武汉大学博士英语入学考试(2016)

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清华大学社会学专业考博真题-育明考博

3.阅读理解备考资料：（1）考博英语阅读理解讲义及指导练习（2）考博英语阅读理解精选精练精讲（中级）（3）考博英语阅读理解精选精练精讲（高级）
4.翻译备考资料：（1）考博英语翻译讲义及指导练习（2）考博英语翻译重要方法分析（3）考博英语翻译常见单词和词组的正确处理方式（4）考博英语翻译精讲与强化（5）考博英语翻译致胜押题 20 篇
综合考试
09 社会心理学（清华-北大-伯克利项目）
综合考试
育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：
1、清华大学社会科学学院社会学专业考博的报录比平均在 5:1-6:1 左右（竞争较激烈）
2、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得
较高的分数。专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。
第二，专题信息汇总整理。每一位考生在复习专业课的最后阶段都应当进行专题总结，专题的来源一方面是度历年真题考点的针对性遴选，另一方面是导师研究课题。最后一方面是专业前沿问题。每一个专题都应当建立详尽的知识体系，做到专题知识点全覆盖。
第三，专业真题及解析。专业课的试题都是论述题，答案的开放性比较强。一般专业课每科有 4-5 道大题，考试时间各 3 小时，会有十几页答题纸，整个的答题和书写量是非常大的。考生在专业课复习中仅仅有真题是不够的，还需要配合对真题最权威最正统的解析，两相印证才能够把握导师出题的重点、范围以及更加偏重哪一类的答案。
难度、考察重点、题目来源等有价值的信息，结合以上分析得出的结论进行复习才会事半功倍有的放
矢。学校在出题时经常会参照研究生英语教学的课程内容以及外院导师所著的英语辅导资料。此外也
会借鉴其他重点院校的一些考博英语试题。

北航人文社会科学院行政管理考博导师信息考试内容专业课笔记-育明考研考博

北航人文社会科学学院行政管理考博初试复试考试指导-育明考博一、2016北航人文社会科学学院行政管理考博内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初试内容复试内容(120401)行政管理2014年4人①1001英语（100分）②2111公共管理理论研究与方法（100分）③3111公共政策（100分）面试、笔试或两者结合（逻辑思维、科研能力、综合素质等）2015年7人育明考博辅导中心杜老师解析：1、考试时间：2015年11月28日：上午考外国语（无听力），下午考业务课一。

2015年11月29日：上午考业务课二，下午同等学力考生加试政治理论课。

2、北航人文社会科学学院行政管理考博的报录比平均在5:1左右（竞争较激烈）3、本专业有九位导师：方卫华、韩霞、胡象明、李成智、任建明、谢宝富、徐治立、杨立华、陈进玉4、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。

要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。

专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。

育明教育考博分校针对北京航空航天大学各专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。

根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。

（北航考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩：八九三、二四一、二二六）二、北航人文社会科学学院行政管理考博复试分数线（育明考博课程中心）年份初试成绩要求复试内容复试分数2014年外语60分公共管理理论研究与方法60分公共政策60分面试、笔试或两者结合（逻辑思维、科研能力、综合素质等）60分（总分100分）2015年外语（非定向65分、定向75分）、公共管理理论研究与方法60分公共政策60分育明考博辅导中心杜老师解析：1、北航人文社会科学学院16年招生专业共有3个，各研究方向之间报录比差别较大，行政管理专业比较热门。

