概况The United States of America(英文)
The United States of America1.plain 平原2.plateaus 高原3.predominant 占优势4.glacier 冰川5.tropical 热带的6.borough 行政区7.refine 提炼8.census 人口普查9.immigrant 移民10.ethnic 种/民族的11.amalgamate 同化12.strait 海峡13.reservation 居留地14.famine 饥荒15.assimilation 吸收16.Great Plain 大平原17.Arctic Ocean 北冰洋d subtropical zone 温和的亚热带气候19.Statue of Liberty 自由女神像20.center of oil-refining 炼油中心U.S.Census Bureau 美国人口普查局21.nation of immigrant 移民国家22.Bering Strait 百令海峡23.Great Famine 大饥荒24.melting pot 大熔炉25.Immigration Act 移民法案26．Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥湾27. New Deal 新政28.abolition of slavery 废奴29.Emancipation of proclamatio解放宣言30.the Allies 同盟国31.the U.S.hegemony 美国霸权Chapter 1. Geography & PeopleI.Geography1.Location. In the central part of North of America,It’s bordered by Canada on the north,Nexicoon the south.2.Area, 95000000 square kilometers3.Three geographical ares: the eastern partThe western partThe Great Plain4.Ist mountain: the Rocky Mountains落基山5.Ist river: The Mississippi River,3780kilometers6.Ist lake: lake Superior 苏必利尔湖7.Ist fall: Niagara Fall尼亚加拉大瀑布8.Climate:mild subtropical zone（温和的亚热带气候）9.Major cities: Ist. New York2nd. Los Angeles3rd. Chicago10.Capital: Washington D.C.11.Religions:Christian(Protestant新教徒57%)Catholic 28%IslamBuddist 佛教II.People1.Population: 300million (in 2006)2.Race: white people 74.7%Blacks 12,1%Asians 4.3%Others 6%3.Nation of immigrantsChapter 2. HistoryI.America in the Colonial Era（1607-1776）In 1492,Christopher Columbus,who was financed by the Spanish King and Queen, is believed to have discovered America.Since then,many Europeans set food on this large continent, they called it “the New World”.1)Jamestown 詹姆斯城:The 1st successful English colony was found at Jamestown,Virginia,in 1607 bya team from the London Company.2)Pilgrim Father清教徒前辈移民:in 1620,a group of Puritans including poor farmers amd workers,who were later called the Pilgrim Father,sailed for Virginia on a ship called the Mayflower. They had been persecuted in England because they refused to abide the rules of the Church of England(英国教会)。
(完整版)英美概况美国部分(修正版)
PART TWO The United States of American1.Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族1)introduction 概要①the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.②a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.Thereare many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。
到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。
美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。
人口迁徙在美国很普遍。
2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement①blacks and slaverythe largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。
浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响
浅析“迷惘的一代”及其对美国文学及文化的影响摘要:在1920- 1930年代,世界第一次世界大战之后,美国出现了这样一种社会现象,那就是:在一战爆发前刚刚步入成年的年轻人充满了厌恶战争、悲观和迷茫的情绪。
他们成长的年代是资本主义渐渐的没落的年代。
因为这个时代的特点,他们的思想是复杂而矛盾的。
他们感到迷茫,因此他们被称为“迷惘的一代”。
这种现象广泛而深入地从美国蔓延到整个西方社会,它的影响在历史上是十分罕见的。
本文将简单研究迷惘的一代的历史背景和产生的原因、其主要特点和它对美国文学及文化的影响。
关键词：迷惘的一代；历史渊源；文化价值；影响The Brief Analysis of the Lost Generation and Its Influence onAmerican Literature and CultureAbstract: In the 1920s—1930s, after the world warⅠ, there appears a social phenomenon, that is: The youths who were just becoming adults when the war broke out were feel disappointed and lost. When the youth were growing up, the capitalism was declining. Because of the characteristic of that age, their ideology was intricate and paradoxical. They felt so lost, and they were called the Lost Generation. This phenomenon spread from the United States to the western society widely and deeply, and its influence on western society is rare in history. This paper will briefly study the historical background of the Lost Generation and its forming factors and main characteristics, and will focus on the Lost Generation’s influence on American literature and culture.Key words:lost generation; historical origins; cultural value; influenceContentsIntroduction (1)PartⅠThe background of the Lost Generation (2)1.1 The introduction of the lost generation (2)1.2 Forming factors of the lost generation (2)1.2.1 The effects of the First World War (2)1.2.2 The change of people’ ideas (3)1.2.3 The influence of western ideas on American youth (4)Part Ⅱ Main Characteristics of the Lost Generation (5)2.1 The confusion about war ――against the war (5)2.2 The confusion about life (6)2.3 The confusion about social reality (7)Part Ⅲ The Influence on American Literature and Culture (9)3.1 The lost generation’s influence on American literature (9)3.1.1 The maturity of American literature (9)3.1.2 Minimalism and Innovation (9)3.2 The lost generation’s influence on American culture (10)3.2.1 