站校准中问题及其解决办法(英文翻译)
浅谈旅游英语翻译中的常见问题及解决办法
浅谈旅游英语翻译中的常见问题及解决办法摘要：随着中国的快速发展和日益开放，外国游客的数量逐年提高，旅游英语的翻译工作重要，误译不仅会导致误解，甚至会阻碍交流的有效性。
本文通过举例子指出我国目前旅游英语翻译常出现的错误，分析了这些错误产生的原因，最后提出合理的建议和解决方法。
旨在为我国旅游业的进一步发展打下坚实的基础。
关键词: 旅游英语翻译问题原因解决办法随着社会的发展，旅游业已成为全球经济中发展势头最强劲和规模最大的产业之一。
旅游业对经济的拉动性、社会就业的带动力、以及对文化与环境的促进作用日益显现，旅游业将成为中国经济发展的支柱性产业之一。
根据世界贸易组织的报告，中国将成为最大的旅游国家，全世界的人都想参观这个有着悠久历史和丰富旅游资源的大国。
可以说从不同的方面发展旅游资源已成为一个重要的发展趋势，鉴于此旅游英语翻译工作日显重要。
1 旅游英语翻译现状什么是旅游翻译？一个著名的跨文化专家在他的书中做出了这样解释：旅游翻译是一种专业的为旅游活动提供服务的翻译。
简而言之，旅游翻译是一种跨文化，跨语言，跨社会、跨空间的活动。
它直接表现在跨文化交际中的文明。
作为整个旅游的一个重要组成部分，旅游翻译是一个透明的窗口。
旅游翻译主要涉及两个方面的内容：动态和静态。
前者包括精确地旅游指南、解释、购物；后者包括旅游广告、旅游小册子、光盘等等。
中国的旅游资源非常丰富，而旅游资源的国际知名度却不够理想，多数外国人只知道北京、上海、香港，对中国其他的旅游胜地却知之甚少。
外国了解中国旅游资源的途径主要有两个，一是文字和媒体资料，二是互联网信息。
近年，我国的各大旅游城市和著名景点都出版了中英文的旅游指南和导游手册、光盘，内容也较为详尽；各大城市的政府网站也都设有旅游英文专版。
但是由于翻译水平的差异，导致这些文字资料和网站的翻译质量参差不齐，极易让人费解。
这也是本文力求探讨和期待解决的问题。
因此，提高旅游英语翻译的整体水平，改善中国旅游景点介绍及周边旅游环境的汉英翻译状况，对加快中国旅游业的发展具有极大的推动作用。
英语学习中的常见问题及解决方案
实例说明：例如，一些英语学习者在发“th”音时会出现困难， 可以尝试通过模仿正确的发音来改善这一问题。
阅读理解困难
问题：无法理解文章主旨和细 节
原因：词汇量不足、语法不熟 练、文化背景不了解
解决方案：扩大词汇量、学习 语法规则、了解文化背景
练习方法：多读英文原著、新 闻报道、学术论文等
XX,a click to unlimited possibilities
汇报人：XX
目录
词汇量不足
定义：指英语学习者掌握的词汇量不足，无法满足日常表达和阅读需要。
表现：在口语交流中无法正确表达意思，在写作中无法写出地道的英语句子。
原因：缺乏有效的词汇学习方法，记忆不牢固，没有足够的词汇运用实践。
学习语法规则
掌握基本语法知识：了解句子结构、时态、语态等基本语法概念。
多读多练：通过阅读英文原著、新闻、邮件等，提高语感，熟悉语法规则。
使用语法工具书：遇到不确定或不熟悉的语法问题，可以查阅语法工具书或在线语法 资源。
练习写作：通过写作练习，巩固所学语法知识，加深对语法的理解和运用。
练习发音
听录音模仿：多听 英语录音，模仿发 音
练习口型：观察发 音时的口型，注意 舌头和口腔的位置
语音课程：参加专 业的语音课程，接 受专业的指导和训 练
交流实践：多与英 语母语人士交流， 实践发音技巧
提高阅读技巧
精读与泛读结合：提高阅读 速度和理解能力
注重语法：理解句子结构， 避免理解偏差
掌握词汇：扩大词汇量，学 会猜词义
培养语感：多读英文原著， 增强对语言的感知能力
发音不标准
添加项标题
问题描述：很多英语学习者在发音方面存在困难，发音不准确、 不清晰，甚至带有地方口音。
针对机器翻译中的误译问题的解决方案研究
针对机器翻译中的误译问题的解决方案研究随着全球化的不断推进，各国之间的交流越来越频繁，语言翻译的需求也越来越大。
在这个背景下，机器翻译技术也随之发展壮大。
但是，机器翻译中的误译问题也随之出现，并且日益凸显。
一、机器翻译中的误译问题机器翻译的误译问题主要有以下几个方面：1. 语法结构错误机器翻译主要依赖于语料库的翻译，而语法结构不同的语言之间的转换往往会带来不同程度的问题。
比如，英语中的主语、谓语、宾语通常顺序是S-V-O，而中文中的顺序则是主语-谓语-宾语。
机器翻译可能会将英语的S-V-O结构翻译为中文的S-O-V结构，这就会导致翻译的错误。
2. 多义词的翻译错误多义词在不同的语言之间可能会有不同的含义，在机器翻译时容易出现翻译错误。
比如，英语中的“bank”既可以指银行，也可以指岸边。
如果机器翻译将这个词翻译为“银行”，而实际上原文中指的是“岸边”，这就形成了误译。
3. 上下文语境错误机器翻译还容易受到上下文语境的影响。
同样的一句话，在不同的场景和语境下，可能会有不同的翻译方式。
如果机器翻译无法准确理解上下文语境，就会出现误译。
二、针对机器翻译中的误译问题的解决方案针对机器翻译中的误译问题，可以采取以下几种解决方案：1. 人工校对机器翻译之后，可以由专业人士进行人工校对。
人工校对能够精准地找出机器翻译中的误译和不准确的地方，并进行修改。
但是，人工校对需要耗费大量的时间和人力成本，因此不适用于大规模翻译。
2. 强化机器翻译算法可以通过从大量正确的翻译中学习，强化机器翻译的算法，提高翻译的准确率。
神经机器翻译（NMT）是目前比较先进的机器翻译算法，在模型训练和词嵌入方面都比传统的统计机器翻译方法更加高效。
3. 使用语义分析技术语义分析技术可以更好地理解语言的含义，从而避免机器翻译中的误译。
比如，使用自然语言处理技术，将句子分解为主语、谓语和宾语，构建语义大图。
这样可以更好地理解句子的含义，从而减少误译的风险。
英语学习中的常见困惑及解决方案
英语学习中的常见困惑及解决方案一. 语法困惑及解决方案在英语学习的过程中，语法常常是学习者们的一大难点。
以下是一些常见的困惑以及相应的解决方案：1. 时态的使用时态的正确使用是英语学习者常遇到的问题之一。
解决这个问题的方法是多进行语境练习，并且通过阅读和听力来熟悉各种时态的用法。
同时，不断积累一些常用的短语和句型，能够帮助学习者更好地应用时态。
2. 主谓一致主谓一致是英语学习者常犯的错误之一。
建议学习者在写作和口语表达中多加注意主谓一致的规则。
同时，阅读英语文章，尤其是注意其中的主谓一致的用法也是提高这一方面的能力的有效方法。
3. 词汇用法词汇的正确运用是英语学习者必须掌握的技能之一。
要克服困扰，学习者可以通过大量的词汇积累和使用，增加语言输入和输出的机会，同时多方面运用词汇，如写作、口语和阅读。
二. 听力困惑及解决方案在英语学习过程中，听力是一个重要的技能。
以下是一些常见的困惑以及相应的解决方案：1. 听不懂快速口语快速口语是初学者常常听不懂的问题之一。
解决这个问题的方法是多进行听力训练，可以通过收听英语广播、观看英语电影等方式来提高听力速度和理解能力。
2. 难以分辨重音和连读重音和连读是英语中常用的语音现象。
学习者可以通过模仿和大量的口语练习来培养对重音和连读的敏感度。
同时，使用一些英语学习app或者在线教学资源,如YouTube上的发音教程，也能够帮助学习者更好地掌握这些技巧。
3. 陌生语境理解困难在听力中，学习者可能会遇到不熟悉的语境，解决这个问题的方法是通过多听英语广播、观看英语电影或者参加英语语言角等途径，来提高对不同语境的理解能力。
三. 阅读困惑及解决方案阅读是英语学习者提高语言水平的重要途径。
以下是一些常见的困惑以及相应的解决方案：1. 生词太多，阅读速度慢在阅读中遇到生词是学习者常见的问题。
解决这个问题的方法是通过阅读量的增加，逐渐提高对生词的理解和运用能力。
可利用在线的词典和翻译工具来解决生词问题，也可以尝试使用语境推测生词的含义。
实训中的问题及对策英文
