定语从句二
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高三英语定语从句翻译技巧
定语从句翻译技巧 英语和汉语分属两种不同的语系，其差别很大，翻译起来有诸多困难，英语定语从句的汉译便是困难之一。由于定语从句在英语中应用十分广泛，因此，我们必须想办法、找方法、寻规律，从而很好地解决它。 一、限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行项起限制作用，在意义上与先行项密切不可分。 如被省去，主句的意思就含糊不清，甚至变得毫无意义。关系词和先行项之间一般不用逗号分隔。 （一）定语词组 ①I have but one lamp by which my feed are guided.我只有一盏指路明灯。 ②It was so with the vast railroad yards with the crowded array of vessels she saw in the river.火车站广大的场地，河里鳞次梯比的船只，她也同样不能理解。 ③Before following her in her round of seeking，let us look at the sphare in which her future was to lie.我们暂且把她找寻工作的事搁下来不谈，先看一看她的前途所寄托的这个世界。 ④…and the thread which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken……而那些把她和少女时代以及故乡轻轻系住的柔丝，不得不就此断绝了。 翻译这类从句，常常是将关系词省去，在句未加“的”字，放在被修饰项之前。当然，也可视其情况不用“的”字，如①和②。这种译法用得普遍，尤其适用于译简短的定语从句。 （二）并列从句 1）省略英语的先行项 ①The lungs are subjecd to several diseases which are treatable by surgery.肺易受几种疾病的侵袭，但均可经手术治疗。 ②A little way on she saw a great door which，for some reason，attracted her attention.又走了一些路，她看见一个大门，不知怎的，引起了她的注意。 ③As a result， a hum of gossip was set going which moved about the house in that secret manner common to gossip.结果就造成一阵闲话，暗中在公寓里流传，闲话一般都是如此的。
定语从句的翻译二
定语从句的“并列套用” 中文里“本位词”和“外位语”如何翻译成英文 英文短句的翻译方法 中英文事实和评论的关系 英文中四种句子的翻译方法 中英文关联词的使用和英文中人名地名的翻译 中英文的一个重要差异：中文是动态性语言，善于用动词；英文是静态性语言，善于用名词 定语从句的翻译二 This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work. 这种假设基于人性中内在懒惰的谬论，实际上，除了不正常懒惰的人以外，很少有人不愿意挣只比最低生活费多的钱，也很少有人愿意无所事事，而不去工作。
第一步：断句 This assumption rests on the fallacy/ of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually,/ aside from abnormally lazy people,/ there would be very few/ who would not want to earn more than the minimum,/ and who would prefer to do nothing/ rather than work. 并列套用： 中心词+ 定语1 + 定语2 + 定语3 + 。。。European’s today, like Americans 200 years ago, seek a world where strength does not matter so much, where unilateral action by nations is forbidden and where all nations regardless of their strength are protected by commonly agreed rules of behavior. 当今的欧洲人，就和两百年前的美国人一样，寻找这样一个世界，在那里，武力并不是最重要的，禁止由国家发起的单边运动，所有国家不论其实力，都受到普遍公认的行为准则的保护。 第二步：翻译 假设是基于这样一种谬论：人性中存在着天生的懒惰。
定语从句练习题2
定语从句练习题 1. The tree, the branches _________ are almost bare, is a very old one. A. whose B. in which C. of which D. which 2. We’ll never forget the day in 1997 __________ Hong Kong held a grand ceremony marking the handover from Britain to China. A. when B. that C. which D. as 3. Who is the lady _________ is waving to you? A. which B. that C. who D. whom 4. It was not ________ late at night that we found our lost sheep. A. when B. unless C. until D. while 5. The size of the audience, ________ I had expected, was well over ten thousand. A. whom B. as C. that D. who 6. Edward is the boy _____ I think scored the winning points for the basketball team. A. whom B. that C. which D. who 7. ________ the people have become masters of their own country ________ science can really serve them. A. It is only then/ that B. It is only when/ that C. It was that/ when D. It was when/ then 8. My neighbors on either side of me have painted their houses, ________ of course makes my house look shabbier than it really is. A. that B. as C. who D. which 9. John helped me clean my car _________ was very kind of him.