Multicultural promotion (10)3.2.2 Effect on American media (11)Conclusion (12)Bibliography (13)IntroductionLost generation is a term that has been widely accepted in the field of literary studies，it refers to youth and young writers with disillusionment after the First World War. Their characteristics are weariness,pessimism and disappointment.There are many studies about the lost generation, many scholars and critics were talk about the lost generation which is represented by Hemingway. Most studies are according literature history to analyze Hemingway and the Lost Generation, but the discussion of deep-seated reasons behind Hemingway and the Lost Generation, which leads to the forming of the Lost Generation, the research about this aspect is not much. Therefore, this article will combine the literature and history to analyze the lost generation. This paper analyzes the Lost Generation through the history of the United States and studies its formation factors, characteristics and influence with the help of writers and works of the Lost Generation.Last century, the United States was in a ‘cultural boiling’period: times change and People's thoughts conflicted with traditional culture, which almost reshaped America youth’s cultural attitudes and behaviors, and led to the Lost Generation.Nowadays, China is building a socialist harmonious society at present, and it has to rely on the young generation. Today there is a problem that is after the reform and opening up, under the background of globalization, Young people’s thoughts are under attack. There are many new ideas, some of them are good, and some are bad, which have very deep influence on Chinese youth. In this environment, teenagers are easy to get lost. So how to educate teenagers in ideology, to enable them to develop in a healthy way and to avoid them becoming the new ‘Lost Generation’ are the issues that every educator is facing.This paper will study from the angle of history and literature, according to the previously published monographs and journals to research historical causes of the main characteristics and impact of the Lost Generation. Besides, according to current situation of the Chinese society, it will put forward a bit to prevent Chinese-style ‘Lost G eneration’.PartⅠThe background of the Lost Generation1.1 The introduction of the lost generationThe Lost Generation was the generation that came of age during World War I, which was coined by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer herself. Between the first and second World Wars, writers of the Lost Generation were abroad, many of them went to Europe. Self-exiled to France in the post World War I, a number of intellectuals, poets, artists and writers sought the bohemian lifestyle and rejected the values of American materialism. And its center was in Paris.Poet Gertrude Stein actually pointed the ‘Lost Generation’ out. She said to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway took it as the inscription in his first novel The Sun Also Rises, and the lo st generation gradually became the name of ‘melancholic temperament’ youth after the Word WarⅠ. Then it became a title of an American modernism literature genre---- The Lost Generation Literature. This literary genre has no organization or program, whose theme is lost and helpless; the Lost Generation has since become the title of those writers with the same creative tendency: Francis Scott Fitzgerald, Ernst Hemingway, John Dos Passos and Thomas Wolfe, etc.1.2 Forming factors of the lost generation1.2.1 The effects of the First World WarThe impact of the First World War on the outcome of American is affording much food for thought. The Allied USA supported won the war, and America also got its own economic interests from the war. But encouraging Americans to war’s lofty ideal, such as ‘fight for democracy in the world’, ‘take part in the war to end the war forever’ suffered a serious a serious setback after the war. This setback embodied the failure of the plan that United States want to establish the international union. On the surface this seems to be a failure in foreign policy, but in the eyes of many Americans, it is a symbol that behind the international union imagination, the concept of political democracy under the leadership of the America failed. What is more, this political idea’s disillusionment proclaimed that American traditional Puritanism ideas of which people hold the idea as they perform the sacred duties within the scope of world failed. In fact, it is this concept in 1917 that put tens of thousands of youngAmericans on the away from the United States to fight in Europe. Since this kind