实训中的问题及对策英文In the context of internship, here are some common problems and possible strategies to overcome them:1. Lack of guidance: Sometimes interns may feel lost or have difficulty understanding their tasks and responsibilities. To address this issue, they can ask for clarification from their supervisor or team members. They can also set up regular check-in meetings to ensure they are on the right track and receive feedback.2. Limited networking opportunities: Interns may find it challenging to connect with professionals and build a network within the organization. In this case, they can proactively seek out networking events, join employee resource groups, or reach out to professionals for informational interviews. Additionally, utilizing social media platforms like LinkedIn can help expand their professional network.3. Time management: Internships often demand multitasking and meeting deadlines. To manage time effectively, interns can create a daily or weekly schedule, prioritize tasks based on importance, and break down larger projects into smaller, manageable tasks. They can also ask for help or delegate tasks when needed.4. Feeling undervalued: Interns may sometimes feel like their contributions are not recognized or appreciated. To combat this, interns can proactively seek feedback on their work, showcase their achievements, and communicate their career goals and aspirations to their supervisor. They can also take the initiative to participate in team projects and demonstrate their skills and abilities.5. Balancing work and learning: Interns may encounter difficulties in finding the right balance between work responsibilities and learning opportunities. To address this, interns can communicate their desire for additional learning experiences to their supervisor or mentor. They can also seek out online courses or workshops to enhance their skills and knowledge outside of work hours.6. Unclear career path: Interns may feel unsure about their future career path or which direction to pursue. To address this, interns can actively engage in conversations with professionals from different departments, attend career development workshops or seminars, and seek guidance from mentors or career advisors. They can also explore different projects or job shadowing opportunities within the organization to gain exposure to various career paths.7. Lack of confidence: Interns may sometimes lack confidence in their abilities or feel intimidated by the work environment. To boost their confidence, interns can focus on their strengths and accomplishments, seek constructive feedback to improve their skills, and engage in self-reflection and personal development activities. They can also seek support from mentors or colleagues for guidance and encouragement.Remember, each internship experience can vary, and the challenges faced may differ. It is essential toremain adaptable, open to learning, and proactive in addressing any issues that may arise during the internship.。
学校图书馆问题与解决方案英语作文
学校图书馆问题与解决方案英语作文School Library Issues and SolutionsIntroductionThe school library is an integral part of any educational institution. It plays a crucial role in promoting reading habits, acquiring knowledge, improving academic performance, and fostering research skills among students. However, many school libraries face various issues that hinder their effectiveness. In this article, we will discuss the common problems faced by school libraries and explore possible solutions to address them.Issues1. Lack of adequate fundingOne of the biggest challenges faced by school libraries is the lack of adequate funding. Many schools allocate minimal budgets to the library, resulting in outdated resources, limited collections, and insufficient staff.2. Inadequate resourcesSchool libraries often lack up-to-date books, journals, and multimedia resources. This can hinder students' access to relevant information and limit their learning opportunities.3. Poor infrastructureSome school libraries lack proper infrastructure, such as comfortable seating areas, study spaces, and computer facilities. This can discourage students from using the library and hinder their academic growth.4. Limited opening hoursMany school libraries have limited opening hours, making it difficult for students to access the library outside of school hours or on weekends.5. Lack of trained staffSome school libraries are understaffed, with untrained personnel managing the library. This can impact