Montgomery-Ward- Case Study
高考英语历年真题及参考答案
高考英语历年真题及参考答案理科生要重文，文科生要重理。
这是可以和别人拉开分数距离的一大措施。
高考加油!下面是店铺为大家推荐的高考英语历年真题，仅供大家参考!高考英语历年真题第I卷第二部分阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)第一节 (共15小题;每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
AHundreds of years ago，a Roman army came north from England to make war on Scotland. The Scots，a brave people，loved their country very much. They fought hard to drive the enemy out of Scotland, but there were too many Romans. It looked as if the Romans would win.One night, the leader of Scots marched his soldiers to the top of a hill. “We will rest here tonight, my men,” he said. “Tomorrow we will fight one more battle. We must win or we will die.”They were all very tired, so they ate their supper quickly and fell asleep. There were four guards on duty, but they were very tired, too, and one by one, they fell asleep.The Romans were not asleep. Quickly they gathered at the foot of the hill. Slowly they climbed up the hillside, taking care not to make a sound. Closer and closer they came to the sleeping Scots. They were almost at the top. A few minutes more，the war would be over. Suddenly, one of them put his foot on a thistle(蓟). He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots. In a moment，they were on their feet and ready for a battle. The fighting was hard but it did not last long. The Scots wiped out the Romans and saved their country.The thistle is not a beautiful plant. It has sharp needles all over it. Few people like it. But the people of Scotland liked it so much that they made it their national flower.21.The result of the war is that ________.A.the Scots defeated the RomansB.the Romans killed all the ScotsC.the Scots were defeatedD.the Scots were driven out of Scotland22. At the shout of a Roman soldier, all the Scots who were asleep at the hill _______.A.woke and rose immediately, ready to fightB.put their feet into their shoes at once and were ready to fightC.stood up without putting on their shoes and began to fightD.began to fight the Romans hard23. The Scots made thistle their national flower because thistle ________.A.gave them happinessB.had so many sharp needles all over itC.helped the Scots in wiping out the RomansD.is lovely,though not beautifulB"Everything happens for the best," my mother said whenever I faced disappointment. "If you carry on, one day something good will happen. And you'll realize that it wouldn't have happened if not for that previous disappointment."Mother was right, as I discovered after graduating fromcollege in 1932. I had decided to try for a job in radio, then work my way up to sports announcer. I hitchhiked to Chicago and knocked on the door of every station and got turned down every time.In one studio, a kind lady told me that big stations couldn't risk hiring an inexperienced person. "Go out in the sticks(边缘地区) and find a small station that'll give you a chance," she said.I thumbed home to Dixon, Illinois. While there was no radio-announcing job in Dixon, my father said Montgomery Ward had opened a store and wanted a local athlete to manage its sports department. Since Dixon was where I had played high school football, I applied. The job sounded just right for me. But I wasn't hired.My disappointment must have shown. "Everything happens for the best," Mom reminded me. Dad offered me the car to job hunt. I tried WOC Radio in Davenport, Iowa. The program director, a wonderful Scotsman named Peter MacArthur, told me they had already hired an announcer.As I left his office, my frustration boiled over. I asked aloud, "How can a fellow get to be a sports announcer if he can't get a job in a radio station?"I was waiting for the elevator when I heard MacArthur calling, "What was that you said about sports? Do you know anything about football?" Then he put me before a microphone and asked me to broadcast an imaginary game.On my way home, as I have many times since, I thought of my mother's words: "If you carry on, one day something good will happen. Something wouldn't have happened if not for that previous disappointment."I often wonder what direction my life might have taken if I'dgotten the job at Montgomery Ward.24. Author dreamt of becoming_________.A. a manager in a stationB. a football playerC. a manager in a sports department in DixonD. a sports announcer25. The reason why author failed to find a job in Chicago may be that_________.A. at the very beginning, he decided to become a sports announcerB. the stations in Chicago had hired othersC. he had no working experienceD. he preferred to work in his hometown26. Which of the following words can be used to best describe author?A. diligent and politeB. persistent and inexperiencedC. confident and handsomeD. hardworking and energetic27. What’s the best title for the passage?A. How to find a jobB. Peter MacArthur gave me a chanceC. Mother’s wordsD. A lesson of lifeCCell phone feels like a part of your body? A global survey has found that most people can't live without their mobiles, never leave home without them and, if given a choice, would rather lose their wallet.Calling mobile phones the "remote control" for life, market research firm Synovate's poll said cell phones are so ubiquitous that by last year more humans owned one than did not.Three-quarters of the more than 8,000 respondents polled online in 11 countries said they take their phone with them everywhere, with Russians and Singaporeans the most attached.More than a third also said they couldn't live without their phone, topped by Taiwanese and again Singaporeans, while one in four would find it harder to replace the mobile than their purse.Some two-thirds of respondents go to bed with their phones nearby and can't switch them off, even though they want to, because they're afraid they'll miss something."Mobiles give us safety, security and instant access to information. They are the number one tool of communication for us, sometimes even surpassing face-to-face communication. They are our connections to our lives," Jenny Chang, Synovate's managing director in Taiwan, said in a statement.Mobiles have also changed the nature of relationships, with the survey finding nearly half of all respondents use text messages to flirt, a fifth set up first-dates via text and almost the same number use the same method to end a love affair.Apart from the obvious calling and texting, the top three features people use regularly on their mobile phones globally are the alarm clock, the camera and the games.As for email and Internet access, 17 percent of respondents said they checked their inboxes or surfed the Web on their phones, led by those in the United