武汉大学2012博士研究生英语试题的阅读理解

武汉大学2012博士研究生英语试题的阅读理解个别题目有所更改一、09专八(1) The other problem that arises from the employment of women is that of the working wife. It has two aspects: that of the wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wife who must rely heavily on her husband for help with domestic tasks. There are various ways in which the impact of the first difficulty can be reduced. Provided that husband and wife are not in the same or directly comparable lines of work, the harsh fact of her greater success can be obscured by a genial conspiracy to reject a purely monetary measure of achievement as intolerably crude（21题答案B出处）. Where there are ranks, it is best if the couple work in different fields so that the husband can find some special reason for the superiority of the lowest figure in his to the most elevated in his wife's.(2) A problem that affects a much larger number of working wives is the need to re-allocate domestic tasks if there are children（22题答案D出处）. In The Road to Wigan Pier George Orwell wrote of the unemployed of the Lancashire coalfields: "Practically never ... in a working-class home, will you see the man doing a stroke of the housework. Unemployment has not changed this convention, which on the face of it seems a little unfair. The man is idle from morning to night but the woman is as busy as ever - more so, indeed, because she has to manage with less money. Yet so far as my experience goes the women do not protest. They feel that a man would lose his manhood if, merely because he was out of work, he developed in a 'Mary Ann'."(3) It is over the care of young children that this re-allocation of duties becomes really significant. For this, unlike the cooking of fish fingers or the making of beds, is an inescapably time-consuming occupation, and time is what the fully employed wife has no more to spare of than her husband.(4) The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair, something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comes within range and, of course, with all degrees of tentativeness（25题答案A出处）. What decides the issue of whether a genuine courtship is going to get under way is the woman's response. If she shows interest the engines of persuasion are set in movement. The truth is that in courtship society gives women the real power while pretending to give it to men.(5) What does seem clear is that the more men and women are together, at work and away from it, the more the comprehensive amorousness of men towards women will have to go, despite all its past evolutionary services. For it is this that makes inferiority at work abrasive and, more indirectly, makes domestic work seem unmanly, if there is to be an equalizing redistribution of economic and domestic tasks between men and women there must be a compensating redistribution of the erotic initiative（24题答案A出处,在追求异性方面，过去是男人主动，现在变了）. If women will no longer let us beat them they must allow us to join them as the blushing recipients of flowers and chocolates.21. Paragraph One advises the working wife who is more successful than her husband toA. work in the same sort of job as her husband.B. play down her success, making it sound unimportant.C. stress how much the family gains from her high salary.D. introduce more labour-saving machinery into the home.22. Orwell's picture of relations between man and wife in Wigan Pier (Paragraph Two) describes a relationship which the author of the passageA. thinks is the natural one.B. wishes to see preserved.C. believes is fair.D. is sure must change.23. Which of the following words is used literally, NOT metaphorically?A. Abrasive (Paragraph Five).B. Engines (Paragraph Four).C. Convention (Paragraph Two). （根据上下文，只有convention用的是字面意义）D. Heavily (Paragraph One).24. The last paragraph stresses that if women are to hold important jobs, then they mustA. sometimes make the first advances in love.B. allow men to flirt with many women.C. stop accepting presents of flowers and chocolates.D. avoid making their husbands look like "Mary Anns".25. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the present form of courtship?A. Men are equally serious about courtship.B. Each man "makes passes" at many women.C. The woman's reaction decides the fate of courtship.D. The man leaves himself the opportunity to give up the chase quickly二、2007年英语专业四级I am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me ; it is the reality I took with me into sleep .I try to think of something else.Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her . She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling . In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue ,green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don’t know the word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to my own hair and , with three fingers against my head , I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.” She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if she understood me (I don’t speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs on them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with herover the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat.I wanted to cry. I didn’t , of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn’t cry.89. According to the writer, the woman in the marketplace ____B____ .A. refused to speak to her.B. was pleasant and attractive.C. was selling skirts and ribbons.D. recognized her immediately.解析：B。

武汉大学土木建筑工程学院2020年博士研究生综合考核拟录取名单

74.6
80.45
76
73.03
84
78.83
12
71.03
85
53.29
83
88.68
86.2
85.37
79
73.66
81.6
79.13
61
74.05
76
69.65
49
83.92
82.8
69.48
54
73.21
85.4
70.65
69
69.89
81.4
74.37
70
76.65
83.8
76.99
40
78.00
47
刘泉声
公开招考（申请考核）
71
曾亚武
公开招考（申请考核）
57
王东星
公开招考（申请考核）
47
黄理志
公开招考（申请考核）
67
黄理志
公开招考（申请考核）
59
曾亚武
公开招考（申请考核）
58
王东星
公开招考（申请考核）
48
方正
公开招考（申请考核）
47
王弘宇
公开招考（申请考核）
48
徐礼华
公开招考（申请考核）
岩土工程
11
104860190000436 张沛远
岩土工程
12
104860190000445 耿堃
固体力学
13
10486019000053ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ 吴迪
岩土工程
14
104860190000651 李孟熠
岩土工程
李杉
直博生
刘泉声