the quality of library services and hinder students' learning experiences.Solutions1. Increase fundingSchools should allocate more funds to the library to improve its resources, facilities, and services. This will help in enhancing the overall effectiveness of the library and benefit students.2. Enhance resourcesLibrarians should regularly update the library collection with new books, journals, and multimedia resources. They should also collaborate with teachers to identify relevant resources that support the curriculum.3. Improve infrastructureSchool libraries should invest in creating a welcoming and functional environment for students. This includes providing comfortable seating areas, study spaces, computer facilities, and other amenities that enhance the library experience.4. Extend opening hoursSchool libraries should consider extending their opening hours to accommodate students' needs. This can include opening the library on weekends, evenings, and holidays to provide students with greater access to resources.5. Train library staffSchools should provide ongoing training and professional development opportunities for library staff. This will help in enhancing their skills, knowledge, and expertise in managing the library effectively.ConclusionSchool libraries play a vital role in supporting students' academic growth and fostering a love for reading. By addressing the common issues faced by school libraries and implementing solutions to overcome them, schools can create a more conducive learning environment for students. Investing in the library will not only benefit students but also contribute to the overall success of the school.。
精确测量中的常见问题及解决方法
精确测量中的常见问题及解决方法在实验室、工业生产以及科学研究等领域中，精确测量是十分重要的一环。
然而，由于各种原因，常常出现一些测量误差或其他问题。
本文将探讨精确测量中的一些常见问题，并提供相应的解决方法。
1. 环境因素引起的误差在进行测量时，环境因素常常会对测结果产生影响，例如温度变化、湿度波动、气压变化等。
这些因素会导致仪器漂移、材料膨胀、液体体积变化等问题，进而引起测量结果的偏差。
解决办法：a. 定期对仪器进行校准，确保仪器的准确性。
b. 在测量前，将仪器放置在恒温恒湿的环境中，让其达到稳定状态。
c. 使用补偿技术，根据环境因素的变化，对测量结果进行修正。
2. 误差传递在复杂的测量系统中，误差不仅可能来自测量仪器本身，还可能受到其他组件的影响。
当这些误差传递到最终的测量结果时，可能会使其出现较大偏差。
解决办法：a. 对测量系统进行全面的误差分析，找出各个组件的误差来源。
b. 利用数学模型或仿真技术，对误差进行传递分析，以确定其对测量结果的影响程度。
c. 对关键组件进行优化或更换，以减小误差的传递。
3. 测量结果的不确定性无论测量方法多么精确，测量结果都会存在一定的不确定性。
这主要源于测量仪器的限制、测量方法的局限性以及随机误差等原因。
在某些情况下，不确定性可能会超过测量结果的精度要求。
解决办法：a. 通过增加测量次数，利用统计学方法计算平均值和标准偏差，来提高测量结果的可靠性。
b. 对测量方法进行改进，减小系统性误差。
c. 对随机误差进行分析，找出其来源并采取相应措施进行控制。
4. 人为误差除了仪器和环境因素外，操作人员自身也可能引入误差。
例如，读数错误、操作不规范等都可能导致测量结果的偏差。
解决办法：a. 加强操作人员的培训，提高其操作技巧和注意事项的意识。
b. 使用自动化测量系统，减少人为误差的发生。
c. 当可能存在人为误差时，进行复核或双人核验，以确保结果的准确性。
5. 选用不合适的测量方法或仪器某些情况下，由于对被测对象的性质、测量范围或其他条件的不了解，或者由于仪器的性能限制，可能会选用不合适的测量方法或仪器，导致测量结果的不准确甚至无法得到有效的数据。
洁净词汇中英文对照
GMP英语PIC/S的全称为：Pharmaceutical InspectionConvention/Pharmaceutical Inspection Cooperation Scheme, PIC/S(制药检查草案), 药品检查协会(PIC/S) ,也有人称PIC/S为医药审查会议/合作计划（PIC/S）PIC的权威翻译：药品生产检查相互承认公约API(Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) 原料药又称：活性药物组分Air Lock 气闸Authorized Person 授权人Batch/Lot 批次Batch Number/Lot-Number 批号；Batch Numbering System 批次编码系统；Batch Records 批记录；Bulk Product 待包装品；Calibration 校正；Clean area洁净区；Consignment（Delivery）托销药品。
FDA（FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION）：（美国）食品药品管理局IND（INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG）：临床研究申请（指申报阶段,相对于NDA而言）；研究中的新药（指新药开发阶段，相对于新药而言，即临床前研究结束）NDA（NEW DRUG APPLICATION）：新药申请ANDA（ABBREVIATED NEW DRUG APPLICATION）：简化新药申请TREATMENT IND：研究中的新药用于治疗ABBREVIATED（NEW）DRUG：简化申请的新药DMF（DRUG MASTER FILE）：药物主文件（持有者为谨慎起见而准备的保密资料，可以包括一个或多个人用药物在制备、加工、包装和贮存过程中所涉及的设备、生产过程或物品。