of idea is wrong, then the reason of war also is wrong. That is to say, fifty thousand American young men bleed for a lie, their blood is in vain. Young people sacrificed on the battlefield in Europe not only their body, their also suffered spiritual disillusionment. Lost is the mark of European battlefield survivors who suffered a lot. So under such mark they find reasons for their variety of heresy. They thought the values of Puritanism should be abolished. And on behalf of the lost generation were young writers in the forefront.1.2.2 The change of p eople’ ideasIn 20s, youth’s reflection and criticism not only for war, but also for the middle-class v alues. That is to say, the young’s dissatisfaction is largely for culture, which reflects that social cultural contradictions deeply existed in USA. The Norton Anthology of American Literature describes this cultural contradiction: the traditional Americans believed that one should work hard, obey standard, commit themselves and behave decently, they were trying to use Small towns of moral ideal the puritans believed in as a standard to shape American society. The opposite is some gradually clear loud voices, which came from immigrants, minorities, young people and women... who were trying to create a new, more diversified way of life.At the time of the American society, the core of social and economic life has changed from production to consumption after half a century of development. In order to make products can be fully absorbed by market, with media and advertising, a new moral relationship formed. This is ethical consumption. It advocated people to buy, to enjoy and to show their personality. In fact, it is this new fashion in the early 20th century expanded its influence on the United States, and gradually replaced the dominant position that the Puritanism production moral had occupied. The collapse of the old ideas offered space for young people to express their views, and new concepts even pushed the young people to the forefront of cultural wave. That is because the bondage of young generation’s concepts significantly weaker than middle-class’s. They were energetic, and they had strong ability to accept new things. Though their economic ability was limited, but they were more willing to consume, so they get the favor of business. A lot of media such as magazines, newspapers, books and radio advertised to young people's life, which attract young people to spend on one hand, on the other hand, it set up a set of values suitable for young people. In general, the cultural focus to young people because they were adapted to the characteristics of the consumption economy and its values.1.2.3 The influence of western ideas on American youthIn the 20th century, the western mainstream thought profoundly influenced on American youth. These ideas include cynicism, disillusionment, death and nothingness.In 1914 the international order was broken, and this situation played a leading role for a long time in twentieth Century. Because of the war, a new kind of cynicism emerged as the times require. Therefore, the society was full of cynical thoughts, the faith of the human gone. This disillusionment mood soon appeared in the war, the British writer Herbert Read said that as long as spend a week in the trenches, you will eliminate any remnants of romantic idea to war. With the growth number of war casualties, western society appeared the voice of protest. Finally, those who survived mostly were ashamed of their involvement in the war.The war was very popular in the original, but painful in the end. And this sentiment lasted for a long time, affected the people’s world outlook after war. In the 1920s, pessimistic atmosphere had spread throughout the western world, included the United States,people can feel the strong pessimistic thoughts and subversive ideas. Under the influence of these thoughts, the consciousness of death, pessimism is during the First World War and the postwar in America society. The worst casualties in the battlefield were junior officers who, in general speaking, were the youth received a good education. Under the stimulation of the war, they wrote many works with anti-war, pessimistic and lost emotions. Like Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, and John Dos Passos’s Three Soldiers and many other works have reflected these emotions.Part ⅡMain Characteristics of the Lost GenerationThe so-called lost generation refers to the American writers especially the young writers with a lot of confusion and frustration at that time. They are confused because the traditional concepts of this generation could not suit the