博士英语考试作文

Should College Students Be Allowed to Get Married?There is no denying the fact that it is a hotly debated topic today whether college students should be allowed to get married. As we know,the ban on college students getting married was lifted some time ago. Yet people’s attitudes differ sharply on th is issue. Some hold the positive view. They say that most college students are adults and that it is a basic right for those who have reached the appropriate ages to get married．(The ban on this means a severe violation of human rights.)Besides, they argue that with their physical and emotional needs met, these students will be better motivated to study．(Forbidding them getting married would most possibly result in a series of social problems, such as illegal cohabiting and unmarried parents.)Many others, however, hold the negative/opposite view. They claim that the university or college is a place to study instead of a community to lead a family life. Allowing college students to get married would adversely affect their study. For instance, they would spend too much time attending their family and loves unable to concentrate on their school work. As a result, they may not be able to perform well academically or graduate on time．As far as I am concerned, // Weighing the arguments of both sides, I believe that it is feasible to allow college students to get married. Anyway, this is their freedom. Actually, we don’t have to worry too much because facts have shown that most college students would choose not to get married in the face of such fierce competition and heavy school work．(或As far as I am concerned, ∥Weighing the arguments of both sides, I believe that college students should not be allowed to get married. Though mostly adults, they are actually immature psychologically. Their wish to get married is, more often than not, an impulse. Besides, as students, they are not ready to support a family financially．)北京大学2005Directions: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. And write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET.（15%）Topic: Is English Language Teaching Overemphasized in Chinese Education?武汉大学2003Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a composition entitled Looking Forward to the New Reform of College English in China in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outline.1）有些人认为随着各种高水平电子课件的制作与引进，大学生基本上可以自学英语了。

武汉大学2019年各学院博士招生目录

106法学院（2019年度）12 (非全日制)国际人权法78 (全日制)国际条约法79 (全日制)国际人权法导：余敏友23 (非全日制)国际商事仲裁24 (非全日制)冲突法27 (非全日制)涉外司法的理论与实践（司法文明方向）28 (非全日制)国际司法制度（司法文明方向）80 (全日制)国际商事仲裁81 (全日制)冲突法82 (全日制)涉外司法的理论与实践（司法文明方向）83 (全日制)国际司法制度（司法文明方向）0137肖永平1101英语04 (非全日制)国际法的实施与争端解决06 (非全日制)世界贸易组织法与中国外贸法治43 (全日制)国际法的实施与争端解决54 (全日制)世纪贸易组织法与中国外贸法治0139余敏友1101英语01 (全日制)国际私法02 (全日制)国际文化财产法29 (非全日制)国际私法30 (非全日制)国际文化财产法0142郭玉军1101英语已招收硕博连读1人，不招收全日制公开招考考生织法07 (全日制)国际能源法13 (非全日制)国际能源法15 (非全日制)国际组织法16 (非全日制)海洋法58 (全日制)海洋法0616杨泽伟1101英语11 (全日制)网络空间国际法17 (非全日制)网络空间国际法19 (非全日制)国际法基本理论45 (全日制)国际法基本理论1498黄志雄1101英语已招收硕博连读1人16 (非全日制)海洋法20 (非全日制)国际法原理57 (全日制)国际法原理58 (全日制)海洋法1840罗国强1101英语14 (全日制)当代国际法21 (非全日制)国际知识产权法22 (非全日制)当代国际法26 (全日制)国际知识产权法1841冯洁菡1101英语18 (全日制)国际投资法25 (全日制)国际贸易法33 (非全日制)国际贸易法34 (非全日制)国际投资法1842漆彤1101英语03 (全日制)欧盟税法1950崔晓静1101英语育法07 (全日制)体育仲裁法08 (非全日制)国际体育法11 (非全日制)体育仲裁法0131黄进1101英语联合招生的校内博导：肖永平06 (全日制)国际体育法07 (全日制)体育仲裁法08 (非全日制)国际体育法11 (非全日制)体育仲裁法0137肖永平1101英语02 (全日制)中国体育法05 (全日制)体育与人权法09 (非全日制)中国体育法10 (非全日制)体育与人权法0609汪习根1101英语。

武汉大学——比较文学与世界文学专题2001年博士研究生入学考试试题

武汉大学——比较文学与世界文学专题2001年博士研究生入学考试试题一。

20分。

AB任选A。

莎士比亚的《麦克白》是怎样将主人公的内在心理感受和精神状态“外化”为舞台形象的？表现主义文学（如奥尼尔的《琼斯皇》）又是如何系统的运用这类“外化”手法的？B。

以你熟悉的世界文学作品为例，谈谈你对用喜剧性情节表达悲剧性内涵这一艺术手法的见解。

（说明：不限于戏剧，也可以举小说等为例。

）二。

30分。

在你所涉猎的世界文学作品中，你对哪一部印象最深？描述你阅读它事的初始感受，然后从理论上对你的这些感受进行反思，剖析和评价。

三。

20分。

CD任选C。

结合具体的作家和作品，论述中西诗歌的区别性基本特征。

D。

从T。

S。

艾略特在《批评的功能》中所阐述的文学“总体论”出发，结合其他西方学者的相关理论，论述民族文学，总体文学与比较文学的相互关系。

四。

30分。

古希腊的柏拉图在《伊安篇》中提出了“迷狂说”。

中国宋代诗学家严羽在《沧浪诗话。

诗辨》中提出了“妙悟说”。

结合他们的具体论述，以“迷狂说与妙悟说”为题，从学说产生的时代与社会环境，诗任的创作过程，艺术心理的运动规律等层面进行比较和辨析一，选择10个。

魏晋南北朝之前的较多（《诗经》成书方式、三曹、陆机文风、西晋文风等各一个），宋人词集题一个，元杂剧一个，“前四史”一个……二，词语解释1 游仙诗2 苏门四学士3 台阁体4 南洪北孔5 西曲6 北地三才7 《录鬼簿》还有一个，却暂时记不起了。