定语从句翻译
1.想去博物馆参观的人请在这里签名。 2.那个抢劫了银行的人昨日被警方逮捕了。 3.可惜我想买的那套住房暂不出售。 4.刚才和你握手的中年人是新来的校长。 5.在战争中失去左腿的英雄收到很好的照顾。 6.这个江南小镇是他们在中国逗留期间参观的第一个地方。 7.这是过去两年里她看到的唯一一部电影。 8.这是世界上迄今为止建的最高的一座电视塔。 9.他们见面时谈起了能够想起的人和事。 10.我想说的就是我们不能迟到。 11.他们建议在曾租过的旅馆里过夜。 12.正如按所预期的那样，飞船按计划成功地进入太空。 13.我曾在那里长大的小渔村在现在已变成一个繁忙的港口。 14.你能告诉我不请假就离开学校的理由吗？ 15.你还记得中国人民英勇地与ＳＡＲＳ作斗争的那些日子吗？ 16.我非常喜欢在山里度假，那儿宁静而美丽。 17.他写了一本书，但书名我彻底给忘了。 18.他度过了一个绝妙夏日，此间他参加了我们的夏令营。 19.我们很高兴地要见到新来的地理老师，我知道他刚从美国回来。 20.因为缺少实践，他没有通过驾驶考试。 21.为追求时尚付出高昂代价的人应该尽早改变这种生活方式。
1.想去博物馆参观的人请在这里签名。 Those who want to visit the museum please sign your names here. 2.那个抢劫了银行的人昨日被警方逮捕了。 The man who had robbed the bank was captured/arrested by the police. 3.可惜我想买的那套住房暂不出售。 It is a pity that the apartment/flat(which/that) I would like to buy is not for sale for the time being. 4.刚才和你握手的中年人是新来的校长。 The middle-aged man with whom you shook hands/ whom you shood hands with just now is a new headmaster/principal. 5.在战争中失去左腿的英雄收到很好的照顾。 The hero who had lost his left leg in the war is taken good care of. 6.这个江南小镇是他们在中国逗留期间参观的第一个地方。 The small south town was the first place (that) they visited during their stay in China. 7.这是过去两年里她看到的唯一一部电影。 This is the only film that she has seen in the past /last two years. 8.这是世界上迄今为止建的最高的一座电视塔。 This is the highest TV tower that has ever been built in the world. 9.他们见面时谈起了能够想起的人和事。 When they met, they talked of the people and things that they could remember. 10.我想说的就是我们不能迟到。 All that I want to say is that we mustn’t be late. 11.他们建议在曾租过的旅馆里过夜。 They suggested for the night the same hotel as/that they once rented. 12.正如按所预期的那样，飞船按计划成功地进入太空。 As was expected, the spaceship went up into the space successfully as planned. 13.我曾在那里长大的小渔村在现在已变成一个繁忙的港口。 The small fishing village where/ in which I grew up has become a busy port. 14.你能告诉我不请假就离开学校的理由吗？ Can you tell me why you left the school without asking for leave? 15.你还记得中国人民英勇地与ＳＡＲＳ作斗争的那些日子吗？ Do you still remember the days when the Chinese people fought bravely against SARS? 16.我非常喜欢在山里度假，那儿宁静而美丽。 I’d love to take my vacation/spend my holiday in the mountain, which is quiet and beautiful. 17.他写了一本书，但书名我彻底给忘了。 He has written a book, the name of which I have completely forgotten. 18.他度过了一个绝妙夏日，此间他参加了我们的夏令营。 He spent a wonderful summer, during which he joined us in the camping trip. 19.我们很高兴地要见到新来的地理老师，我知道他刚从美国回来。 We are happy to see a new geography teacher, who I know has just returned from the US. 20.因为缺少实践，他没有通过驾驶考试。 The reason why he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice. 21.为追求时尚付出高昂代价的人应该尽早改变这种生活方式。 Those who follow the fashion at great cost should change their lifestyle as soon as possible.