States and Britain.One in 10 respondents log onto social networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace regularly via mobile, again led by Britain and the United States."As the mobile becomes more and more an all-in-one device, many other businesses are facing challenging times. The opportunities for mobile manufacturers and networks howeverare enormous," said Synovate's global head of media, Steve Garton.Not everyone is tech savvy, however: 37 percent of respondents said they don't know how to use all the functions on their phone.28.According to the passage, the top two regular functions of mobile phones may be .A. camera and gameB. calling and textingC. email and calling from D. surfing and texting29. According to Jenny Chang, why is cell phone important for people?A. There are many functions on their phones.B. About half of all respondents end a love affair via text.C. Mobiles make people feel safe, secure and help them to get information.D. Mobiles used as the tool of communication is not popular with people.30. What can be inferred from paragraph 1?A. Cell phone plays an important part in body.B. As for most of people, wallet is less important than cell phone.C. More humans would rather own their wallet than cell phones.D. Poll considered mobile phones as the “remote control” for life.31.What does the underlined word in Paragraph 2 mean?A. rareB. specialC. interestingD. commonDAttitude is an internal(内在的)state that influences the choices of personal action made by the individual. Some researchers consider that attitudes come from differences between beliefs and ideas; others believe that attitudes come from emotional states. Here, we focus on the effects of attitudes upon behavior, that is, upon the choices of action made by the individual.The kinds of actions taken by human beings are obviously influenced greatly by attitudes. Whether one listens to classical music or rock, whether one obeys the speed limit while driving, whether one encourages one’s husband or wife to express his or her own ideas----all are influenced by attitudes. These internal states are acquired throughout life from situations one is faced with in the home, in the streets, and in the school.Of course, the course of action chosen by an individual in any situation will be largely determined by the particulars of that situation. An individual who has a strong attitude of obeying laws may drive too fast when he is in a hurry and no police cars in sight. A child who has a strong attitude of honesty may steal a penny when she thinks no one will notice. But the internal state which remains unchanged over a period of time, and which makes the individual behave regularly in a variety of situations, is what is meant by an attitude.Attitudes are learned in a variety of ways. They can result from single incidents , as when an attitude toward snakes is acquired by an experience in childhood at the sudden movement of a snake. T hey can result from the individual’s experiences of success and pleasure, as when someone acquires a positive attitude toward doing crossword puzzles by being able to complete some of them. And frequently, they are learned bycopying other people’s behavio r, as when a child learns how to behave toward foreigners by observing the actions of his parents. Regardless of these differences, there is something in common in the learning and modification(修正) of attitudes.32. According to the passage, we know attitudes _________.A. are largely affected by one’s behaviorB. come from different situations in one’s lifeC. remain unchanged in one’s daily lifeD. could be chosen according to one’s will33. Which of the following is TRUE about the learning of attitudes?A. Attitudes are only learned through one’s success.B. Copying others’ behavior is not a good idea.C. Attitudes can be learned from one’s parents.D. Attitudes learned in danger will last longer.34. The author uses the examples in Paragraph 3 to show____________.A. particulars of a situation may influence an individual’s actionB. people with good attitudes may sometimes do bad deedsC. an individual may change his or her attitude fairly easilyD. people often make mistakes when they are not noticed35. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. Researchers believe that attitudes only come from emotional states.B. Attitudes have a bad influence on actions.C. An honest child won’t steal a penny.D. Attitudes can be learned either by one’s experience or by observing the actions of others.第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
2案例-实地研究方法(主讲人：王立彦)
Session 2案例研究方法based on desk paper work ---based on desk paper work---based on field work北京大学光华管理学院王立彦Email：lywang@引言Introduction (1)♦在中国会计学界，实证性会计研究的兴起及被倡导，至今大概十年时间♦但在会计学术界及研究生教育中，对实证性会但在会计学术界及研究生教育中对实证性会计研究的接受程度非常之高，普及速度非常之快，可以说令人惊讶快可以说令人惊讶♦还可以肯定的一点是，实证性会计研究在中国会计界，毫无疑问将会得到更快更普遍的认同会计界毫无疑问将会得到更快更普遍的认同引言Introduction (2)i(2)♦到目前为止，中国的实证性会计研究进展如何？取得了那些收获？存在什么问题？潜在研究方向何在？♦可以采用文献浏览和统计述评方法，对学术刊物发表的相关文章进行归类分析，对上述问题物发表的相关文章进行归类分析对上述问题作一综合概括，以给出鸟瞰性描述，并从中得到启示I d i(3)引言Introduction (3)♦国内会计研究中使用实证研究词，含义不尽国内会计研究中使用“实证研究”一词含义不尽一致♦“实证研究”概念，泛指Empirical Research，而“实证研究”概念泛指E i i l R h而不只限于Positive Research♦为了更全面地概述国内会计界应用新方法于会计研全概会法会究的状况，也可以把分析式研究Analytical Study，即通过构造数学模型来验证假设和/或证明结论的方法,包含在中Definition of Empirical Research ♦Empirical methods: experiment or observation♦Five kinds of empirical research:1. Laboratory Experiments2.Other experiments 2. Other experiments3. Case studies or Field Studies4. Survey5. Archival (most empirical accounting research belongs to this category)♦Terminology:⏹All the above are “ empirical research,” but sometimes p ,people use this term narrowly to refer to (5).⏹“ Positive accounting research ” is a subset of (5), it does noti l d ll i i l ti h include all empirical accounting research.Post College EducationAcademicProfessional Understand and expand a Develop a set of skills,practices GoalUnderstand and expand a body of knowledge Develop a set of skills, practices and ethical standards Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Sociology, History, Language, Economics (PhD)Medicine (MD), Law (JD), Management (MBA), Engineer or Architect (BS)ExampleEconomics (PhD)Architect (BS)Focus ofTrainingTheory Analysis Diagnosis Execution of Plan 诊断Typical WorkProductResearch Documents Action Plans ThoughtAbstract Reality 演绎推论Thought ProcessDeductive Inductive Method bestsuited for LectureDiscussion 演绎、推论归纳suited forlearning Master to Student Practitioner to Apprentice话由：“郎顾之争”♦2004年的郎顾之争，演变成了国营、民营2004年的“郎顾之争”演变成了国营民营之争。
大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译
