语法(2)
第5章 语法分析(2)自下而上分析
则成功，达不到这种格局则输入串有错误。
栈中符号串+剩余输入串 = 规范句型。
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规范归约分析算法
1. 在栈底放入# ，在输入串尾附上#; 2. 逐个移入输入符号,当栈顶形成句柄时，进行归约; 3. 重复2 直到输入串已全部进栈，仅剩#, 4. 若栈中归约为#S, 表示分析成功，输入串为合法的 句子,否则为非法句子.
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5.1 自下而上分析的基本问题
自下而上分析法的基本思想：
从输入串出发，反复利用产生式逐步进行 ‚归约‛，如果最后能归约到文法的开始符 号，则输入串是句子，否则输入串有语法错 误。
各种不同自下而上分析法一个共同特点是：
边输入单词符号（移进栈），边归约；
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5.1 自下而上分析的基本问题
自下而上分析的基本技术是采用归约栈,如下图所示: #
或者说从文法的开始符号产生句子。
自下而上分析采用的方法是归约，从叶子到根构造分析树。
或者说从句子开始归约出文法的开始符号。
语法树的一个子树：由该树的某个结连同它的所有子孙组成。 在自下而上分析过程中，每一步归约都可画出一棵子树。
例如,上例中的归约过程可描述为如下分析树:
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例5.2：文法G[S], 其4条产生式如下： ① S→aABe ② A→b ③ A→Abc ④ B→d 对句子abbcde的分析 最右推导 SaABeaAdeaAbcdeabbcde 最左归约 abbcde，aAbcde ，aAde，aABe ，S S S aABe aAde aAbcde abbcde
S （2）每次归约用的句柄： ， (a,(a))， ， ， ， ， ， ( (L,(S)) (L,(L)) (L,S) (L) S (S,(a)) (L,(a)) L )
英语语法分析-句子成分分析 (2)
I met my best friend Tom at the ststion yesterday.主语谓语定语宾语同位语状语1、主语：是一句的主体，是全句诉说的对象，常用名词、数词或代词担任（是全句谈论的中心话题）。
例：(1) Students syudy.（名词）(2)We are friends.（代词）(3)To go to good university is his first goal.（不定式）(4)Doing morning exercise is good for your health.（动名词）(5)Jane is good at playing the piano.(6)She went out in a hurry.(7)Four plus four is eight.(8)To see is to believe.(9)Smoking is bad for health.(10)The young should respect the old.(11)What he has said is true.2、谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或动词词组担任，放在主语的后面（主语做什么了、怎么了）。
例：(1)Students study.（实意动词）(2)We are friends.（be动词）(3)We love China.(4)We have finished reading this book.(5)He can speak English.（复合谓语）(6)She seems tired.(7)I saw the flag on the top of the hill.(8)He looked after two orphans.3、宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或代词担任，放在及物动词或代词之后（动作的对象，目标；位于及物动词之后）。
宾语分为间接宾语和直接宾语。
入门语法第二节(定语)
语法一点通
- 定语
By Jimmy 8350692
成分结构图
五大基本句型
End
简单句
定语 摆放 四大成分
状语
同位语 插入语
正常语序 动 句 词 子
动词 连接词 嵌套 非简单句
并列
省略
倒装 部分和完全 非正常语序
强调 （形式主语区别）
简单句
简单句的组成
简单句的定义：只含有一套主谓结构的句子
• • • • •
主语+谓语 主语+谓语+宾语 主语+谓语+双宾语 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 主语+系+表语 （表语为形容词时候， 表语又可以作主语补足语）
1.主语+谓语 I go/ Time flies/You suck 2.主语+谓语+宾语 •I love you/ I will kill you •I dumped my girl friend 3.主语+谓语+双宾语 •You give me some beer/ You show me your ability •Do not give me that crap
过去分词短语作后置定语
什么是过去分词短语？
•过去分词（ed）+介词+名词
•过去分词（ed）+名词 •过去分词（ed）+连词+句子(非简单句） 注意前面必须有名词，过去分词短语才 是做的形容词的成分
过去分词短语作后置定语例子
•The house built in 1980 •A picture painted by Picasso •怪兽 beaten by 奥特曼 when he…….. •The people caught by the police •You could visit the museum when that building completed
编译原理 语法分析(2)_ LL(1)分析法1
自底向上分析法
LR分析法的概念 LR分析法的概念 LR(0)项目族的构造 LR(0)项目族的构造 SLR分析法 SLR分析法 LALR分析法 LALR分析法
概述
功能：根据文法规则 文法规则， 源程序单词符号串 单词符号串中 功能：根据文法规则，从源程序单词符号串中
识别出语法成分，并进行语法检查。 识别出语法成分，并进行语法检查。
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【例】文法G[E] 文法G[E] E→ E +T | T 消除左递归 T→ T * F | F F→(E)|i 请用自顶向下的方法分析是否字 分析表 符串i+i*i∈L(G[E])。 符串i+i*i∈L(G[E])。
E→TE’ E’→+TE’|ε T →FT’ T’→*FT’|ε F→(E)|i
编译程序组织结构
表 处 理
前
端 中
源 程 序
词 法 分 析
语 法 分 析
语 义 分 析
间 代 码 生 成
中 后 目 端 间 标 代 代 码 码 优 生 化 成
目 标 程 序
错 误 处 理
第4章 语法分析
自顶向下分析法
递归子程序法（递归下降分析法） 递归子程序法（递归下降分析法） LL(1)分析法 LL(1)分析法
通常把按LL(1)方法完成语法分析任务的程序叫LL(1)分析程序或者LL(1)分析器。 通常把按LL(1)方法完成语法分析任务的程序叫LL(1)分析程序或者LL(1)分析器。 LL(1)方法完成语法分析任务的程序叫LL(1)分析程序或者LL(1)分析器
输入串
一、分析过程
#
此过程有三部分组成: 此过程有三部分组成: 分析表 总控程序） 执行程序 (总控程序） 分析栈） 符号栈 （分析栈）
语法二 虚拟语气练习(口腔1-4班)(课后练习)
语法二虚拟语气练习（口腔1-4班）(课后练习)姓名： [填空题] *_________________________________班级： [填空题] *_________________________________学号： [填空题] *_________________________________1. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _____ the book from which it was made. [单选题] *have readhad read(正确答案)should have readare reading2. You are late. If you _____ a few minutes earlier, you _____ him. [单选题] * come; would meethad come; would have met(正确答案)come; will meethad come; would meet3. The two students talked as if they _____ friends for years.