只有在DMF持有者或授权代表以授权书的形式授权给FDA，FDA在审查IND、NDA、ANDA时才能参考其内容）HOLDER：DMF持有者CFR（CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATION）：（美国）联邦法规PANEL：专家小组BATCH PRODUCTION：批量生产；分批生产BATCH PRODUCTION RECORDS：生产批号记录POST-OR PRE- MARKET SURVEILLANCE：销售前或销售后监督INFORMED CONSENT：知情同意（患者对治疗或受试者对医疗试验了解后表示同意接受治疗或试验）PREscriptION DRUG：处方药OTC DRUG（OVER—THE—COUNTER DRUG）：非处方药GMP文件常见缩写ABPI Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry ADR Adverse Drug Reaction AE Adverse EventAIM Active Ingredient ManufacturerANDA Abbreviated New Drug ApplicationANOVA Analysis of VarianceASM: Active Substance ManufacturerATC Anatomical Therapeutic ChemicalATX Animal Test Exemption CertificateBAN British Approved NameBIRA British Institute of Regulatory AffairsBNF British National FormularyBP British PharmacopoeiaC of A Certificate of AnalysisC of S Certificate of SuitabilityCENTRE FOR DRUG EVALUATION (CDE)Centre for Pharmaceutical Administration (CPA)CMS Concerned Member State CMS每个成员国COS Certificate of SuitabilityCPMP Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products CRA Clinical Research AssociateCRF Case Report FormCRO Contract Research OrganizationCTA Clinical Trial ApplicationCTC Clinical Trial CertificateCTD Common Technical documentCTX Clinical Trials ExemptionDDD Defined Daily DoseDGC Daily Global ComparisonDIA Drug Information AssociationDMF Drug Master FileDrug Registration Branch (DR, Product Evaluation & Registration Division, CPAEDQM (European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines) 欧洲联盟药品质量指导委员会EEA 欧洲经济地区EGMA European Generics Medicine AssociationELA Established License ApplicationEMEA European Medicines Evaluation AgencyEMEA （European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products）欧洲联盟药品评价机构EP European PharmacopoeiaEPAR European Public Assessment ReportsESRA European Society of Regulatory AffairsEuropean Pharmacopoeia Commission 欧洲药典委员会FDAFDA Food and Drug AdministrationFinal Evaluation Report (FER)Free Sale Certificates (FSCs)GCP Good Clinical Practice GCP药品临床研究管理规范GLP Good Laboratory PracticeGLP 药品临床前安全性研究质量管理规范GMP Good Manufacturing PracticeGMP 药品生产质量管理规范GSP药品销售管理规范Health Sciences Authority (HSA)HSA’s Medicines Advisory Committee (MAC)IB Investigators BrochureICH International Conference for Harmonization IDMC Independent Data-Monitoring CommitteeIEC Independent Ethics CommitteeIND Investigational New DrugINN International Non-proprietary Name International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) IPC In Process ControlIRB Institutional Review BoardLICENCE HOLDERMA Marketing AuthorizationMAA Marketing Authorization ApplicationMAA上市申请MAH Marketing Authorization HolderMAH 销售许可持有者MCA Medicines Control AgencyMHW Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan)MR Mutual RecognitionMRA 美国与欧盟的互认协议MRAs (Mutual Recognition Agreements) 互相認證同意MRFG Mutual Recognition Facilitation GroupMRP Mutual Recognition ProcedureNAS New Active SubstanceNCE New Chemical EntityNDA New Drug ApplicationNew Chemical Entities (NCEs)New Drug Applications (NDAs)NSAID Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory DrugNTA Notice To ApplicantsOOS Out of SpecificationOTC Over the CounterPAGB Proprietary Association of Great BritainPh Eur European PharmacopoeiaPIL Patient Information LeafletPL Product License POM Prescription Only MedicinePRODUCT OWNERPSU Periodic Safety UpdatesQA Quality AssuranceQC Quality ControlRAJ Regulatory Affairs JournalRMS Reference Member StateRMS相互认可另一成员国RSD Relative Standard DeviationRx Prescription OnlySAE Serious Adverse EventSMF Site Master FileSOP Standard Operating ProcedureSOP （STANDARD OPERATION PROCEDURE）标准运作程序SPC Summary of Product CharacteristicsTherapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)USP US PharmacopoeiaVMF Veterinary Master FileVPC Veterinary Products CommitteeA．A．A Addition and Amendments 增补和修订AC Air Conditioner 空调器ADR Adverse Drug Reaction 药物不良反应AFDO Association of Food and Drug Officials食品与药品官员协会（美国）ACC Accept 接受AQL Acceptable Quality Level 合格质量标准ADNA Abbreviated New Drug Application 简化的新药申请BOM Bill of Material 物料清单BPC Bulk pharmaceutical Chemicals 原料药CBER Center for Biologics Evaluation Research生物制品评价与研究中心CFU Colony Forming Unit 菌落形成单位DMF Drug Master File 药品管理档案CDER Center for Drug Evaluation and Research药物评价与研究中心CI Corporate Identity (Image) 企业识别（形象）CIP Cleaning in Place 在线清洗CSI Consumer Safety Inspector 消费者安全调查员CLP Cleaning Line Procedure 