大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译．大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译Unit 1TextTwo college-age boys, unaware that makingmoney usually involves hard work, are temptedby an advertisement that promises them an easyway to earn a lot of money. The boys soon learnthat if something seems to good tobe true, itprobably is.BIG BUCKS THE EASY WAYJohn G. HubbellYou ought to look into this, I suggested toour two college-age sons. It might be a way toavoid the indignity of having to ask for moneyall the time. I handed them some magazines ina plastic bag someone bad hung on ourdoorknob. A message printed on the bag offeredleisurely, lucrative work (Big Bucks the EasyWay!) of delivering more such bags.I don't mind the indignity, theolder oneanswered.I can live with it, his brother agreed.But it pains me, I said，o find that youboth have been panhandling so long that it nolonger embarrasses you.The boys said they would look into themagazine-delivery thing. Pleased,I left town ona business trip. By midnight I was comfortablysettled in a hotel room far from home. Thephone rang. It was my wife. She wanted to knowhow my day had gone.Great! I enthused. How was your day?I inquired.Super! She snapped. Just super! Andit's only getting started. Another truck justpulled up out front.Another truck?The third one this evening. Thefirstdelivered four thousand Montgomery Wards.The second brought four thousand Sears,Roebucks. I don't know what this one has, butI'm sure it will be four thousand of something.Since you are responsible, I thought you mightlike to know what's happening.What I was being blamed for, it turned out,was a newspaper strike which made it necessaryto hand-deliver the advertising inserts thatnormally are included with the Sunday paper.The company had promised our boys $600 fordelivering these inserts to 4,000 houses bySunday morning.Piece of cake! our older college son hadshouted.Six hundred bucks! Hisbrother hadechoed, And we can do the job in two hours!Both the Sears and Ward ads are fournewspaper-size pages, my wife informed me.There are thirty-two thousand pages ofadvertising on our porch. Even as we speak, twobig guys are carrying armloads of paper up thewalk. What do we do about all this? Just tell the boys to get busy, I instructed.They're college men. They'll do what they haveto do.At noon the following day Ireturned to thehotel and found an urgent message to telephonemy wife. Her voice was unnaturally high andquavering. There had been several moretruckloads of ad inserts. They're fordepartment stores, dime stores, drugstores,grocery stores, auto stores and so on. Some arewhole magazine sections. We have hundreds ofthousands, maybe millions, of pages ofadvertisinghere!Theyarecrammedwall-to-wall all through the house in stackstaller than your oldest son. There's only enoughroom for people to walk in, take one each of theeleven inserts, roll them together, slip a rubberband around them and slide them into a plasticbag. We have enough plastic bags to supplyevery takeout restaurant in America! Her voicekept rising, as if working its way out of therange of the human ear. All this must bedelivered by seven o'clock Sunday morning.Well, you had better get those guysbanding and sliding as fast as they can, and I'lltalk to you later. Got a lunch date.When I returned, there was another urgentcall from my wife.Did you have a nice lunch? she askedsweetly. I had had a marvelous steak, but knewbetter by now than to say so. Awful, I reported. Some sort of sourfish. Eel, I think.Good. Your college sons have hired theiryounger brothers and sisters and a couple ofneighborhood children to help for five dollarseach. Assembly lines have been set up. In thelanguage of diplomacy, there is 'movement.'That's encouraging.No, it's not, she corrected. It's verydiscouraging. They're been as it for hours.Plastic bags have been filled and piled to theceiling, but all this hasn't made a dent, not adent, in the situation! It's almost as if the insertskeep reproducing themselves!Another thing, she continued. Yourcollege sons must learn that one does not get thebest out of employees by threatening them withbodily harm.Obtaining an audience with son NO. 1, Isnarled, I'll kill you if threaten one of thosekids again! Idiot! You should be offering a bonusof a dollar every hour to the worker who fills themost bags.But that would cut into our profit, hesuggested.There won't be any profit unless thosekids enable you to make all thedeliveries ontime. If they don't, you two will have to removeall that paper by yourselves. And there will beno eating or sleeping until it is removed.There was a short, thoughtful silence. Thenhe said, Dad, you have just worked a profoundchange in my personality.Do it!Yes, sir!By the following evening, there was muchfor my wife to report. The bonus program hadworked until someone demanded to see the colorof cash. Then some activist on the work forcebusinessno had workers the that claimedsettling for $5 and a few competitive bonuseswhile the bossed collected hundreds of dollarseach. The organizer had declared that all theworkers were entitled to $5 per hour! Theywould not work another minuteuntil the bossesagreed.The strike lasted less than two hours. Inmediation, the parties agreed on $2 per hour.Gradually, the huge stacks began to shrink.As it turned out, the job was completedthree hours before Sunday's 7 a.m. deadline. Bythe time I arrived home, the boys had alreadysettled their accounts: $150 in labor costs, $40for gasoline, and a like amount for gifts—boxes of candy for saintlyneighbors who had volunteered station wagonsand help in delivery and dozen roses for theirmother. This left them with $185 each — abouttwo-thirds the minimum wage for the 91 hoursthey worked. Still, it was enough, as one ofthem put it, to enable them to avoid indignityfor quite a while.All went well for some weeks. Then oneSaturday morning my attention was drawn tothe odd goings-on of our two youngest sons.They kept carrying carton after carton fromvarious corners of the house out the front doorto curbside. I assumed their mother had enlistedthem to remove junk for a trash pickup. Then Ioverheard them discussingfinances.Geez, we're going to make a lot ofmoney!We're going to be rich!Investigation revealed that they wereoffering for sale or rent our entire library.No! No! I cried. You can't sell ourbooks!Geez, Dad, we thought you were done withthem!You're never 'done' with books, I tried toexplain.Sure you are. You read them, and you'redone with them. That's it. Then you might aswell make a little money from them. We wantedto avoid the indignity of having to ask you潦╲?日┶?日尶一个大学男孩，不清楚赚钱需要付出艰苦的劳动，被一份许诺轻松赚大钱的广告吸引了。