初中英语定语从句专项练习题与答案详解(第2套
初中英语定语从句专项练习题与答案详解(第2套) 1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace. A. Which B. where C. what D. in which 2.Do you know the man _______? A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke 3.This is the hotel _______last month. A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed 4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded? A. which B. that C. when D. on which 5.That is the day ______I'll never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when 6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C. which D. in which 7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working. A. where B. that C. which D. there 8.This is one of the best films _______. A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked 9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day? A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked 10.The pen ______he is writing is mine. A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which 11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that 12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old. A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom 13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country? A. who B. who's C. which D. whose 14.I'm interested in ______you have said. A. all that B. all what C. that D. which 15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday. A. which B. who C. what D. as 16.He isn't such a man ______he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as 17.He is good at English, ______we all know. A. that B. as C. whom D. what 18.Li Ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very much. A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with h im
高二英语寒假作业 专题二 定语从句
专题二 定语从句 一．三个概念 1. 定义：用来修饰某个名词、代词或整个句子的从句就叫做定语从句。如： The man you talked about is our headmaster. 你们刚才所谈论的那个人是我们的校长 This is the bike my father gave me as my birthday present. 这是我父亲送给我作为生日礼物的自行车。 The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year. 那棵红色叶子的树是去年栽的 2. 先行词：定语从句所修饰的词就叫做先行词，它一般是由名词、代词或句子充当。如： The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old. 在舞台上唱歌的那个男孩今年才九岁。 Anyone who is willing to help others is welcome to our group. 欢迎任何愿意帮助他人的人参加我们的组织。 His mother is out of danger, which excites their family very much. 他母亲脱离了危险，这件事情使他们家兴奋不已。 3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词就叫做关系词。根据关系词的用法不同，关系词又分关系代词和关系副词，其中关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but等，关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用，又在从句中作某个成分。如： Lee is one of the students who are working very hard. 李是一个学习非常努力的学生。 There is nobody but knows you here. 这儿没有不认识你的人。(but=who...not) He led us to a place where we have never been before. 他把我们带到以前从未去过的地方。 二．如何把两个句子合为含有定从的复合句。 1.The students are working hard. 2. Lee is one of the students. 步骤 1.两个句中相同的词（the students）； 2.把用作定语从句的句中的那个词变为关系代词或关系副词，不管它在句中担当什么成分都要用在句首； 3.把这个含有关系词的从句放到另一句中相同的词后，定语从句是后置定语。 Lee is one of the students who are working hard. 再看两个句子: T his is the factory. I once worked in the factory. This is the factory (which) I once worked in. 也可以是：This is the factory where/in which I once worked. 三．关系代词和关系副词基本用法
定语从句专项训练
定语从句专项训练 I 选择最佳答案: 1.The silk _______ is made in Hangzhou sells well. A. that B.who C. what D. / 2.The man_______today left this message for you. A.called B.has called C.whom called D.who called 3.Do you live near the building ______colour is yellow? A. that B.which C.whose D. its 4.He helped his father on the farm ______they lived. A. which B.that C.when D. where 5.I’m one of the boys_____never late for school. A.that is B.who is C.who are D.who am 6.All_____should be done has been done. A.what B.which C.that D.whatever 7.Jack told me everything _______he knew about it. A. what B.that C.which D.who 8.My father works in the factory ______this type of truck is made. A.in where B.in which C.from which D.of which 9.The school_______we visited last week was built in 1956. A./ B.where C.that D.both A and C 10.This is one of the best films_______I have ever seen. A.which B.that C.of which D.of that 11.In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions_______were asked in French. A.where B.who C.in which D.which 12.He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of ______ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. A.these B.those C.that D.which 13.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ________family was poor. A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose 14.All_______is needed is a supply of oil. A.the thing B.that C.what D.which 15.In the dark street ,there wasn’t a single person _____she could turn for help. A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom 16.She heard a terrible noise,______brought her heart into her mouth. A.it B.which C.this D.that II 用适当的关系词填空： 1) I’ll never forget the day on ________ they met for the very first time last summer. 2) This is the place _________ he so often mentioned to me. 3) The only thing ________ interested him was that he could do anything _________ he wanted t o. 4) “What a scientist! What wonderful invention!” he talked excitedly about Bill Gates and his Microsoft Company _________ is now a focus of newspapers and television. 5) He is old, ________ fact is important in this case.