在线清洗程序DAL Defect Action Level 缺陷作用水平DEA Drug Enforcement Administration 管制药品管理DS documentation System 文件系统FDA Food and Drug Administration食品与药品管理局（美国）GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade关贸总协会GMP Good Manufacturing Practice 药品生质量管理规范GCP Good Clinical Practice 药品临床实验管理规范GLP Good Laboratory Practice 实验室管理规范GSP Good Supply Practice 药品商业质量规范GRP Good Retail Practice 药品零售业质量管理规范GAP Good Agriculture Practice 药材生产管理规范GVP Good Validation Practice 验证管理规范GUP Good Use Practice 药品使用规范HVAC Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning空调净化系统ISO International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织MOU Memorandum of Understanding 谅解备忘录PF Production File 生产记录用表格OTC Over the Counter (Drug) 非处方药品PLA Product License Application 产品许可申请QA Quality Assurance 质量保证QC Quality Control 质量控制QMP Quality Management Procedure 质量管理程序SDA State Drug Administration 国家药品监督管理局SMP Standard Management Procedure 标准管理程序SOP Standard Operating Procedure 标准操作程序TQC Total Quality Control 全面质量管理USA United States Pharmacopoeia 美国药典质检专业术语1. 认可的实验室 accredited laboratory2. 提前装运通知 advanced shipment notification (ASN)3. 基准确定 benchmarking4. 经营计划 business plan5. 计算机辅助设计 computer aided design (CAD)6. 计算机辅助工程 computer aided engineering (CAE)7. 校准 calibration8. 应急计划 contingency plan9. 持续改进计划/方案continuous improvement plan/program10. 合同 contract11. 控制计划 control plan12. 纠正措施计划 corrective action plan13. 不良质量成本 cost of poor quality14. 横向职能方法 cross-functional approach15. 装配性设计 design for assembly (DFA)16. 实验设计 design of experiment (DOE)17. 设计纪录 design record18. 设计责任供方 design-responsible suppliers 19. 文件document ation20. 安全关注 due care21. 设备 equipment22. 工程批准的授权engineering approved authorization23. 执行职责 executive responsibility24. 有限元分析 finite element analysis (FEA)25. 可行性 feasibility26. 先进先出 first in first out (FIFO)27. 失效模式及后果分析failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)28. 功能验证 functional verification29. 几何尺寸与公差geometric dimensioning & tolerancing (GD&T)30. 作业指导书 job instruction31. 实验室 laboratory32. 实验室范围 laboratory scope33. 末件比较 last off part comparison34. 全尺寸检验 layout inspection35. 防错 mistake proofing36. 多方论证方法 multi-disciplinary approach37. 运行业绩 operational performance38. 预见性维护 predictive maintenance39. 超额运费 premium freight40. 预防性维护 preventive maintenance41. 解决问题 problem solving42. 程序 procedures43. 过程审核 process audit44. 过程流程图 process flow diagram flow chart45. 产品 product46. 产品实现 product realization47. 产品审核 product audit48. 项目管理 project management49. 质量功能展开 quality function deployment (QFD)50. 质量手册 quality manual51. 反应计划 reaction plan52. 外部场所 remote location53. 重复性和再现性研究repeatability and reproducibility studies54. 现场 site55. 特殊特性 special characteristics56. 分承包方 subcontractor57. 分承包方的开发 subcontractor development58. 供方 supplier59. 投标 tender60. 工具/工装 tool/tooling更衣室 Changing Room一更 First Changing Room手消室 Hands Disinfection Room气闸室 Airlock Room洁具室 Cleaning Tools Room清洗室 Cleaning Room模具室 Dies Room内包装室 Immediate Package Room安全门 Emergency Door外包清室Outer Package Removing Room存料间Storage Room of Raw Materials粉碎室 Pulverizing Room备料室 Materials Preparing Room硬胶室 Hard Capsules Filling Room软胶室 Soft Capsules Room制粒干燥室Granulating and Drying Room总混间 Blending Room中间站 Intermediate Station压片室Tablets Room Compression Room包衣室 Coating Room配浆间 Coating Mixture Preparing Room铝塑包装间Packing Room传递窗 Transferring Window外包装室 Outer Packing Room蒸馏水室 Water Purifying Room质检室 Quality Control Room浓配室 Concentrated Solution Room稀配室 Diluted Solution Room灌封室Filling and Sealing Room存瓶室 Ampul Storage Room洗瓶室 Ampul Cleaning Room灭菌间 Sterilizing Room灯检室 Light Inspection Room粉针室 Lyophilized Sterile Powder Room冷冻干燥机 LyophilizerUrine Analyzer 尿液分析仪blood sugar（glucose ） analyzer血糖分析仪test strip 测试条reagent 试剂Semi-automatic Biochemical Analyzer半自动生化分析仪Automatic Blood Cell Analyzer全自动血细胞分析仪Urine sediments analyzer尿沉渣Bio-safety Cabinet 生物安全柜Incubator培养箱High Frequency Electrotome 高频电刀shadowless lamp无影灯High speed refrigerated