Case_Study_Huawei-3
BSc Business Language and CultureOrganization & Corporate CommunicationExam: Synopsis in preparation for the oral examCase study: HuaweiDate: 19.04.2016Number of pages: 3STU count: 6613Reference system: APAName and CPR-number of group members: Kasper Ødegaard - 131193-0253 Johan Meesenburg - 270593-4129 Towe Rönneke - 300692-3932Emilie Ravn – 260794-2148Di Wang - 131094-4234IntroductionThe case study of Huawei states that traditional organizational and corporate communication style in Japan is rather different compared to the one in China. One major disparity within the management practices is the Japanese bottom-up and the Chinese top-down decision-making process. Huawei has a reputation of having a corporate culture resembling to the culture of wolves. The employees have no fear of facing challenges, they are resistant to coldness and above all, they are bloodthirsty for results. This contrasts significantly to the traditional Japanese focus on the process (Huawei, 2014) (Clausen, 2015). Nonetheless, Huawei has successfully implemented its wolf culture in Japan. Therefore, our analysis strives to answer the question:How does Huawei manage to get 170 000 people to work as wolves regardless of where they operate?Corporate communicationThe VCI model is a good foundation to analyze how Huawei has aligned its internal identity to its external image of having a wolf culture and if it affects the way they work. It evaluates the alignment between the top management's aspirations for Huawei, the culture shared amongst its employees and the image that the external stakeholders have of Huawei (Cornelissen, 2014).The top management expresses Huawei’s core values as dedication, customer focus, integrity, in-novation and teamwork. This is their aspiration of how Huawei should operate in order to realize its corporate vision, “enriching life and improving efficiency through a better connected world”. It is not stated visibly, however, these values align with the aspiration to create a corporation with employees that work as wolves (Huawei, 2016).Furthermore, the corporate culture of Huawei distinguishes itself from Western companies. Instead of openness and transparency, Huawei’s corporate culture is influenced by military operations. New recruits undergo a six-month culture course, qualifying them to resist coldness and face challenges (The economist, 2011).External stakeholders’ image of Huawei is divided. One group sees Huawei as a successful, grow-ing company with a work environment saturated by employees’ who are eager to progress (Huawei, 2014) The other group has an impression of Huawei as being an organization so focused on results that they compromise on ethics in their work process and thereby lose integrity (The economist, 2011). The perception of the latter group generates a gap in Huawei’s corporate communication according to Hatch and Schultz's VCI model. The wolf culture threatens to create a suspicious attitude from exter-nal stakeholders towards Huawei instead of an increased respect and credibility. This creates a culture-image gap (Cornelissen, 2014).As one can see, the wolf culture is highly present in all three elements of the VCI model. However, it fails to explain how the wolf culture is obtained and above all, retained. Therefore, the following sec-tions will go further into debt and analyze Huawei’s organizational management in order to answer this question.Management & LeadershipTaylorism is a theory of scientific management that is about improving the production efficiency. It is divided into actions and tasks, which can easily be analyzed and taught. It aims to encourage employ-ees to work more efficient and produce far larger and better results, both for the employer and the employees. It can be a foundation for the management control system (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis, 2012).Taylorism can be applied to Huawei because the company’s management is driven by educating, training, bonuses, but above all: results – instead of focusing on the process. This encourages employ-ees to focus on their task and work as efficiently as possible.Nevertheless critics claim that Taylorism makes employees to become overworked and being hos-tile to the process (Drury, 1918). Hence, Taylor’s scientific management does not manage to explain why people choose to remain working for Huawei despite the majority of the employees get burnt out and retire early (Clausen, 2015). Therefore, the theory and the study of human resource management (HRM) is useful to add in this analysis of Huawei’s team-dynamic. Huawei combines extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors to drive the wolf culture. The employees are mainly triggered by eco-nomic benefits and the fear of failure. However, intrinsic rewards such as freedom and responsibility for the employees are also key in Huawei’s success. This has shown to be a useful way to push and support Huawei employees’ towards higher performance levels to get both faster and better results i.e. Huawei’s management has succeeded by using transformational leadership as a tool to keep its wolves bloodthirsty (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis, 2012).To go even further into depth of Huawei’s team-dynamics Mayoism, concerning the benefits from teamwork, explains that people perform better when are being part of a group. Hence, teamwork is vital for Huawei, as the competitive telecom industry requires constant innovation, because a lone wolf can never beat the lion (, 2016).Additionally, empowerment is used to enable constant improvement in the teams of Huawei (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis, 2012).The use of the em-powerment is well described by the key manager as he concludes: “The motivation is pay, but also responsibility and freedom. The employees both have a social and personal success. This also pays off financially. So it is a positive spiral” (Clausen, 2015)3. Discussion of analysisThe VCI model shows that Huawei’s corporate communication has a lack of coherency, as there exists a culture-image gap. Furthermore, the implementation of Taylor and Mayo’s theories of managementshows that Huawei endorses empowerment and transformational leadership with intrinsic but mostly extrinsic motivations.The wolf culture has successfully been implemented in the Japanese department, even though it contrasts with their traditional corporate culture. However, the answer to this paradox can partly be explained by the fact that the fraction of Chinese employees is considerably larger than the Japanese. Therefore, it can be disputed if Huawei’s wolf-culture will be accepted globally as they try to build a better-connected world without fully connect to the regional and local cultures in their expansion. At this point, a further step to continue the examination of Huawei’s wolf-culture could be to discuss if its way of managing corporate culture can be successfully implemented on a global scale i.e. enables Huawei to increase the number of wolves?References•huawei. (2016). Core Values - About Huawei. [online] Available at:/en/about-huawei/core-values [Accessed 18 Apr. 2016].