英语定语从句专题训练答案及解析
英语定语从句专题训练答案及解析 一、定语从句 1．-1 like to live in a room ___________ is big and bright. A．that B．where C．how 【答案】A 【解析】 试题分析：句意：我想住一个又大又明亮的房间。that那；where哪里；how怎么。先行词room在定语从句中作主语，可用关系代词that代替，所以选A。 考点：考查定语从句。 2．—What kind of movies do you prefer? —I prefer the movies _________me something to think about. A．which give B．that gives C．which gives D．who gives 【答案】A 【解析】 句意：——你喜欢什么类型的电影？——我更喜欢那些让我思考的电影。此句的先行词是movies，引导定语从句的关联词用that或which，排除C,D；定语从句的主语that或which 指代movies，动词不能用三单形式，故答案为A。 3．When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life_________ a group of people have in common. A．what B．who C．where D．that 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】 句意：当我们说起文化的时候，我们指的是一群人共同拥有的生活方式。考查定语从句的引导词。根据句意：当我们说起文化的时候，我们指的是一群人共同拥有的生活方式。逗号后面的句中是含有定语从句的复合句，先行词是 life，表示“物”，用引导词 that，在从句中做宾语。what 不能引导定语从句。先行词是“人”，引导词常用 who。where 在定语从句中做地点状语。故选D。 【点睛】 引导定语从句的关联词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, whose, who, whom, as；关系副词有when, where, why。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成份。关系代词在从句中充当动词的宾语时一般可以省略。 4．Do you have books about famous scientists ________ are suitable for children to read? A．what B．which C．who D．whom 【答案】B 【解析】
定语从句翻译技巧
定语从句的翻译方法 根据汉语的表达习惯及对原文的忠实度，翻译这类定语从句可以采用以下几种方法1.1前置合译法( 前滚翻)：若定语从句较短，较简单，与名词（先行词）的关系紧密（一般来说，紧密的，为限定性从句；不紧密的，为非限定性从句），限定性定语从句及少部分非限定性从句( 较短且有描述性的非限定)，一般将从句提在先行词之前，译成“。。。的” 1）The action it takes at any moment can’t be predicted,and people find that disturbing. 它在任何一个时刻采取的行动都无法预见，这使人们觉得有些乱。 2）I was, to borrow from John Le Carre, the spy who was to stay out in the cold. 借用的话来说（插入语，作状语，译成汉语时，放在句首），我成了一个被打入冷宫的间谍。 3）There will come a day when people all over the world will live a happy life. 全世界人民过上幸福生活的那一天（终究）是会到来的。 4）The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下干活的员工怕他怕得要死。 5)We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious ill were quite aware of its potential outcome. 给我们留下极深印象的是：（同位语的翻译）即使那些没有被告知严重病情的病人，对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的。 6)One explanation for the pig-eating taboo is that pork that is not cooked sufficiently may spread a disease called trichinosis. 对禁食猪肉的一种解释是：如果未被煮透的话，猪肉可能会传播一种叫旋毛虫病的疾病。 7)But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观察到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。（98考研）
高考英语二轮复习 专题限时训练 定语从句
[定语从句] (限时：10分钟) 1．The movie is adapted from a novel，________author I can't remember now. A．which B．where C．what D．whose 2．Living in the mountain area has its problems, ________ obtaining water is a big problem. A．of which B．for what C．as D．whose 3．We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, ________ we gave some bells and glasses. A．to which B．to whom C．with whom D．with which 4．The young scientist has made such great achievements in his chosen field ________ nobody else can make. A．that B．as C．which D．what 5．Steve Jobs, ________rise to fame inspires millions of people, will be remembered generation after generation. A．what B．which C．whose D．who 6．There are cases________ children are made to learn what they don't want to. A．when B．where C．what D．which 7．A woman with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked，“Is there a hospital around ________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand？” A．that B．which C．where D．what 8．In all his life, Dickens wrote a large number of excellent novels in the 19th century, ________ some are still popular nowadays. A．whose B．of that C．in which D．of which 9．—Sunday is a public holiday, ________children should get close to nature. —But most of them have several lessons to attend. A．where B．which C．in which D．when 10．He got himself into a difficult situation ________he must make a final decision all by himself. A．which B．what C．when D．where 11．The sides of the Iran nuclear talks reached a key point, the result of ________ would have a great influence on the world peace. A．that B．which C．whom D．them 12．The famous scientist, ________ a dinner party will be held tonight, is to arrive soon. A．in his honour B．in whose honour C．in which honour D．in honour of him 13．—So when did you meet John? —It was last Sunday ________ he came to visit my sister.