（） [单选题] *should bewould behave beenhad been(正确答案)4. It is important that I _____ with Mr. Williams immediately. [单选题] * speak(正确答案)spokewill speakto speak5. He looked as if he _____ ill for a long time. [单选题] *waswerehas beenhad been(正确答案)6. If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _____. [单选题] * have laid there for two hourshave been lied there for two hourshave lied there for two hourshave lain there for two hours(正确答案)7. I wish that I _____ with you last night. [单选题] *wentcould gohave gonecould have gone(正确答案)8. Let’s say you could go there again, how _____ feel? [单选题] *will youshould youwould you(正确答案)do you9. I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything. [单选题] *knew(正确答案)knowshas knownhad known10. _____ the fog, we should have reached our school. [单选题] *Because ofIn spite ofIn case ofBut for(正确答案)11. If you had told me in advance, I _____ him at the airport. [单选题] *would meetwould had metwould have met(正确答案)would have meet12. Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he_____ me how. [单选题] *teacheswill teachhas taughtwould teach(正确答案)13. I would have told him the answer had it been possible, but I _____ so busy then. [单选题] *had beenwerewas(正确答案)would be14. He’s working hard for fear that he _____. [单选题] *should fall behind(正确答案)fell behindmay fall behindwould fallen behind15. If it _____ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off. [单选题] * had rained(正确答案)would have rainedhave seenrained16. He suggested that they _____ use a trick instead of fighting. [单选题] *should(正确答案)woulddohad17. My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _____ there. [单选题] *not wentwon’t gonot go(正确答案)not to go18. I would have gone to the meeting if I _____ time. [单选题] *had had(正确答案)have hadhadwould have had19. Would you rather I _____ buying a new bike? [单选题] *decided against(正确答案)will decide againsthave decidedshall decide against20. You look so tired tonight. It is time you _____. [单选题] *go to sleepwent to sleepgo to bedwent to bed(正确答案)21. If she could sew, _____. [单选题] *she make a dressshe would have made a shirt(正确答案)she will make a shirtshe would had made a coat22. _____ today, he would get there by Friday. [单选题] *Would he leaveWas he leavingWere he to leave(正确答案)If he leaves23. His doctor suggested that he _____ a short trip abroad. [单选题] *will takewould taketake(正确答案)took24. I must go there earlier. John has suggested that I _____ an hour before the discussion begins. [单选题] *go(正确答案)shall gowill gowould go25. The Bakers arrived last night. If they’d only let us know earlier,_____ at the station. [单选题] *we’d meet themwe’ll meet themwe’d have met them(正确答案)we’ve met them26. If I _____ you, I _____ more attention to English idioms and phrases. [单选题] * was; shall payam; will paywould be; would paywere; would pay(正确答案)27. We might have failed if you _____ us a helping hand. [单选题] *have not givenwould not givehad not given(正确答案)did not give28. The law requires that everyone _____ his car checked at least once a year. [单选题] * hashadhave(正确答案)will have29. It is strange that he _____ so. [单选题] *would saywould speakshould say(正确答案)will speak30. Had I known her name, _____ [单选题] *or does she know mine?and where does she live?she would be beautiful.I would have invited her to lunch.(正确答案)31. He rushed (danger) across the busy street to catch the bus. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：dangerously)32. We thought they had come to repair the phone, but in (real) they were thieves. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：reality)33. Last night she told me that she (go) to the United States next week. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：would go)34. I am sorry to learn that you have made no (improve) on the design at all. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：improvement)35. Any increase in the cost of transporting goods will be passed on to the (consume) . [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：consumer)36.This medicine is (poison) if it is taken in large quantities. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：poisonous)37. A new hospital (build) in our hometown now. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：is being built)38. He talked as if he (do) all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：had done)39. The chairman said, "The plan (discuss) now must be kept as a secret." [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：being discussed)40. If the medicine (take) in time, it will be quite effective. [填空题] * _________________________________(答案：is taken)。
2024年9月时事语法填空(2)-2025届高三英语一轮复习