•HUAWEI. (2014). Our Culture. [online] Available at: https:///our-culture/ [Accessed 18 Apr. 2016].•. (2016). A hungry pack of wolves defeats a business lion | Shanghai Daily.[online] Available at: /Opinion/chinese-perspectives/A-hungry-pack-of-wolves-defeats-a-business-lion/shdaily.shtml [Accessed 18 Apr. 2016].•The Economist. (2011). The long march of the invisible Mr Ren. [online] Available at: /node/18771640 [Accessed 18 Apr. 2016].•Clegg, Stewart, Kornberger, Martin and Pitsis, Tyrone. (2012) Managing and Organizations. An Introduction to Theory and Practice (3rd Edition), Sage.•Cornelissen. J (2014), Corporate Communication. A Guide to Theory and Practice (4th d Edition), Sage•Clausen, Lisbeth (2015) Team dynamics and diversity. Japanese Corporate Experiences. Copen-hagen: Copenhagen Business School Press。
contract law
Lucy v. ZehmerLucy v. Zehmer, 196 Va. 493; 84 S.E.2d 516 (1954) was a court case in the Supreme Court of Virginia about the enforceability of a contract based on outward appearance of the agreement. It is commonly taught in first-year contract law classes at American law schools.FactsDefendant A. H. Zehmer and his wife Ida S. Zehmer owned a tract of land consisting of 471.6 acres (1.908 km2) in Dinwiddie County, Virginia known as the Ferguson Farm. Plaintiff W. O. Lucy had known Zehmer for many years and had previously expressed interest in purchasing the farm. Some years prior to this case, Zehmer had agreed verbally to sell the farm to Lucy, but later reconsidered and declined to complete the sale. On December 20, 1952, Lucy entered the restaurant owned by Zehmer with a bottle of whiskey in his hand. He and Zehmer consumed a significant quantity of distilled spirits and discussed the possible sale of the farm. Zehmer wrote a note stating simply "We hereby agree to sell to W. O. Lucy the Ferguson Farm complete for $50,000.00, title satisfactory to buyer". The note was signed by Zehmer and his wife. Zehmer later alleged that his wife had initially balked at his request that she sign the instrument, but she relented when Zehmer assured her that his intent to sell the farm was merely in jest.The next day, Lucy spoke to his wife about the purchase, and hired an attorney to examine the title. After the attorney assured Lucy that the title was clear, Lucy wrote a letter to Zehmer asking when he intended to close the deal. In his reply, Zehmer insisted that he had never intended to sell the farm and that the note signed by him and his wife was written in jest, consistent with the jovial atmosphere and drunken camaraderie the parties were sharing that evening. Zehmer claimed on the witness stand that the circumstances were such that Lucy should have known he was too inebriated to agree to the sale. Depositions were taken and the decree appealed from was entered holding that the complainants had failed to establish their right to specific performance, and dismissing their bill.DecisionJudge Buchanan, who had served on the Supreme Court of Virginia since 1946,[1] wrote for the majority and held that the record suggested that Zehmer was not intoxicated to the point of being unable to comprehend the nature and consequences of the instrument he executed, and that the circumstances surrounding the transaction were such that Lucy was justified in believing that it was a serious business transaction, rather than a mere jest. On this latter point, Buchanan quoted from the Restatement (First) of Contracts:The mental assent of the parties is not requisite for the formation of a contract. If the words or other acts of one of the parties have but one reasonable meaning, his undisclosed intention is immaterial except when an unreasonable meaning which he attaches to his manifestations is known to the other party.Buchanan further held that specific performance was the proper remedy for the plaintiff.Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc86 N.W.2d 689 (Minn. 1957) is an American contract law case. It concerns the distinction between an offer and an invitation to treat.FactsGreat Minneapolis Surplus Store published an advertisement that said this.Saturday 9 A.M. Sharp 3 Brand New Fur Coats Worth to $100.00. First Come First Served $1 Each.On April 13, they published another advertisement in the same newspaper, as follows.Saturday 9 A.M. 2 Brand New Pastel Mink 3-Skin ScarfsSelling for $89.50Out they go Saturday. Each ... $1.001 Black Lapin Stole Beautiful, worth $139.50 ... $1.00First Come First ServedMr Lefkowitz was the first person to come on the Saturday after seeing the advertisement. He said he was ready to pay $1. But each time the store owner refused to sell, saying there was a "house rule" that it was for women only. The same advertisement was published next week, and he arrived again. He was told that he knew the house rules and he would not get the coat.JudgmentJustice Murphy held that the advertisement constituted an offer, which could not be withdrawn. He described the facts and gave his decision as follows.“The trial court properly disallowed plaintiff’s claim for the value of the fur coats since the value of these articles was speculative and uncertain. The only evidence of value was the advertisement itself to the effect that the coats were “Worth to $100.00,” how much less being speculative especially in view of the price for which they were offered for sale. With referenc e to the offer of the defendant on April 13, 1956, to sell the “1 Black Lapin Stole … worth $139.50” the trial court held that the value of this article was established and granted judgment in favor of the plaintiff for that amount less the $1 quoted purchase price.The defendant contends that a newspaper advert isement offering items of merchandise for sale at a named price is a “unilateral offer” which may be withdrawn without notice. He relies upon authorities which hold that, where an advertiser publishes in a newspaper that he has a certain quantity or quality of goods which he wants to dispose of at certain prices and on certain terms, such advertisements are not offers which become contracts as soon as any person to whose notice they may come signifies his acceptance by notifying the other that he will take a certain quantity of them. Such advertisements have been construed as an invitation for an offer of sale on the terms stated, which offer, when received, may be accepted or rejected and which therefore does not become a contract of sale until accepted by the seller; and until a contract has been so made, the seller may modify or revokesuch prices or terms. Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Johnson, 95 N.E. 290 (Mass. 1911); Nickel v. Theresa Farmers Co-op. Ass’n, 20 N.W.2d 117 (Wis. 1945); Lovett v. Frederick Loeser & Co., 207 N.Y.S. 753 (N.Y. Mun. Ct. 1924); Schenectady Stove Co. v. Holbrook, 4 N.E. 4 (N.Y. 1885); Georgian Co. v. Bloom, 108 S.E. 813 (Ga. Ct. App. 1921); Craft v. Elder & Johnson Co., 38 N.E.2d 416 (Ohio Ct. App. 1941).The defendant relies principally on Craft v. Elder & Johnston Co., supra. In that case, the court discussed the legal effect of an advertisement offering for sale, as a one-day special, an electric sewing machine at a named price. The view was expressed that the advertisement was “no t an offer made to any specific person but was made to the public generally. Thereby it would be properly designated as a unilateral offer and not being supported by any consideration could be withdrawn at will and without notice.” It is true that such an offer may be withdrawn before acceptance. Since all offers are by their nature unilateral because they are necessarily made by one party or on one side in the negotiation of a contract, the distinction made in that decision between a unilateral offer and a unilateral contract is not clear. On the facts before us we are concerned with whether the advertisement constituted an offer, and, if so, whether the plaintiff’s conduct constituted an acceptance.There are numerous authorities which hold that a particular advertisement in a newspaper or circular letter relating to a sale of articles may be construed by the court as constituting an offer, acceptance of which would complete a contract. J.E. Pinkham Lumber Co. v. C.W. Griffin & Co., 102 So. 689 (Ala. 1925); Seymour v. Armstrong & Kassebaum, 64 P. 612 (Kan. 1901); Payne v. Lautz Bros. & Co., 166 N.Y.S. 844 (N.Y. City Ct. 1916), aff’d, 168 N.Y.S. 369 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.), aff’d, 171 N.Y.S. 1094 (N.Y. A pp. Div. 1918); Arnold v. Phillips, 1 Ohio Dec. Reprint 195 (Ohio Ct. Common Pl. 1846); Oliver v. Henley, 21 S.W.2d 576 (Tex. Civ. App. 1929). The test of whether a binding obligation may originate in advertisements addressed to the general public is “whether t he facts show that some performance was promised in positi ve terms in return for something requested.” 1 WILLISTON, CONTRACTS § 27 (Rev. ed. 1936).The authorities above cited emphasize that, where the offer is clear, definite, and explicit, and leaves nothing open for negotiation, it constitutes an offer, acceptance of which will complete the contract. The most recent case on the subject is Johnson v. Capital City Ford Co., 85 So. 2d 75 (La. Ct. App. 1955), in which the court pointed out that a newspaper advertisement relating to the purchase and sale of automobiles may constitute an offer, acceptance of which will consummate a contract and create an obligation in the offeror to perform according to the terms of the published offer.Whether in any individual instance a newspaper advertisement is an offer rather than an invitation to make an offer depends on the legal intention of the parties and the surrounding circumstances. We are of the view on the facts before us that the offer by the defendant of the sale of the Lapin fur was clear, definite, and explicit, and left nothing open for negotiation. The plaintiff having successful managed to be the first one to appear at the seller’s place of business to be served, as requested by the advertis ement, and having offered the stated purchase price of the article, he was entitled to performance on the part of the defendant. We think the trial court was correct in holding that there was in the conduct of the parties a sufficient mutuality of obligation to constitute a contract of sale.The defendant contends that the off er was modified by a “house rule” to the effect that only women were qualified to receive the bargains advertised. The advertisement contained no such restriction. This objection may be disposed of briefly by stating that, while an advertiser has the right at any time before acceptance to modify his offer, he does not have the right, after acceptance, to impose new or arbitrary conditions not contained in the published offer. Payne v. Lautz Bros. & Co., 166 N.Y.S. 844, 848 (N.Y. City Ct. 1916); Mooney v. Daily News Co., 133 N.W. 573 (Minn. 1911).Summary of Dickinson v. Dodds, 2 Ch. D. 463 (1876).FactsOn Wednesday, June 10, 1874 Dodds (D) sent Dickinson (P) a memorandum in which he agreed to sell a specified piece of land for 800 pounds with the offer held open until 9AM the following Friday. Dickinson alleged that he had decided to accept Dodds’ offer on Thursday morning but did not contact him immediately because he thought he had until Friday morning to accept. On Thursday afternoon Dickinson learned that Dodds had offered or agreed to sell the land to a third party. Dickinson wrote a note accepting the offer and delivered it to his home, leaving it with his mother-in-law who neglected to give the note to Dodds. On Friday morning before the original deadline to accept the offer, both Dickinson and his agent gave Dodds a written acceptance of the offer. Dodds stated that he had already sold the land to another party the previous day.Dickinson sued for specific performance. The trial court found in Dickinso n’s favor and ordered that Dodds convey the property to him and Dodds appealed.Issue∙Whether a promise to hold an offer open is binding where the other party does not accept until after he learns that the offeror has already conveyed the property.Holding and Rule∙No. An open offer to sell terminates when the offeree learns that the offeror has already agreed to sell to someone else.The court stated that since Dickinson knew that Dodds’ offer had been implicitly withdrawn when he learned that he had sold the property to someone else, there was no meeting of the minds at the time acceptance was made and therefore a binding contract was not formed.Disposition: Judgment reversed.。
【圣诞节】圣诞老人的由来(英文版)