centrifuge高速冷冻离心机hot air sterilizer热空气消毒箱microbiological incubator微生物培养箱Halogen light 卤素灯disposable sterile injector 一次性无菌注射针injection set注射器disposable venous infusion needle一次性静脉输液针disposable infusion set 一次性使用输液器blood transfusion set输血器infusion bag液袋urine drainage bag集尿袋blood bag血袋medical catheter医用导管stainless steel needle不锈钢医用针管blood taking needle采血针needle destroyer针头销毁器automatic packer自动纸塑包装机scalp vein set头皮针uniprocessor version单机版network version网络版macromolecule-solvent 高分子溶解的macromolecule cold accumulation 高分子蓄冷cold treatment冷疗法ice pack冰袋eyeshade 眼罩Medical injection pump医用灌注泵lithotrite 碎石机extracorporeal shock wave lithotrite体外冲击碎石机Ballistic intracroporeal lithotrite气压冲击体内碎石机Laparoscope 腹腔镜Urology 泌尿外科kidney stones 肾结石Multi-parameter monitor, 多参数监护仪maternal monitor/fetal monitor母亲/胎儿监护仪ICU monitor 重症监护仪anesthetic equipment 麻醉机respirator呼吸机electronic colposcope 电子阴道镜smog absorber烟雾吸收器digital film room 数字胶片室Permanent Magnet Open Magnetic Resonance system 永磁开放式磁共振系统Ultrasonic Color Doppler Diagnostic system彩色超声多普勒诊断系统Mobile CT system 移动CT系统X-ray Mammary Machine 乳腺X线机Mammography乳腺high precision Stereotaxic 高精度脑立体定向仪portable Type-B ultrasonic 便携式B超Sterilization and Disinfection Equipment消毒灭菌设备Radiotherapeutic equipment.放射疗法设备pharmaceutical equipments.制药设备horizontal pressurized steam sterilizer普通卧式压力蒸汽灭菌器medical electronic linear accelerator医用电子直线加速器high frequency X-rays diagnostic machine高频X射线诊断机simulated positioner模拟定位机high frequency mobile X-rays machine高频移动X射线机暖通专业词汇中英文对照(一）ahu air hundling unit 空调箱air conditioning load空调负荷air distribution气流组织air handling unit 空气处理单元air shower 风淋室air wide pre.drop空气侧压降aluninum accessaries in clean room 洁净室安装铝材as-completed drawing 修改竣工图ayout 设计图blass stop valve 铜闸阀canvas connecting termingal 帆布接头centigrade scale 摄氏温度chiller accessaries 水冷柜机排水及配料chiller asembly 水冷柜机安装工费chiller unit 水冷柜机基础clean bench 净化工作台clean class 洁净度clean room 洁净室无尘室correction factor修正系数dcc dry coll units 干盘管district cooling 区域供冷direct return system异程式系统displacement ventilation置换通风drawn No.图号elevation立面图entering air temp进风温度entering water temp进水温度fahrenheit scale 华氏温度fan coil unit 风机盘管ffu fan filter units 风扇过滤网组final 施工图flow velocity 流速fresh air supply 新风供给fresh air unit 新风处理单元ground source heat pump地源热泵gross weight 毛重heating ventilating and air conditioning供热通风与空气调节hepa high efficiency pariculate air 高效过滤网high efficiency particulate air filters高效空气过滤器horizontal series type水平串联式hot water supply system生活热水系统humidity 湿度hydraulic calculation水力计算isometric drawing轴测图leaving air temp 出风温度leaving water temp出水温度lood vacuum pump中央集尘泵mau make up air hundling unit schedule 外气空调箱natural smoke exhausting自然排烟net weight 净重noise reduction消声nominal diameter 公称直径oil-burning boiler燃油锅炉one way stop peturn valve 单向止回阀operation energy consumption运行能耗pass box 传递箱particle sizing and counting method 计径计数法Piping accessaries 水系统辅材piping asembly 配管工费plan 平面图rac recirculation air cabinet unit schedule循环组合空调单元ratio controller 比例调节器ratio flow control 流量比例控制ratio gear 变速轮 ratio meter 比率计rational 合理性的，合法的；有理解能力的rationale （基本）原理；原理的阐述rationality 有理性，合理性rationalization proposal 合理化建义ratio of compression 压缩比ratio of expansion 膨胀比ratio of run-off 径流系数ratio of slope 坡度ratio of specific heat 比热比raw 生的，原状的，粗的；未加工的raw coal 原煤 raw cotton 原棉raw crude producer gas 未净化的发生炉煤气raw data 原始数据raw fuel stock 粗燃料油raw gas 未净化的气体real gas 实际气体realignment 重新排列，改组；重新定线realm 区域，范围，领域real work 实际工作ream 铰孔，扩孔rear 后部，背面，后部的rear arch 后拱rear axle 后轴rear-fired boiler 后燃烧锅炉rear pass 后烟道rearrange 调整；重新安排[布置]rearrangement 调整，整顿；重新排列[布置] reason 理由，原因；推理reasonable 合理的，适当的reassembly 重新装配reaumur 列氏温度计reblading 重装叶片，修复叶片recalibration 重新校准[刻度]recapture 重新利用，恢复recarbonation 再碳化作用recast 另算；重作；重铸receiving basin 蓄水池receiving tank 贮槽recentralizing 恢复到中心位置；重定中心；再集中receptacle 插座[孔]；容器reception of heat 吸热recessed radiator 壁龛内散热器，暗装散热器recharge well 回灌井reciprocal 倒数；相互的，相反的，住复的reciprocal action 反复作用reciprocal compressor 往复式压缩机reciprocal feed pump 