三，简答1 《七发》在赋史的影响及地位2 《桃花扇》是否优秀历史剧？为什么？3 李煜词的艺术特点四，论述（3选2）National English Admission Test for Medical Doctoral StudentsPAPER ONEPart I ListeningSection A ºDirections: In this section of the test, you will hear 15 short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations a nd questions will be read only once. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from th e four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.For Example: A B D1. A. John is good at painting.B. John’s sister’s son is good at painting.C. The woman suggest the man take up painting.D. The woman is making fun of the man.2. A. He has a fried who majored in economics.B. He hasn’t taken mo re than one economics course.C. He’s been learning a lot this year, too.D. He couldn’t make any sense out of his course.3. A. Check the price of calculators. B. Finish his statistics homework.C. Look for a job in mathematics.D. Use a smaller calculator.4. A. Because the police stopped him. B. Because the driver charged too much.C. Because he had been robbed.D. For no good reason.5. A. Take some more vegetables. B. Pass the woman the meat.C. Avoid taking any more food.D. Help to prepare the potatoes.6. A. In her office. B. In the library.C. In the laboratory.D. In the conference room.7. A. Professor Miller offered more help than he had expected.B. Professor Miller will not discuss the topic with him.C. He asked Professor Miller for some books.D. Professor Miller gave him more books than he had requested.8. A. She thinks the explanations are difficult.B. The explanations will be added in a later edition.C. She thinks the book should include more information.D. The book includes an explanation of all the answers.9. A. He probably supports nuclear power plants.B. He probably opposes nuclear power plants.C. He probably no opinion on this topic.D. He probably tries to understand both sides.10. A. Use every minute of their time wisely.B. Live there until the final time.C. Finish their assignments early if possible.D. Save the lab samples.11. A. She is dependable. B. She is hard-working.C. She is kind.D. She is helpful.12. A. It made her ill.B. She believes the refreshments could have been better.C. She feels regret about the lack of success.D. She felt that her clothes were inappropriate.13. A. She likes to get E-mails.B. She hasn’t seen her friends just lately.C. She lives in the same house with the man and woman are talking.D. She is their best friend.14. A. He doesn’t need a green pen.B. He never bought a green pen.C. He never returned the woman’s green pen to her.D. He doesn’t have a green pen with him.15. A. Bill will buy the car as soon as he gets the money.B. Bill’s friend is buying the car from him.C. Bill can’t afford to buy a new car.D. Bill has already made the down payment on the car.Section B ºDirections: In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there are fiv e questions. The talks and questions will be read only once. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.For Example: A B DTalk One16. A. A nutritionist. B. A professor.C. A dining hall manager.D. A doctor.17. A. A note for his doctor. B. A dining hall pass.C. A list of restaurants.D. A food chart.18. A. He’s an athlete. B. He has high blood pressure.C. He has a high cholesterol level.D. He’s overweight.19. A. In the hospital cafeteria. B. In his room.C. In restaurants.D. In the dining hall.20. A. Angry. B. Hungry.C. Relieved.D. Tired.Talk Two21. A. Fire prevention. B. Pest control.C. House construction.D. Toxic chemicals.22. A. It’s cheaper. B. It’s safer.C. It’s quicker.D. It’s readily available.23. A. To keep the heat inside.B. To prevent insects from escaping.C. To reduce the risk of fire.D. To keep the wood dry.24. A. To show that the treatment will not cause fire.B. To emphasize the dangers of the old method.C. To explain a step in the new technique.D. To illustrate a compromise between old and new systems.25. A. Above 125 degrees Centigrade. B. About 50 degrees Centigrade.C. Around 65 degrees Centigrade.D. At 80 degrees Centigrade.Talk Three26. A. Read and commented on the proposed topics.B. Had conferences with some students.C. Returned the topic papers to her students.D. Realized their research papers are due in six weeks.27. A. A recent textbook assignment. B. Requirements for the final examination.C. Choosing research topics.D. Preparing an outline for a paper.28. A. Immediately. B. The following week.C. In two weeks.D. At the end of the semester.29. A. To present final papers. B. To give a model of outline style.C. To discuss the preliminary outline.D. To discuss final grades.30. A. With a thesis statement. B. With a list of references.C. With a summary of the conference.D. With the student’s name.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The fact is, doctor, I just can't _____ this dreadful cough.A. get out ofB. get rid ofC. get down toD. get round to32. After eight hours at the wheel of the lorry, the driver was beginning to feel the _______.A. nervousnessB. tensionC. strainD. extension33. The Chinese government is determined to ____ the established policy of developing agriculture.A. go afterB. go byC. go aheadD. go on34. The Manager has asked to see the sales _____ resulting from our recent advertising campaign.A. numbersB. figuresC. amountsD. quantities35. The local medical officer reported a serious _____ of food-poisoning.A. stateB. incidentC. outbreakD. event36. They didn’t know how to put in a central-heating system, but they managed it by trial and ___ __.A. blunderB. slipC. errorD. mistake37.I was going to say something about the matter; but _____ I gave it up.A. on second thoughtsB. on the wholeC. at the thought ofD. on second thought38. Even if it is a cold day, I think cool water looks _______.A. invitingB. distastefulC. disgustingD. repulsive39. The man’s face was _______ from his infected tooth despite his visit to the dentist.A. bulgingB. swollenC. dilatedD. expanded40. Similar ethical questions ______ as advances are made in such areas as organ transplant andfetal in utero surgery.A. appealB. ariseC. arouseD. abuseSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four other words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the me aning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. Many people came to donate blood of their own accord.A. willinglyB. for their own sakeC. of their ownD. without the help of others42. When natural gas burns, the hydrocarbon molecules break up into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.A. contractB. vaporizeC. collideD. separate43. The outlook for the patient will be further aggravated by any associated hypertensive process.A. destroyedB. worsenedC. aggrievedD. complicated44. In the system of ethics known as utilitarianism, the rightness or wrongness of an action is judged by its consequences.A. costB. necessityC. resultsD. relevance45. The pilot made one last frantic distress call before he bailed out.A. littleB. desperateC. routineD. futile46. At the magnificent banquet a new intoxicating drink was introduced which aroused great inter est among the guests.A. appetizingB. coolingC. warmingD. stimulating47. The number of hours that have intervened between the accident and operation is a crucial facto r.A. interferedB. interlacedC. interposedD. interlinked48. “Suffocation” dreams are concerned with the breathing difficulties of a heavy cold.A. suffusingB. sufferingC. cutting offD. choking49. We hope this radio will help overcome the tedium felt during your stay in the hospital.A. painB. lonelinessC. boredomD. nervousness50. He is not yet well enough to dispense wi th the doctor’s services.A. give heed toB. pay no attention toC. do away withD. do withoutPart IV Cloze (10%)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D listed below. Choose the correct answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.In former times, doctors in Taiwan, who were considered saviors, were greatly admired. This is not only because they were able to 51 sick people of their pain and save their lives, but also b ecause they demonstrated an 52 willingness to help the sick. However, now in this industrial wor ld, people are 53 to chase material possessions. This is true 54 doctors, too. The high income of doctors is the 55 of other people. Many high school graduates are eager to get into medical colleges, and countless girls consider doctors to be their best choice of husbands. For many years the public has 56 that doctors in public hospitals demand money from inpatients. The amount of money the patients give determines the kind of 57 they receive. It has also been said that a lar ge pharmaceutical factory set up by U.S. investors declared that it would stop giving kickbacks（回扣）to doctors 58 the factory has spent too much money 59 sales over the years. This declarati on has caused quite a stir in our society. We wonder 60 the officials who have denied the dealin gs mentioned above will say about this.51.A.releaseB.relieveC.depriveD.reduce52A. admirableB.advis ableC. appreciableD. acceptable53.A.tendedB.opposedC.inclinedD.persuaded54.A.withB.forC.toD.of55.A. rmationB.treatmentC.a dviceD.interpreta- tion58.A.ifB.asC.thoughD.when59.A.promotingB.contributingC.manipulatingD.induci ng60.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.whetherPart IV. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part of the test there are six passages. Following each passage there are fiv e questions with four choices. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneCells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature, and much narrower limits mark th e boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme (酶) systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37ºC; a depar ture of a few degrees from this value seriously im pairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations, the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily tempera ture.For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate a nd meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blood ed’ and “cold-blooded” species; warm-blooded included mammals and birds, whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied, it became evident that this clas sification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana (鬣蜥)—each cold-blooded—usually ha s a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the n ext distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature, called homothe rms（同温动物）, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment, called poikilothe rms(变温动物). But this classification also proved inadequate, because among mammals there are man y that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore, many invertebrates(无脊椎动物) that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water, an d their body temperatures remain constant.The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by interna l metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by, and who get most of their heat from, the environment. The former are called endotherms (恒温动物), and the latter are called ecto therms (外温动物). Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature, and they do so mainly by lo comoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms (mainly mammals and birds) also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments, but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments.61. The passage mainly discusses _______.A. body temperatures of various animalsB. the newest research on measuring temperatureC. methods of temperature reductionD. the classification of animals by temperature regulation62. Which of the following terms refers primarily to mammals and birds?A. Warm-blooded.B. Ectothermic.C. Cold-blooded.D. Poikilothermic63. In general, the temperature of endotherms is regulated _______.A. consciouslyB. internallyC. inadequatelyD. environmentally64. According to the passage, the chief way in which ectotherms regulate their temperature is by _______.A. seeking out appropriate locationsB. hibernating part of the yearC. staying in deep waterD. triggering certain metabolic processes65. According to the passage, human beings mainly regulate their body temperatures by _______.A. choosing favorable environmentsB. internal metabolic processesC. eating more foodD. doing physical exercisesPassage TwoThe narrow passage ended in a round arch fringed with ivy and creepers. The children passed throu gh the arch into a narrow ravine whose banks were of stone, moss-covered. Trees growing on the top of the bank arched across and the sunlight came through in changing patches of brightness. The pa th, which was of greeny-grey stones where heaps of leaves had drifted, sloped steeply down, and at the end of it was another round arch, quite dark inside, above which were rose rocks and grass an d bushes.“It’s like the outside of a railway tunnel,” said Jimmy.“It might be the entrance to an enchanted castle,” said Kathleen.Under the drifted damp leaves the path was firm and stony. At the dark arch they stopped.“There are steps down,” said Gerald.Very slowly and carefully they went down the steps. Gerald struck a match when the last step was found to have no edge and to be in fact the beginning of a passage turning to the left.“This,” said Jimmy, “might take us back to the road.”“Or under it,” said Gerald, “we’ve come down eleven steps.”They went on, following Gerald, who went very slowly for fear, as he explained, of steps. The pas sage was very dark.Then came a glimmer of daylight that grew and grew and presently ended in another arch that looke d out over a scene so like a picture out of a book about Italy that everyone’s breath was taken a way, and they simply walked forward silent and staring. A short avenue of cypresses led, winding a s it went, to a marble terrace that lay broad and white in the sunlight. The children, blinking, l eaned their arms on the flat balustrade (栏杆) and gazed.Immediately below them was a lake with swans and an island with willow trees, and among the trees gleamed the white figures of statues. Against a hill to the left was a round white building with pillars and to the right a waterfall came tumbling down among mossy stones to splash into the lake. Steps went from the terrace to the water and other steps to the green lawns beside it. Away acros s the grassy slopes deer were feeding and in the distance was an enormous house of grey stone, lik e nothing the children had ever seen before.“It is an enchanted castle,” said Gerald.“There aren’t any enchanted castles,” said Jimmy, “you ought to know that.”“Well, anyway, I’m going to explore,” said Gerald. “You needn’t come if you don’t want to.” The others followed. There never was such a garden—out of a picture or a fairy tale. They passed quite close to the deer, who only raised their heads to look and did not seem startled at all. Af ter a long stretch of grass, they passed under an avenue of lime trees and came into a rose garden bordered with thick hedges.“I know we shall meet a gardener in a minute and he’ll ask what we’re doing here, and then wha t shall we say?” Kathleen asked.“We’ll say we’ve lost our way, and it will be quite true,” said Gerald.66. When they came out of the last arch the children were silent because _______.A. they were out of breathB. they were amazed at what they sawC. the light hurt their eyesD. they saw an Italian picture67. From the terrace the children were able to see _______.A. a lake with trees growing in itB. some swans among the trees on an islandC. a lake just behind themD. some statues on an island in the lake68. How was it possible to reach the lake from the terrace?A. There were some steps leading down.B. There were some steps leading right.C. There was a waterfall going down to the lake.D. There were steps to some stones.69. Kathleen thought that if they met a gardener _______.A. he would think they had lost their wayB. he would know why they were thereC. they would ask him why they were thereD. he would ask them why they were there70. The story suggests that the children _______.A. had been told about the castle beforeB. had seen pictures of the castle in a bookC. had no idea what they were going to seeD. knew they were going to see something wonderfulPassage ThreeThere is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspapers classified columns. It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it does not offer anyone a j ob, and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone loo king for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Contact us before writing your application,” or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your resume or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and appa rent success of s uch a specialised service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the resume (or job history), with the sugges tion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. “Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the average level of advice offere d to young people applying for their first jobs when they left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and we re available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advi ce then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach. “Your search is over. I am the person you are looking for”, was a widel y used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed f or the job in view.