定语从句翻译.
定语从句翻译练习 1. 去年我们在医院照顾的老太太死了。 2.你想娶的姑娘昨天偷了我的钱包。 3.孙老师写的书是世界上最好的书。 4.你喜欢女孩就是我喜欢的女孩。 5.昨天被我家的狗咬的人今天又被你家狗咬了。 6.你知道他打算出国留学你的原因吗？ 7.我讨厌我住过的那个旅馆。 8.我永远也忘不了我们共同生活和学习的那个秋天。 9.他爱了10年的那个女孩昨天嫁人了。 10.她是我见过的最善良的女孩。 11.有什么事我能帮你吗？ 12.昨天死的那个老太太留下了100万美元。 13.昨天那个医生告诉我他为我爹什么也做不了了。 14.这就是你能在上面找到答案的那一页. 15.正像老师昨天说的那样，他没有通过考试。 16约翰被大学录取了，这是我们期待的。 17这本书与我昨天丢失的那本书一样。 18.正像你知道的那样钱是非常重要的。20.你知道你们家狗要死的原因吗？ 21. 她就是那个到明年年底，会攒一万美圆的那个女孩。 22. 你见过那个警察一直在找的小偷吗？ 23. 昨天他告诉我，是谁吃了我的苹果，那个苹果是我妈妈给我买的。24我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。 25我试戴了三顶帽子，没有一顶合适。 26他常在人们一般不会感到害怕的情况下却感到恐惧或是感到不自在27昨天在购物中心，我遇见了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授 28你知道她的哥哥与你同寝室的那位女孩的名字吗？ 29人们会永远记住香港和澳门回归祖国的那一时刻。 30我们要参观的第一个地方是北京图书馆 . 31他是唯一可靠的人。 . 32约翰正是她要见的人 33他年轻时在校学习努力，这导致了他后来生活中的成功。 . 定语从句---翻译练习-（中文）： 1.这就是救了孩子生命的医生 2.她就是我要介绍给你的新学生 3.请递给我摆在桌上的那本书。 4.汤姆买的小说很有意思。 5.你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给我吗？ 6.那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语。 7.那辆坏了轮胎的自行车现在已经修好了。 8.正在弹钢琴的那位妇女是张小姐。
定语从句的翻译
定语从句的翻译 英语中的定语从句根据它们对主句的限制和影响，分为限制性定语从句，和非限制性定语从句。无论哪种，一般都放在所修饰的中心词之后。在翻译成中文时，为符合中国人的语言表达习惯，既要读起来上口，有便于理解，多数情况下将较短的限制性定语从句译为前置定语。较长的或非限制性定语从句，要视具体情况，可以译成并列的分句，或独立成句。 一。限制性定语从句 绝大多数限制性定语从句一般译为前置定语或并列句。 1。译成前置定语 1）Everything that is around us is matter. 我们周围的一切都是物质。 2）Those who sacrifice themselves for the people’s cause are the real heroes of history. 为人民的事业牺牲自己的人才是历史上真正的英雄。 2。译成并列句 1）I have some good ideas which wouldn’t suit you. 我有一些好主意，怕对你不适用。 2）He was one of the earliest English grammarians who paid attention to this problem. 他是英语语法学家，而且是最早注意这一问题的。 二。非限制性定语从句 1。译成并列句 1）Captured documents, which we have obtained from individuals who had been infiltrated through this corridor plus prisoner-of –war reports that we have obtained in recent months, let us to believe that the volume of infiltration has expanded substantially. 我们从经由这个走廊地带渗透进来的个别人身上缴获了一些文件，近几个月又从战 俘那里得到了各种口供，我们相信渗透的规模已大幅度地扩展。 2）Anybody is better than Mack, who has neither honor, nor ability, nor capital. 谁都比麦克强，他既没名誉，又没能力，也没资金。 2。译成独立句 1）The following March, Henry was fifty-five years old, due for retirement, and had been offered an outside job, which would give him nearly twice his secretary’s salary with his pension. 翌年三月，亨利已经55岁，该退休了，但外面已经有人聘用他，新职的待遇加上他 的养老金要比他当秘书的薪水多一倍。 2）He thought to better his circumstances by marrying a young woman of the French nation, who was by profession an opera-girl. 他想娶个法国女人来改善环境，那女人是个唱歌剧的年轻姑娘。 三。其他 由于汉语习惯上不使用长句，因此无论是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，都可以把原文较长的定语从句拆开译成并列句或独立句。使译文通顺流畅，条理分明。关系代词的翻译可根据具体情况，灵活处理。 1）Last week I wrote a letter to Vice-President, who had been a famous professor