圣诞老人的由来（英文版）"american origins: (as sent to me by brian dodd)quote from encarta 95the american version of the santa claus figure received its inspiration and its name from the dutch legend of sinter klaas, brought by settlers to new york in the 17th century.as early as 1773 the name appeared in the american press as "st. a claus," but it was the popular author washington irving who gave americans their first detailed information about the dutch version of saint nicholas. in his history of new york, published in 1809 under the pseudonym diedrich knickerbocker, irving described the arrival of the saint on horseback (unacthis dutch-american saint nick achieved his fully americanized form in 1823 in the poem a visit from saint nicholas morethe american image of santa claus was further elaborated by illustrator thomas nast, who depicted a rotund santa for christmas issues of harpers magazine from the 1860s to the 1880s. nast added such details as santas workshop at the north pole and santas list of the good and bad children of the world. a human-sized version of santa claus, rather than the elf of moores poem, was depicted in a series of illustrations for coca-cola advertisements introduced in 1931 that introduced and made the red santa suits an icon. in modern versions of the santa claus legend, only his toy-shop workers are elves. rudolph, the ninth reindeer, with a red and shiny nose, was invented in 1939 by an advertising writer for the montgomery wardin looking for the historical roots of santa claus, one must go very deep in the past. one discovers that santa claus as we know him is athe basis for the christian-era santa claus is bishop nicholas of smyrna (izmir), in what is now turkey. nicholas lived in the 4th century a.d. he was very rich, generous, and loving toward children. often he gave joy to poor children by throwing gifts in through their windows.the orthodox church later raised st. nicholas, miracle worker, to a position of great esteem. it was in his honor that russias oldest church, for example, was built. for its part, the roman catholic church honored nicholas as one who helped children and the poor. st. nicholas became the patron saint of children and seafarers. his name day is december 6th.。
通用电气——为二十世纪九十年代作准备
通用电气——为二十世纪九十年代作准备GE – Preparing for the 1990s通用电气——为二十世纪九十年代作预备**Translated in full with permission of Harvard Business School by Flora Wang of CEIBS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. Sole responsibility for the accuracy of this translation rests with the translator.This translation, Copyright © 2001 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.The original case entitled 〝GE-preparing for the 1990s〞(9-930-091), Copyright ©1989 by President and Fellows of Harvard College, was prepared by Professor Janice H. Hammond as the basis of classroom discussion rather than to illustrate effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation.经哈佛商学院许可，由中华人民共和国上海中欧国际工商学院汪晓芳全文翻译。
此译文的准确性由译者负责。
此译文的版权2001归President and Fellows of Harvard College所有。
原文题为〝GE-preparing for the 1990s〞(9-930-091), 版权1989归President and Fellows of Harvard College 所有。
unit1 big bucks the easy way
Inquire也可写成enquire vt.& vi.打听，询问；查究 'Is something wrong?' he enquired. “有什么不对劲吗？”他问道。
snap 恶声恶气地说；声色俱厉地说 If someone snaps at you, they speak to you in a sharp, unfriendly way. • 'Of course I don't know her,' Roger snapped. 罗杰恶声恶气地说：“我当然不认识她。” • I'm sorry, Casey, I didn't mean to snap at you like that. 对不起，凯西，我不是有意要跟你凶的。
odd: strange; unusual奇怪的 - Don't you think it odd that the famous pop singer should have committed suicide?
finance: the management of money; (usu. pl. ) money for a business, nation or person财务 - His company needs a man who really knows finance.
leisurely adj.从容的，不慌不忙的；悠闲的 adv.从容不迫地，慢慢地，悠闲地
• The group toured the museum at a leisurely pace. 这个旅游团悠闲地参观这个博物馆。 • We walked leisurely into the hotel. 我们慢悠悠地走回酒店。
圣诞老人的由来英文介绍（翻译）
圣诞老人的由来英文介绍（翻译）货中主人意，便是好东西--UUMOBthe original santa claus, st. nicholas, was born in the ancient southeastern turkish town of lycia early in the fourth century. his generosity was legend, and he was particularly fond of children. we know this primarily through roman accounts of his patronage of youth, which eventually led to his becoming the patron saint of children. throughout the middle ages, and well beyond, he was referred to by many names none of them santa claus.children today would not at all recognize the st. nick who brought gifts to european children hundreds of years ago except perhaps for his cascading white beard. he made his rounds in full red-and-white bishop’s robes, complete with twin peaked miter and crooked crozier. he was pulled by no fleet footed reindeer, but coaxed in indolent donkey. and he arrived not late on christmas eve, but on his christian feast day, december 6. the gifts he left beside the hearth were usually small: fruit, nuts, hard candies, wood and clay figurines.during the protestant reformation of the sixteenth century, st.nicholas was banished from most european countries. replacing him were more secular figures, who in general were not at center stage at that point in history..the dutch kept the st. nich olas tradition alive. as the “protector of sailors,” st. nicholas graced the prow of the first dutch ship that arrived in america. and the first church built in new york city was named after him. the dutch brought with them to the new world two christmas items that were quickly americanized.in sixteenth century holland, children placed wooden shoes by the hearth the night of st. nicholas’s arrival. the shoes were filled with straw, a meal for the saint’s gift laden donkey. in return, nicholas would in sert a small treat into each clog. in america, the shoe was replaced with the stocking, hung by the chimney.the dutch spelled st. nicholas “saint nikolass,” which in the new world became “sinterklass”. later changed to “santa claus”.much of modern day santa claus lore, including the reindeer drawn sleigh, originated in america. dr. clement clarke moore composed “the night before christmas” in 1822, to read to his children on christmas eve. the poem might have remained privately in the moore family if a friend had not mailed a copy of it (without authorial attribution) to a newspaperand became part of the santa legend.it was in america that santa put on weight. the rosy-cheeked, roly-poly santa is credited to the influential nineteenth-century cartoonist thomas nast. from 1863 until 1886, nast created a series of christmas drawings for harper’s weekly. these drawings, executed over twenty years, exhibit a gradual evolution in santa from the pudgy, diminutive, elf-like creature of dr. moore’s immortal poem to the bearded, potbellied, life-size bell ringer familiar on street corners across america today. nast’s cartoons also showed the world how santa spent his entire year constructing toys, checking on children’s behavior, reading their reques ts for special gifts. his images were incorporated into the santa lore.santa is known throughout the world in many different names, such as:saint nikolaas (sinter klaas), from the dutch father christmas, from the english kris kringle, from the germans befana, from the italians bobouschka, from the russians (a grand motherly figure instead of a male)圣诞老人的传说在数千年前的斯堪的纳维亚半岛即出现。