往复式蒸汽机reciprocal grate 往复炉排reciprocal motion 住复式动作reciprocal proportion 反比例reciprocal steam engine 往复式蒸汽机reciprocate 往复（运动），互换reciprocating 往复的，来回的，互相的，交替的reciprocating ( grate ) bar 往复式炉排片reciprocating compressor 往复式压缩机reciprocating condensing unit 往复式冷冻机reciprocating packaged liquid chiller往复式整体型冷水机组reciprocating piston pump 往复式活塞泵reciprocating pump 往复泵，活塞泵reciprocating refrigerator 往复式制冷机recirculate 再循环recirculated 再循环的recirculated air 再循环空气[由空调场所抽出，然后通过空调装置，再送回该场所的回流空气]recirculated air by pass 循环空气旁路recircilated air intake 循环空气入口recirculated cooling system 再循环冷却系统recirculating 再循环的，回路的recirculating air duct 再循环风道recirculating fan 再循环风机recirculating line 再循环管路recirculating pump 再循环泵recirculation 再循环recirculation cooling water 再循环冷却水recirculation ratio 再循环比recirculation water 再循环水reclaim 再生，回收；翻造，修复reclaimer 回收装置；再生装置reclamation 回收，再生，再利用reclamation of condensate water蒸汽冷凝水回收recombination 再化[结]合，复合，恢复recommended level of illumination 推荐的照度标准reconnaissance 勘察，调查研究record drawing 详图、大样图、接点图recording apparatus 记录仪器recording barometer 自记气压计recording card 记录卡片recording facility 记录装置recording liquid level gauge 自动液面计recording paper of sound level 噪声级测定纸recording pressure gauge 自记压力计recording water-gauge 自记水位计recoverable 可回收的，可恢复的recoverable heat 可回收的热量recoverable oil 可回收的油recoverable waster heat 可回收的废热recovery plant 回收装置recovery rate 回收率relief damper 泄压风门return air flame plate回风百叶。
英语学习中的常见听力难题及解决方法
英语学习中的常见听力难题及解决方法English Learning: Common Listening Challenges and SolutionsIntroduction:English listening skills play a crucial role in language acquisition. However, learners often face various challenges while improving their listening abilities. This article aims to explore some common listening difficulties and provide effective strategies to overcome them.1. Accent and Pronunciation:Challenge: Different accents and pronunciation variations can make it difficult for learners to understand spoken English.Solution:a. Exposure to Multiple Accents: Regularly listen to English content with various accents, such as American, British, Australian, etc. This exposure will enhance the ability to comprehend different speech patterns.b. Multimedia Resources: Utilize multimedia resources like podcasts, movies, and TV shows to listen to different accents and improve pronunciation.c. Pronunciation Practice: Regularly practice pronunciation by imitating native speakers. Utilize online tools or language learning applications to receive feedback and improve accent.2. Speed and Intonation:Challenge: Native speakers often speak at a fast pace, making it challenging for learners to comprehend every word. Additionally, variable intonations can add to the difficulty.Solution:a. Start with Slower Speech: Begin by listening to slower speech or clear recordings to improve comprehension. Gradually increase the speed to match the native speaker's pace.b. Breaking Down Sentences: Pay attention to sentence structure while listening. Break down long sentences into smaller parts to understand the meaning accurately.c. Focus on Intonation: Practice identifying stress, rhythm, and intonation patterns in spoken English. Mimic these patterns to improve overall listening skills.3. Vocabulary and Context:Challenge: Lack of vocabulary and unfamiliarity with contextual information can hinder understanding.Solution:a. Build Vocabulary: Regularly learn new words and phrases relevant to different topics. Include synonyms, antonyms, and collocations to improve overall comprehension.b. Contextual Clues: Pay attention to the surrounding context, such as facial expressions, gestures, visual aids, or background information, to infer the meaning of words or phrases.c. Graded Listening Material: Start with easier listening materials, such as graded audiobooks or beginner-level podcasts. Gradually progress to more challenging content as vocabulary improves.4. Distractions and External Noise:Challenge: External noise and