定语从句专项训练2
高三英语定语从句专练2 班级：____________ 姓名：______________ 1．(2016·佛山一中段考)The App WeChat provides a networking platform ________ communication is faster and easier. 2．(2016·珠海摸底)In some countries，many students participate in various programs, ________ they learn about the sense of responsibility by volunteering their services. 3．(2016·深圳高级中学月考)RunningMan，is such funny reality show ________ has the gravity to pull you in front of your television. 4．(2016·揭阳二模)Overseas Chinese are particularly sought after for positions ________ a high degree or leadership is required. 5．(2016·广宁中学期中)The old pictures bring them to the days ________ they spent together, ________ life was hard but happy. 6．(2016·韶关调研)Lenovo has brought out a new laptop ________ low cost will make it attractive to students. 7．(2016·深圳调研)Zhu Yawen’s performances at the CCTV Spring Festival Gara in 2015 were perfect, ________ made a lot of people admire him. 8．(2016·广东六校联考)He is confident, ________，in my opinion，is most important in modern society. 9．(2016·广州三校联考)The school library is a resource ________ you can take advantage to make progress. 10．(2016·江西重点中学协作体联考二)—How do you understand life? —It is a constant match ________ the greatest opponent is yourself. 11．(2016·湖南益阳一中等三校联考)Most of my friends shop at the stores ________ the goods are very cheap. 12．(2016·天津一中模拟)My uncle retired in 2010, ________ he has been devoting his time to helping poor children. 13．(2016·宁波二模)This restaurant has an inviting，homelike atmosphere ________ many others are short of. 14．(2016·山东省实验中学一模)The living standard of the people in China, ________ is shown in the report，has improved over the past decades. 15．(2016·福建莆田八中一模)Yesterday evening I came across the man ________ you think is pleased to ________ work with. 16．(2016·浙江余姚三模)Guess what！I came across my primary school teacher this morning, ________ I have lost touch for almost 20 years. 17．(2016·安徽马鞍山质检一)The mother thanked the young man again and again，without ________ help her son would have been killed by the passing car. 18．(2016·江苏百校联合调研)Each graduate standing on the playground, ________ was accompanied by a parent，would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster. 19．(2016·宜宾二诊)I wish to thank Professor Smith, without________help I would never have got this far.