postwar world, but they could not find a new rule of life. They think only the reality is the truth, but the reality is cruel. Therefore, they could only act according to their instinct and sense, tried to rebel the ideals and values they held before, used rebellious thoughts and actions to express their dissatisfaction with the reality. The main characteristics of the lost generation are shown in the following three aspects: the confusion of war, the confusion of life and the confusion of social reality.2.1 The confusion about war ――against the warIn 1914, the First World War broke out. With a sacred fanatical passion of justice, many American youth went to Europe, attended the President of the United States called ‘the war to eliminate all wars’, to test their courage and determination. They were not afraid of sacrifices, they had almost consumed their youth and lives. But Versailles contract signed after the war let them find all of this just the history playing with them. Their body suffered great damage and their soul also suffered from shadow. Worse influence of war on America is not proportional to it cost.First of all, people’s abhorrence of war is very common in American. Young people saw countries politicians in Paris Peace Conference bickering and bargaining, were deeply feel betrayed. They are not belligerent, and the interests of the war to them are not direct as to Europeans. It can be said that they are more fight for the faith. So when they were cheated, despite their material losses are less than others, their mental injury is very profound.Secondly, the war caused more mental hurt to the intellectuals, which is also one of the reasons for their anti-war. In this war, they saw the decline of European civilization that they had used to be proud of. War exposed the hypocrisy essence of capitalist civilization, and youth were confused about whether European civilization could make for. For example, Hemingway had been to France, Italy and Spain during the world war one, when he was injured, his view on the war was still ideal. He used to write to his parents, “We are ready to dedicate our lives, but only a few were selected, those who gave their lives also do not need honor, because they are lucky.” (Zeng, 1999:79)This high passion contrasts with the pain that he expressed in A Farewell to Arms. Then he realized that ‘the t ruth of war, I was most need to know when it was utterly ignorant’. Confusion and disappointment were among the whole of the 20s.Therefore, led by Ernest Hemingway, a generation of young Americans writers used their pens, to vent their anti-war thought. Almost every role in their works experienced the hardships of war, so their characters are the mirror of the lost generation. For example, in Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, Henry saw the truth about war, he is aware of fighting in the war did not save justice or truth; even it doesn't matter with himself. The soldiers he loved, however, also are the accomplice of war makers. He downhearted and was lost. He as well as other young combatants fell into a deep spiritual crisis. Hoping to get peace by drinking, Henry is drown his sorrows in wine and be in the hope of self anesthesia. The war destroyed his political beliefs and ideals, and all of his values were collapsed. Hemingway said, through Henry's inner monologue, “I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it.”(Hemingway, 1980:165)Another representative writer Dos Passos in Three soldiers also described the development tendency of the lost generation, in which he revealed how the war destroyed individual hobby and ideal and showed the disappointment of the younger generation. Passos was very discontent about the current situation of America, including they were tricked into Europe. In his mind, the only hope is revolution - politicians, capitalists, warmonger and chauvinist, to kill them all.2.2 The confusion about lifeYoung American’s confusion was associated with social conditions, their families, education and social values. Facing an economic crisis, the depressed market society, young people want to fight again, but after struggle the result was either failure or more empty. Thus, their attitude towards life became more pessimistic.After the war soldiers need to work, but the recession caused great difficulties for them. In particular, military life and cruel war profoundly had a bad effect on their moral character. At that time, War and the so-called peace, made them feel the world was meaningless, they had to escape from reality. Therefore, wild ideas popularized among young people, especially the sexual orgies of ‘carpe diem’. Those young people completely disregard any moral rules or old commandment.These decadent behaviors can be verified from the works of many American writers of the day.In the Sun Also Rises, Hemingway depicts a group of American young people's mental state and outlook on life: they discarded their own misfortune, their values and all social moral standards. In order to ‘live every minute effectively ’, they lived a Bohemian life. The hero in novel lost sexual ability in the war, but he still indulge in debauchery life. However, he didn't get any spiritual solace, he felt more depressed and hopeless.Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s works also showed the same theme. His This Side of Paradise reflects the effects of war on the American ethos, including the oscillation of traditional bourgeois morality and their mood - wild but restless.Through this story we can see that disappointment and confusion is not only on soldiers, but on all this generation.2.3 The confusion about social realityAt the beginning of the 20th century, American society showed a scene of chaos, numerous contradictions fully revealed in the post-war: the growing gap between rich and poor, the depressed market and more and more unemployment men, which made a lot of social problems. In such a society, it is generally felt the injustice of the world. Lost their idea and goal, people felt depressed and helpless. Soldiers returning from the battlefield faced such social scene, they felt misunderstand: their ideas were liberated, but they felt uncertain about real life or perplexed about the future.At the same time, many European countries’ way of life and life attitude was beginning to affect the postwar American youth. Many young Americans went to the European and broaden their horizon. They appreciated the Frenchman's natural and romantic emotional appeal. They began to imitate, the United States has formed a new fashion: young men wearing raccoon leather jacket, carrying travel kettle; Young women perm hair, wear miniskirts, people’s action and clothes are no longer bound by tradition. Estrangement between Americans disappeared, people interaction increased, the new media appeared, you can contacted and communicated at any time.European fashion swept America. Parisians are free to drink, while the United States in 1919 passed the 18th prohibition amendment, young people still ignored it, liquor sales increased and cocktail were opened more. The United States entered a pursuit of material, a new era of easy making money.This phenomenon has been fully embodied in the works of Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby. This novel is exquisit e and accurately describes the ‘jazz age’ of the United States. With the arrival of the United States economic prosperity, the pain and loss of the First World War was soon replaced by blindly optimistic mood in society. To some extent, people were by abandoned the ideal to pursue wealth and to forget the pain of disillusionment. ‘From Rags to Ric hes’ is through personal efforts to achieve success, and it soon became the new target that the people pursue implementation. But people abandoned the past cherished society value, instead, they looked on money as the only standard to measure success in life. Gatsby wants to use extravagant party, luxurious villas and big like ‘monster’ car as a status symbol, and attempts to lure Daisy, his behavior is just the embodiment of the social psychology. But under the surface of prosperous, it is deeper than ever disillusionment, mental decline and moral decay. Gatsby’s tragedy shows lacking of spiritual support; the pursuit of pure material for the content of the ‘America dream’ has become a rotten thing, which is that people think that as long as the satisfaction of material can achieve the life satisfaction. And the pursuit of this dream can only pushed his ideal burst once again. The pursuit of Gatsby is a tragedy, not possible. This is a universal phenomenon in postwar American.Part ⅢThe Influence on American Literature and Culture 3.1 The lost generation’s influence on American literature3.1.1 The maturity of American literatureThe First World War, American post-war economical changes and development and the western consciousness of death and nihilism popularized in America and many other factors led to The Lost Generation. Although the existence of The Lost Generation is just a short decades, but the impact of it to the United States is vast and profound. The biggest impact is to form the ‘lost generation’ of the 20th century literature. The famous American poet, literary critic Malcolm Cowley compared twenty’s