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university educat ion at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the r esume.71. According to the passage, the new type of advertisements _____.A. informs job hunters of the chances availableB. promises useful advice to job-huntersC. divides available jobs into various typesD. informs employers that people are available for work72. Now a demand for this type of service has been created because _____.A. there is a lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB. there are so many top-level jobs availableC. there are so many people out of workD. the job history is considered to be a work of art73. It the past it was expected that first-job hunters would _____.A. write an initial letter giving their life historyB. pass some exams before applying for a jobC. have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD. keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview74. When applying for more important jobs, one had better include in the letter _____.A. something attractive in one's applicationB. a personal opinion about the organisation one wanted to joinC. something that would offend its readerD. a lie that one could easily get away with telling75. The resume has become so important because _____.A. of an increase in the number of jobs advertisedB. of an increase in the number of applicants which degreesC. of much more complicatedness of jobs todayD. it is less complicated than other application processesPassage FourThe newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed (纯粹的), unslanted (不偏不倚的), objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more, it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting Ameri can journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the p ossible exception of such scribblings (胡乱拼凑的文章) as society and club news) as “local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic s train, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering rough and dangerous waters, the swirling (令人头晕脑胀的) tides of opinion. This is nonsense. The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to th e “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts eno ugh?As to the first question, consider how a so-called “factual” story comes about. The reporter co llects, say, fifty facts, out of these fifty, his space allocation being necessarily restricted, h e selects the ten which he considers most important. This is Judgment No.1. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. This is Judgment No.2. Th en the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on twenty-four where it has little. Judgment No.3.Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgm ents are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in w hich reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and the ir “news neutralism,” arrive at a concl usion as to the significance of the news.The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels.) If an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those fac ts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the play he gives a story-promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.76. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _______.A. Everything CountsB. Three JudgmentsC. Interpreting the NewsD. Choosing Facts77. A reporter selects ten out of fifty available facts because _______.A. his editor is prejudicedB. space is limitedC. he wants to simplify a complex storyD. the subject is not important78. It can be inferred that the author thinks, in writing a factual story, the writer _______.A. must use judgmentB. should limit himself to the factsC. should make the story interestingD. should slant (歪曲) the story79. The least effective w ay of “slanting” news is by _______.A. selectionB. ignoring itC. focusing on local newsD. interpretation80. Placement of a story on page one or page twenty-four will control its ....A. impactB. accuracyC. relative importanceD. neutralismPassage FiveUntil a few years ago most experts believed that young children couldn’t lie. The late developme ntal psychologist Jean Piaget believed that children under 7 had trouble distinguishing between fa ntasy and reality and couldn’t b e held accountable for untruths. But recent research indicates th at children as young as 4 are quite capable of telling a deliberate lie to get out of trouble. Res earchers believe the fear of a parent’s disapproval discourages a very young child from lying. Bu t by the age of 8 disapproval is not enough. A child should understand the consequences of the lie and the ways in which it destroys trust.A child who lies a lot may be asking for help. Recent research suggests that kids who are being t reated for psychological problems lie almost three times as much as well-adjusted kids. A study in England in the early 1970s showed that one third of the children identified as chronic liars by t heir parents ended up being convicted of theft later on. Other studies indicate that children who have manipulative personalities are skilled at telling lies to get what they want. Two decades ago researchers devised a morality test called a Mach scale. They found that kids who scored high in Mach characteristics-cynicism, desire for power-often lied to achieve their goals.How should honesty be taught? It seems that harsh punishment, thought by many parents to discoura ge lying, may actually increase it. “It creates a fear of punishment, rather than an internalized belief in mor al behavior,” psychologist Paul Ekman says. To help a child realize the damage lying does, a parent might use tales like “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” for younger children and draw objec t lessons from the news as the kids grow older.Just because parents learn why lies occur doesn’t mean they should accept them. Psychologists en。