Cronkhite-Canada综合征1例及文献复习
Advances in Clinical Medicine 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(7), 1437-1441Published Online July 2020 in Hans. /journal/acmhttps:///10.12677/acm.2020.107216Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the LiteratureLiuliu Yan1, Di Han2*, Shaojun Wang21Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong2The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao ShandongReceived: Jul. 1st, 2020; accepted: Jul. 16th, 2020; published: Jul. 23rd, 2020AbstractCronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) is easy to be misdiagnosed and missed for clinical rarity, which is characterized by diarrhea, alopecia, skin pigmentation, malnutrition and gastrointestinal po-lyps. The etiology and pathogenesis of CCS are not clear. Its main clinical manifestations include multiple gastrointestinal polyps, pigmentation, alopecia, diarrhea, malnutrition. This paper re-ports a case of CCS and discusses it in combination with the domestic and foreign literature in or-der to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of CCS in clinic.KeywordsCronkhite-Canada Syndrome, Diarrhea, Skin Pigmentation, Malnutrition, PolypsCronkhite-Canada综合征1例及文献复习闫柳柳1，韩迪2*，王少军21青岛大学，山东青岛2青岛大学附属医院，山东青岛收稿日期：2020年7月1日；录用日期：2020年7月16日；发布日期：2020年7月23日摘要Cronkhite-Canada综合征(Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome, CCS)，又称息肉–色素沉着–脱发–爪甲营养不良综合征，因临床极为罕见而容易误诊和漏诊。
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THE RISE AND DECLINE OF AN AMERICAN ICON: MONTGOMERY WARD COMPANY
John J. Vitton College of Business and Public Administration, University of North Dakota Grand Forks, ND 58202-8377 701-777-3229 vitton@business.und.edu
Seong-Hyun Nam College of Business and Public Administration, University of North Dakota Grand Forks, ND 58202-8377 701-777-3091 snam@business.und.edu Montgomery Ward -1 THE RISE AND DECLINE OF AN AMERICAN ICON: MONTGOMERY WARD COMPANY
Introduction In 1897, Mark Twain was quoted as saying ―the report of my death is an exaggeration.‖ This analogy could also be applied to Montgomery Ward in 2011. The original Montgomery Ward Company, founded in 1872, once rivaled Sears Roebuck and J.C. Penney as one of the greatest American retailers. Its catalog delivered by rail was described as the ―Internet of the 19th and early 20th Century‖ by a Harvard professor. Many American outhouses contained the latest edition. Immigrants learned to read English using the catalog as a reference. Youths, during World War II, collected the four pound catalogs to assist in the war effort. After 128 years in business, the retailer sold its name and inventory to privately owned Direct Marketing Services. Montgomery Ward reemerged in 2004 as an online retailer. In July 2008, Direct Marketing Services was put on auction and Swiss Colony purchased the Montgomery Ward name. Ward‘s appeared to be holding steady at around $165 to $175 million in sales revenue annually compared to approximately $5 billion prior to Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Where did this one time behemoth in the catalog and retail industry go wrong?
Satisfaction guaranteed or your money back! This pledge, used by almost every retailer today, was established in 1875 by Aaron Montgomery Ward, as a way for the world‘s first mail-order retail catalogue to stimulate business and customer trust (Franz, 1999). Ward was a general-store manager, dry-goods salesman, and traveling salesman from Chicago. Since customers were unsure about sending money to an unknown company, Wards implemented the promise, ―Satisfaction guaranteed or your money cheerfully refunded‖ (McCormick and Klein, 2001). Montgomery Ward, once a retail giant, declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1997 which permits reorganization under Court Supervision to restructure debt and hold off creditors under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Montgomery Ward entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy again in 1999. After 128 years in business, Ward experienced a poor holiday season in 2000, and entered Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2001, which liquidated the firm. In late 2004, Direct Inc. Marketing Services purchased much of the intellectual property assets of the former Wards, reviving the brand as an online retailer with no physical stores. In 2008, ownership changed over to Swiss Colony in Monroe, Wisconsin. What business insights can be learned from the Montgomery Ward saga?*1
The Retail Industry
In its early years, Montgomery Ward competed primarily against Sears and J.C. Penney in the retail catalog industry. Because Montgomery Ward offered a wide variety of products and prices, it also competed in the latter half of the 20th Century with discount merchandisers such as Wal-Mart and Target Corporation (Hoover, 2001, P986-987).
Four major factors contributed to post WWII success in the retailing industry: (1) growth of US population after WWII; (2) growth in the number of suburban shopping malls due to the population shift to the suburbs; (3) growth in disposable income; and (4) the expansion of
1 Jim Collin‘s 2009 text in tile ―How the mighty fall: and why some companies new give in‖ can a point
of departure for research of this cogent question. Montgomery Ward -2 television advertising. In 1970, 11,000 shopping centers existed and this number escalated to 45,721 malls by 2001. Employment at shopping centers also increased dramatically since 1970, from 2.49 million employees in 1970 to 10.84 million employees in 2001. Between 1970 and the present time, Montgomery Ward faced ferocious competition from specialty retailers such as Circuit City and Best Buy, and a lack of brand name apparel was compounded by Sears‘ emphasis on its ―softer side,‖ and K-Mart‘s addition of brand names to its racks. These liabilities were compounded by a recession. Retail sales grew from $86.5 billion in 1970 to $1,184.1 billion in 2001(Plunkett, 2003). In addition, the dramatic surge in Wal-Mart‘s revenue, profit, and stores can be attributed initially to the pioneering use of a private satellite to enhance supply chain coordination.