USA literature with The New England literary in Emerson’s age; he called it ‘the second prospe rity of American literature’, and considered that it has a strong impact on European culture and literature. Under this kind of shock, the lost generation writers contributed. The first is the emergence of writers in this period. According to incomplete st atistics in the Malcolm Cowley’s Exiles Return, born in 1891 to 1905 of The Lost Generation youth, in 1942, 236 people have been included in the American culture celebrity dictionary. In The High Tide of American Literature, Malcolm Cowley expanded the list to 385. Second is the quality of the American literature during this period is also recognized as well. In addition to the familiar thing that Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954, and Eugene O'Neal (1936), Pearl Buck (1938), Faulkner (1949), Steinbeck (1962), Sol Bellow (1976) and Singer (1978) have won the Nobel Prize for Literature. So many writers and works appeared in this period and so high literary achievements fully show that The Lost Generation is not only the second boom of American literature, it also the mark that the American literary have been freed from the British colonial literature and even the shadow of European literature, it entered the real mature period.3.1.2 Minimalism and InnovationTheir creations in the first were the tendency of literature minimalism and colloquial of language. The second is the form for innovation. These works is not only beneficial to us from the inside to understand the thoughts of The Lost Generation, the principle of life and creation, it also facilitate us to study on a full range of The Lost Generation. And good writers, workvividly appearing also deepens The Lost Generation of Literary legend, it spans the 20’s short time, and continuously affected on American literature in the late. Marc Dolan also thought lost generation can be the 20’s cultural symbol in the United States, because it is rare in American history that a group of writers be representative of an era. As it said before, the lost generation from the moment it appears has the cultural rebellion. The writers took off their uniform after the First World War, and went on writing Road. With their special experience of fighting and exiling in Europe to experience the modern European art enlightenment, their works excellently expressed anti-war sentiments and the modern youth’s disillusionment consciousness. Therefore, Middle-aged writer is difficult to go beyond them. Lost generation writer burst the middle-aged moderates in traditional literary rule and its elegant and polite, hey conquered the editors, publishers, and readers, to become the leading voice of the 20 s American national literature.3.2 The lost g eneration’s influence on American culture3.2.1 Multicultural promotionHowever, the social impact of the Lost Generation has been far beyond the category of literature, in the field of social thoughts and culture, it triggered the revolutionary sensation, affects the young generation of thought and behavior. America writer Marc Dolan in A Cultural Re-reading of the Lost Generation also said ‘the lost generation in the becoming an artist, becoming an American and becoming a personality’.(Dolan, 1996:47).For example, in The Sun Also Rises published shortly after, “young man tried to drink as calmly as the hero of the novel, ladies like the heroine of the novel so sad to Jedi to fall in love one by one, they all talk l ike the characters in Hemingway’s works.” (Cowley, 1986:174) Fitzgerald's novel also accurately record the degenerate, and night revelry of celebrities and fashionable woman, at the same time, It put this way of life deeper and wider promotion to the whole society, which thus lead to the emergence of the Beat Generation in the 50's. This kind of culture, literature movement swept across the United States, at the same time, it also carried hundreds of modernist art and popular lifestyle trends on. It can be said that in the influence of the lost generation ideology, coupled with the Harlem Renaissance, Women’s Rights Movement as well as the rise of various immigrant cultures, the multi-pattern began to form.3.2.2 Effect on American mediaAlso at that time in America society, subject to the influence of the lost generation also performed in other aspects of social life, like music, movies which were in great impact. American writer Arnold Shaw in his work The Jazz Age:Popular Music in the 1920’s says, “Jazz reflects the sluggish economy and the glamorous life. It’s the symbol of the times, in fact, it represented the western society to rethink the value of music, broken the idea of music position possessed and enjoyed by specific class. For the life history of the black Americans, for example, jazz reflected the people hard work and the strong desire to survive.”