武汉大学博士培养方案

企业管理专业攻读博士学位研究生培养方案一、培养目标1．要求博士生较好地掌握马列主义、毛泽东思想和邓小平理论，拥护党的基本路线，树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观、遵纪守法，具有较强的事业心和责任感，具有良好的道德品质和学术修养、愿为人类、民族、国家和人民服务。

2．要求博士生掌握坚实宽广的基础理论和系统高深的专业知识。

具体要求具有深厚的经济学、管理学、市场营销理论、企业财务理论及熟练掌握现代管理手段和方法，了解本学科专业的前沿动态，具有独立从事科学研究工作的能力，能够从事本领域中的研究、教学和管理工作的高级专门人才。

3．要求掌握一门外语，能够熟练地运用外语阅读本专业的文献资料，并具有一定写作能力和进行国际学术交流的能力。

4．要求博士生身心健康、德、智、体全面发展。

二、研究方向本专业暂设五个方向。

1．市场营销管理研究微观营销与宏观营销理论、应用及其发展，以及探讨现代营销手段与方法。

2．企业经营管理研究企业战略管理理论和国际企业经营管理理论及其发展，以及探讨企业现代管理手段和方法。

3．企业财务管理研究企业财务管理理论及其发展，尤其研究现代企业制度下的财务理论和实践，以及探究现代财务管理手段和方法。

4．金融管理研究金融理论与金融管理理论及其发展，以及探讨现代金融管理手段和方法。

5．企业发展环境研究研究企业外部环境变化对企业发展的影响，以及企业管理决策与外部环境的适应性理论与方法。

230三、学习年限本专业全日制博士研究生的学习年限一般为三年。

非全日制博士研究生的学习年限最长不超过六年。

四、课程设置及学分分配五、综合考试一般在第四学期举行综合考试。

考试目的是检验博士生知识面是否博与精深。

考试前应组织考试委员会，该委员会由包括导师在内的五名专家组成，并报院系和学校学位评定委员会批准。

综合考试一般考二至三门课程，主要采用口试方法。

综合考试不合格不能进入论文写作阶段。

六、学位论文第三学期末以前，在导师指导下提出博士学位论文题目和撰写计划，并向博士生指导小组作开题报告，经讨论认可后方能进入专题研究和论文写作工作。

武汉大学招收攻读博士学位研究生简章.doc

武汉大学2019年招收攻读博士学位研究生简章武汉大学是教育部直属的重点综合性大学，是国家“985工程”和“211工程”重点建设高校，涵盖哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、历史学、理学、工学、农学、医学、管理学、艺术学等12个学科门类。

学校现有46个一级学科具有博士学位授予权，235个二级学科专业具有博士学位授予权；博士专业学位授权点3个；博士后科研流动站42个，博士生导师1600余人。

欢迎海内外广大考生报考武汉大学2019年攻读博士学位研究生！一、培养目标培养德智体全面发展，在本门学科上掌握坚实宽广的基础理论和系统深入的专门知识，具有独立从事科学研究工作的能力，在科学和专门技术上做出创造性成果的高级专门人才。

二、招生计划2019年我校计划招收博士研究生约1700人(含直博生、硕博连读生)。

各培养单位招生计划可在招生专业目录（见附件）查询，录取时，我校将根据国家下达的招生计划和生源情况进行必要调整（增加或减少）。

上述招生计划数包括了“国家少数民族高层次骨干人才培养计划”、“高校思政教师”及“高校思想政治工作骨干在职攻读博士学位”等专项计划，具体招生办法另行公布。

三、学习年限及学习形式学制：历史学院各专业、哲学学院各专业、中国传统文化中心历史与哲学相关专业学制4年，其他专业学制为3年。

各专业最长学习年限原则上不超过6年。

学习形式：分为全日制和非全日制。

全日制博士研究生全脱产、在校学习；非全日制博士研究生非脱产学习。

四、报考条件（一）报考我校博士研究生的人员，须符合下列条件：1.拥护中国共产党的领导，具有正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务，遵纪守法，品行端正。

2.身体健康状况符合教育部等部门制定的《普通高等学校招生体检工作指导意见》及我校的补充规定。

3.考生学位或学历必须符合下列条件之一：（1）已获得硕士学位或者博士学位，单证硕士学位（无学历证书）的考生应于2018年12月31日前获得学位。

2016年北航人文社会科学院教育经济与管理考博导师信息考试内容专业课笔记-育明考研考博

北航人文社会科学学院教育经济与管理考博考试内容复习规划-育明考博一、2016北航人文社会科学学院教育经济与管理考博内容分析（育明考博)专业招生人数初试内容复试内容(120403)教育经济与管理2014年7人①1001英语（100分）②2112教育管理学（100分）③3113教育经济与管理综合考试（100分）面试、笔试或两者结合（逻辑思维、科研能力、综合素质等）2015年13人育明考博辅导中心杜老师解析：1、考试时间：2015年11月28日：上午考外国语（无听力），下午考业务课一。