大物教材参考答案

大物教材参考答案
大物教材参考答案

1.7 一质点的运动学方程为22(1,)x t y t ==-,x 和y 均以为m 单位,t 以s 为单位,试求:

(1)质点的轨迹方程;、

(2)在t=2s 时,质点的速度v 和加速度a 。

解:(1)由运动学方程消去时间t 可得质点的轨迹方程,将t =

代入有

2

1)y = 或1

(2)对运动学方程微分求速度及加速度,即 当t=2s 时,速度和加速度分别是

1.8 已知一质点的运动学方程为22(2)r ti t j =+-,其中, r ,t 分别以 m 和s 为单位,试

求:

(1) 从t=1s 到t=2s 质点的位移; (2) t=2s 时质点的速度和加速度; (3) 质点的轨迹方程;

(4)在Oxy 平面内画出质点的运动轨迹,并在轨迹图上标出t=2s 时,质点的位矢r ,速度v 和加速度a 。 解: 依题意有

x=2t (1) y= 2

2t - (2)

(1) 将t=1s,t=2s 代入,有(1)r = 2i j +, (

2)

42r i j =-

故质点的位移为 (2)(1)23r r r i j ?=-=- (2) 通过对运动学方程求导可得

当t=2s 时,速度,加速度为 24v i j =- /m s 2a j =-2

/m s

(3) 由(1)(2)两式消去时间t 可得质点的轨迹方程 (4)图略。

1.11 一质点沿半径R=1m 的圆周运动。t=0时,质点位于A 点,如图。然后沿顺时针方向

运动,运动学方程2

s t t ππ=+,其中s 的单位为m ,t 的单位为s ,试求: (1)质点绕行一周所经历的路程,位移,平均速度和平均速率; (2)质点在第1秒末的速度和加速度的大小。 解: (1) 质点绕行一周所经历的路程为圆周 周的周长,即2 6.28s R m π?==由位移和平 均速度的定义,可知此时的位移为零,平均速度 也为零,即

0r ?=, 0r

v t

?=

=?

令2

()(0)2s s t s t t R πππ?=-=+=。可得质点绕行一周所需时间1t s ?= 平均速率为2 6.28/s R v m s t t

π?=

==?? 由以上结果可以看出路程和位移,速度和速率是不相同的。

(2)t 时刻质点的速度和加速度大小为

当t=1s 时, v=9.42m/s a=89.02

/m s .

1.14 一质点沿半径为0.1m 的圆周运动,其用角坐标表示的运动学方程为3

24t θ=+,θ的

单位为rad,t 的单位为s ,试求:

(1)在t=2s 时,质点的切向加速度和法向加速度的大小; (2)当θ等于多少时,质点的加速度和半径的夹角成0

45。

解:(1)质点的角速度及角加速度为 2

12d t dt

θω== ,2224d t dt θβ==

因此,质点的法向加速度和切向加速度大小为 24

144n a R Rt ω==,24a R Rt τβ== 当t=2s 时,2230.4/n a m s =, 2

4.8/a m s τ=。

(2)设时刻'

t ,a 和半径夹角为 045,此时n a a τ=,即

144R '4t =24R '

t 得'31/6t s = '

'3

()24

2.67t t r a d θ=+=。 4.6 质量为m 的质点在Oxy 平面内运动,运动学方程为cos sin r a ti b t j ωω=+。

(1)试求质点的动量; (2)试求从t=0到t=

ω

这段时间内质点受到的合力的冲量,并说明在上述时间内,质

点的动量是否守恒?为什么?

解:(1)由质点运动学方程得质点速度v =

d r

dt

=sin cos a ti b t j ωωωω-+ 动量为 sin cos p mv m a ti m b t j ωωωω==-+

(2)根据动量定理,合力的冲量为 2()(0)0

I P

P π

ω

=-= 虽然t=0和t=

ω

时质点的动量是一样的,但在上述时间内,由(1)中动量的表达式可以

看出动量是时间的函数并不守恒。所以质点的动量不守恒。

4.14 一质点M=10kg 的物体放在光滑的水平桌面上,并与一水平轻弹簧相连,弹簧的劲度

系数k=100N/m 。今有一质量m=1kg 的小球以水平速度04/v m s =飞来,与物体M 相撞后

以12/v m s =的速度弹回,试求:

(1) 弹簧被压缩的长度是多少?

(2)小球m 和物体M 的碰撞是完全弹性碰撞吗?