(Arnold Shaw, 1997:98)At a time when the American film began to be popular, even it was silent film, but there is no doubt that it is also affected by the Lost Generation. The famous writer Steven·J·Ross in Movies and American Society described the impact on film: “The working - class nickelodeon was described on The one hand as a community center and conqueror of The saloon, and on The other hand The AD a school for scandal would adolescent boys to steal and The girls to be promiscuous”（Steven, 2002:85）.Such many examples, thus it is easy to come to the conclusion that the impact of the Lost Generation on American society is comprehensive, and it is stunning. Lost generation’s formation was related to the western world of that time. But as educators and leaders in the times of the Lost Generation, USA government inaction can not shirk its responsibility.ConclusionLost Generation’s influence on American and even the whole western society is so profound; the impact of time is so long. This phenomenon is worth our consideration. At that time, t he American society in general is a huge ‘paradox’, ideological, moral, intellective and cultural attitude is full of contradictions: people cared for tradition, but yearn for a freer and more open future. Those 20 years of American literature are dominated by young writers, behind their strong cultural critical attitude, are radical and conservative, rebellious and nostalgic opposite factors, and are also a period of cultural upheavals of the confusion and difficult exploration.Exhaustion of body and mind, the postwar youth could not find a little meaning of life, only the emptiness and confusion. Thus, they had no confidence or belief in their traditional values, the society and even themselves. In fact, the United States and even the whole western mainstream ideas are away from the society and escaped from reality.This phenomenon of moral education is worthy learning from them in China. As we all know, China is trying to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, is in a critical period of building a socialist harmonious society. It is necessary for us to participate in the whole society, especially the young generation. We should note that guiding young people’s thought is a long-term process, we can’t slack off, and educators should attach great importance to ideological changes of teenagers and take effective measures. Therefore, emphasizing on today’s Chinese students to cultivate the humanity is important, as well as to prevent them from becoming ‘lost generation’.。
美利坚合众国
美利坚合众国（英语：United States of America，缩写：USA、US ，中文简称：美国）是由华盛顿哥伦比亚特区、50个州、波多黎各自由邦和关岛等众多海外领土组成的联邦共和立宪制国家，以星条旗作为美国国旗，《The Star-Spangled Banner》作为美国国歌，美国国徽主体为一只胸前带有盾形图案的白头海雕。
The United States ofAmerica (English: United States of America, abbreviation: USA, US,Chinese referred to as: USA) is a federal constitutional republic country consists ofWashington DC, Columbia in 50 states, PuertoRico and Guam and many overseas territories, to the stars andstripes as America flag, "The Star-Spangled Banner" as Americaanthem, the main USA emblem for a chest with a shield shaped pattern of the bald eagle.其本土位于北美洲中部，东临大西洋，西临太平洋，北面是加拿大，南部和墨西哥接壤。
除阿拉斯加州和夏威夷州之外的48个州都位于美国本土。
此外，美国在加勒比海和太平洋还拥有多处领土和岛屿。
The home is located in central North America, east to the Atlantic, West Pacific, northofCanada is, bordering south and Mexico. In addition to the 48 outside of Alaska and Californiain Hawaii are located in the America native. In addition, America in the Caribbean and the Pacific also has many territories and islands.美国国土面积约962.9万平方公里，位居世界第三或第四名（水域面积有差异），人口约为3.1亿人，其数量为世界第三，是个多元文化和多元民族的国家，以白人为主，但有大量移民。
一战后的美国
第十二章第一次世界大战后的小说Fiction Since World War I 舍伍德·安德森Sherwood Anderson 18761941 辛克莱·刘易斯Sinlair Lewis 18851951 欧内斯特·海明威Ernest Hemingway 18981961 斯科持·菲茨杰拉尔德F. Scott Fitzgerald 18961940 约翰·多斯·帕素斯John Dos Passos 18961970 詹姆斯·托马斯·法雷尔James T. Farrell 1904 约翰·斯坦贝克John Steinbeck 19021968 威廉·福克纳William Faulkner 18971962 托马斯·沃尔夫Thomas Wolfe 19001938 第十二章第一次世界大战后的小说一九一八年第一次世界大战结束一九一九年签订了和约同年美国国会通过宪法第十八号修正案使美国在理论上成了禁酒国家美国作家从此进入了一个新的离经叛道的时期。
在某些方面这只是一些早期运动的继续可是作家们并不这样想。
他们不承认和战前作家有任何关系也许只有德莱塞是例外。
亨利·亚当斯说过美国历史上并不代代相传后代人不向前代人学也不能向他们学。
亚当斯同时代的人很少同意他这种见解但是他的《教育》在一九一八年出版普及本后立即受到年轻人欢迎。
他们坚信如果他们还不曾找到问题的答案无论如何也已经找到了一些父辈从未发现的线索。
论年纪亚当斯可以做他们的祖父他们既从他那里学到了东西那似乎证明他自己的说法不能成立。
如果有人提出异议大可以这样反驳说亚当斯所以能够和他们发生联系只因他和他的时代脱了节的缘故。
战后那一代所谓quot迷惘的一代quot又有谁像他们那样有强烈的自我意识呢迫不及待地去发掘过去埋没了的人物。
他们使诸如梅尔维尔等人的作品又流行起来他们为前辈人的愚昧表示遗憾。