distractions can interfere with listening comprehension.Solution:a. Controlled Listening Environment: Find a quiet place to practice listening exercises or use noise-canceling headphones to minimize external disturbances.b. Active Listening Techniques: Engage in active listening by focusing solely on the audio content and eliminating distractions. Take notes, summarize, or discuss the material to enhance understanding.c. Exposure to Real-life Situations: Gradually expose oneself to natural English conversations, such as through conversation groups, language exchange programs, or immersive language learning experiences.Conclusion:Improving listening skills in English requires dedication, patience, and strategic approaches. By addressing common challenges such as accents, speed, vocabulary, and distractions, learners can enhance their comprehension abilities. Regular practice and exposure to a wide range of listening materials will result in significant progress over time.。
汉英翻译中的问题及其对策
汉英翻译中的问题与对策Warm-up Questions⏹你在汉英翻译中最大的困难依次是。
❑能够供自己自由使用的词汇太少，❑对译入语语言结构的把握能力较差，不能自由调遣，造成结构单一❑对原文的理解力较差，无法准确把握原文意义❑灵活性欠缺，无法摆脱源语对译文的影响❑译入语功底较差，难以找到恰当的表达方式❑总想在两种语言中寻找对应的结构和词汇❑缺乏背景知识而无法准确翻译❑其他Translation Exercises⏹Not everybody has this ability. It is a gift, and you either have it oryou don’t.⏹译文1：不是人人都拥有这种能力，这能力是天赋，你一是拥有它，一是没有。
⏹译文2：不是人人都拥有这种能力，这是种天赋，有就有，没有就没有。
汉英翻译实例－“哪里，哪里”⏹有一次，几个中国人到一位比较富裕的美国人家里去作客。
主人引他们参观自己的住所，中国客人说：“你们的房子多好啊，非常漂亮。
”主人听了十分高兴，按美国习惯笑着回答说：“谢谢。
”有些中国客人对她的回答感到意外。
⏹后来，在餐桌上谈话时，主人对大学毕业不久的女翻译说：“你的英语很好，很流利。
”女翻译谦虚地说：“哪里，哪里！我的英语不好。
”主人没想到她会这样回答，感到有些迷惑不解。
⏹那位美国主妇的回答是否像有些中国人认为的那样“不够谦虚”呢?那位年轻的中国女翻译的回答是否像美国主人听起来那样“不够诚恳”呢？汉英翻译实例－“哪里，哪里”⏹其实，美国主妇的回答并非不谦虚，中国女翻译的回答也不是不诚恳。
⏹讲英语的人听到别人表扬，一般说“谢谢”，表示接受，说明自己认为对方的赞扬是诚心诚意的，所表扬的事是值得赞扬的。
因此不应“假装自卑”或“故作谦虚”。
⏹但是，对中国人来说，听到别人赞扬时，通常要表示受之有愧，做得很不够；或者说自己的成就不过是由于侥幸，或者说是客观条件造成的，等等，而接受赞扬则意味着有骄傲自满情绪或者缺乏教养。
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河南省自动气象站校准中的一些问题及其解决
办法(注意：题目加了三个字)
吴非洋, 杨奇，胡春泉
（河南省大气探测技术保障中心，河南 郑州 450003）
摘 要：2010年河南省大气探测技术保障中心组织计量检定人员对全省自动站进行了巡检和现场校
准，对设备进行了系统维护。在这次校准工作中，遇到了校准和当前业务使用的矛盾；传感器精确校准和
资料上传的矛盾。既要保证自动站的校准质量，又要尽量不影响或少影响业务使用的原则，这就需要一套
具体措施和办法。文中针对实际问题，总结了这些措施和办法。以期对今后自动站校准工作有一定参考价
值。
关键词：自动站 传感器 巡检 现场校准
The calibrate question and solution method of
the automatic weather station
Wu Feiyang，Yang Qi, Hu Chunquan
（Henan Provincial Atmospheric Probing Technical Support Center，Zhengzhou 450003,China）
Abstract
：
At 2010 Henan Provincial Atmospheric Probing Technical Support Center organized
the metrological verification officers to Inspect and calibrate the auto weather station.
Maintain the System of the equipment. Work in the calibration, Encountered The contradiction
between the Calibration and the business using, the sensors accurate and the data uploading.
This paper focuses on the practical problems, summarizes the measures and methods. it is valuable
for the automatic calibration station work for future.
key words
：
The auto weather station Sensors Inspection Field Calibration
Some Problems and
solution in Calibration for the automatic
weather stations in Henan Province
Wu Feiyang，Yang Qi, Hu Chunquan
（Atmospheric Probing Technology and Support Center in Henan Province，Zhengzhou 450003,China）
Abstract
：
In Henan Province the Inspection and calibration of the auto weather
stations were maked, and the System of the equipment was maintained by the metrological
verification officers of Atmospheric Probing Technology and Support Center at 2010. The
contradictions between the calibration and the business using, the sensors accurate and the data
uploading were encountered. ensure the quality calibration, but also not affect or less affect the
business using. This requires a set of specific measures and methods. This paper focuses on the
practical problems, summarizes the measures and methods. it is valuable for the automatic
calibration station work for future.
key words
：
The auto weather station Sensors Inspection Field Calibration