(3)如果小球上涂有黏性物质,相撞后可与M 粘在一起,则(1)(2)所向的结果又如何? 解: 碰撞过程物体,小球,弹簧组成系统的动量守恒 01mv mv Mu =-+ 小球与弹簧碰撞,弹簧被压缩,对物体M 有作用力,对物体M ,由动能定理得: (1)2211

022

kx Mu -

=-

弹簧被压缩的长度 0.60.06x === m (2)22210111

222k E Mu mv mv ?=

+- = 222

11110(0.6)1214222

??+??-??= 4.2-J 有动能损失说明是非弹性碰撞。

(3)小球与物体M 碰撞后粘在一起,设其共同速度为'

u ,根据动量守恒及动能定理

'

0()mv M m u =+ 即

'2'211

0()22

kx M m u =-+ 此时弹簧被压缩的长度是'

0.04

x =

== m

碰撞后,两物体粘在一起,这种碰撞为完全非弹性碰撞。

3.7 一质量为m ,总长为l 的铁链,开始时有一半放在光滑的桌面上,而另一半下垂,试求

铁链滑离桌面边缘时重力所作的功。

解: 重力所作的功,等于铁链势能增量的负值,取桌面为势能零点,因而有 A=p E -?= 113

()()288

mgl mgl mgl ??----=????

3.8 一沿

x 轴正方向的力作用在一质量为 3.0kg 的质点上。已知质点的运动学方程为

2334x t t t =-+,这里x 以m 为单位,时间t 以s 为单位。试求:

(1)力在最初4.0s 内的功;

(2)在t=1s 时,力的瞬时功率。 解:(1) 由运动学方程可求质点的速度 2383dx

v t t dt

==-+ 质点的动能为 22211

() 3.0(383)22

k E t mv t t =

=??-+ 根据动能定理,力在最初4.0s 内所作的功为

(4.0)(0)52k k k A E E E =?=-=

J

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大物答案全

第一章 质点运动学(1) 一、填空题 1. 位矢 速度 2. m 3- m 5 12-?s m 22-?s m 3. 127-?-s m 113-?-s m 4. j t i t v ???23)14(-+= j t i a ???64-= j i v ???129-= j i a ? ??124-= 二、选择题 1. B 2. A 3. 某物体的运动规律为2d /d v t Av t =-,式中的A 为大于零的常数,当0=t 时,初速 为 0υ,则速度υ与时间t 的函数关系是(C ) 4. B 三、计算题 1. 质点的运动方程为2205t t x +-=和2 1015t t y -= ,式中y x ,单位为m ,t 的单位为s ,试求:(1)初速度的大小和方向;(2)初始加速度的大小和方向 答案:=v ?j t i t ??)2015()540(-+-,=a ?j i ??2040-, t=0时=v ?j i ??155+-,=a ?j i ??2040- (1)初始速度大小:181.15-?≈s m v , 与x 轴夹角为ο4.108=α (2) 初始加速度大小:272.44-?≈s m a , 与x 轴夹角为ο6.26-=β 2. 质点沿直线运动,加速度24t a -=,如果=2s t 时,=5m x ,-1=2m s v ?,试求质点 的运动方程。 答案:5310212124+-+- =t t t x 3. 质点的加速度22x a -=,x =3m 时,v =5m/s ,求质点的速度v 与位置x 的关系式。 答案:613 432+-=x v

第一章 质点动力学 (2) 一、填空题 1. 角坐标 角速度 角加速度 2. (1)=ωdt d θ =α22dt d θ (2)积分 角速度 运动方程)(t θ 3. 圆周 匀速率圆周 4. θsin v 二、选择题 1. C 2. D 3. B 三、计算题 1. 一质点在半径为m 10.0的圆周上运动,其角位置为2 42t +=θ,式中θ的单位为 rad ,t 的单位为s 。 (1)求在s t 0.2=时质点的法向加速度和切向加速度。(2)t 为多少时,法向加速度和切向加速度的值相等? 答案:(1)26.25-?=s rad a n ,28.0-?=s rad a t (2) s t 35.0= 2. 质点在oxy 平面内运动,其运动方程为j t i t r ???)3()2(2-+=,式中各物理量单位为国际制单位。求:(1)质点的轨迹方程;(2)在1t =1s 到2t =2s 时间内的平均速度; (3)1t =1s 时的速度及切向和法向加速度;(4)1t =1s 时质点所在处轨道的曲率半径。 答案:(1)432 x y -=, (2)j i v ???32-= (3)t=1s 时,j i v ???221-=,j a ??2-=,2=τa ,2=n a , (4)24=ρ

英语视听说上册参考答案

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Unit 1 Pirates of the Internet Task I Global Listening 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. D Task II Listen for Details Episode 1 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T Episode 2 1. √ 2. √ 3. √ Episode 3 (1) technology always wins (2) software (3) advertising supported (4) radio (5) Ten million people (6) music

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大物参考答案

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大物答案8

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