语法填空1With theU.S. Open again breaking all-time attendance records this year, many people are again marveling at a sport that 1. （be）around since the 11th century.And though there's no denying that tennis is riveting to watch and a lot of fun to play, engaging in the sport is also good for your mental and physical health.Tennis has endured for so long because it can 2. (play) at multiple levels—from social doubles to 3. (high) competitive singles—and challenges the whole body in many ways including speed, endurance, strength, technical skills, and strategic planning.Playing tennis hasbeen shown to supply a host of physical health benefits including reduced obesity and diabetes risk, improved coordination, 4. (increase) energy levels, and a stronger heart.The activityalso contributes 5. "stronger, thicker, and healthier bones—especially for those 6. start at a young age," says Babette Pluim, a physician, sports and exercise medicine consultant, and the chief medical adviser of the Royal Netherlands Lawn Tennis Association. The sport reduces one's risk of heart disease as well, 7. part, because its high-intensity movements followed by short bouts of rest.It's also a contributing factor in why tennis players live 8. (long) than participants in many other sports. Illustrating this, Danish cardiologist Peter Schnohr led the famed 25-year Copenhagen City Heart Study, which examined the connection between various sports and life expectancy.He says longevity(寿命) improved more for tennis than for any other sport 9. （include）in the research: soccer players extended their lives 4.7 years, cyclists 3.7 years, swimmers 3.4 years, and joggers 3.2 years. Incredibly, tennis players extended their lives by 9.7 years, which he attributes to the sport's cardiovascular and musculoskeletal advantages and the social support the game is known 10. . Keys1.has been2.be played3.highly4.increased5.to6.who7.in8.longer9.included10.for语法填空2"Black Myth: Wukong" has gained extraordinary popularity. 1. ______ its official launch on the Steam platform on August 20th, it has rapidly turned into 2.______ global hit.It has sold incredible 10 million copies in just three days, as developer Game Science has announced. The concurrent online numbers of the game have also been increasing. On August 22nd, it reached a 3. ______(day) concurrent online level of 2.4 million on the Steam platform. This popularity is similar to that of the phenomenal game "Elden Ring" 4. ______(launch) in 2022.In a blog post, Daniel Ahmad, Director of Research and Insights at Niko Partners, said Black Myth: Wukong's sales 5. ______(succeed) "represents the growing capabilities and ambitions of Chinese game development studios and their ability 6.______(compete) on the global stage."Black Myth: Wukong is clearly a huge hit 7. ______(global), but it is particularly popular in China, where it has broken through into the mainstream. Based on Steam concurrent data, the majority of the game's players are in China, 8. ______ there is still a large audience for Black Myth: Wukong in the west. It not only showcases the charm of Chinese culture but also 9. ______(meet) the high expectations of gamers worldwide for high-quality games, thus 10. ______(win) widespread praise and love. 答案1.Following2. a3. daily4. launched5. success6. to compete7. globally8. though9. meets10. winning语法填空3Fueled by the release of Black Myth: Wukong, a surge of interest in tourism has swept across China, as travelers flock 1.______(experience) ancient Chinese heritage and architecture. The game, 2.______(base) on the classic novel Journey to the West, has drawn global attention with its stunning visuals and 3.______(faith) re-creation of historical landmarks.Shanxi province, which contributed 27 out of the game’s 36 locations, has become a hot destination. Many of the 4.______(scene) depicted in the game are linked to Buddhism and Taoism, prompting 5.______ 20% rise in searches for Shanxi on major travel platforms. Hotel bookings and visits to the province have soared, 6.______ famous attractions like the Yungang Grottoes and Mount Wutai seeing a marked increase in 7.______(popular).The phenomenon isn't limited to Shanxi. Other regions are also benefiting from the game's impact. For example, Lianyungang, the "hometown of Wukong," has offered free entry to game players, further 8.______(drive) tourism.“This trend 9.______ people visit places featured in the game will not just be a passing craze but a long-term cultural and economic force,” an expert has predicted. The game showcases China's rich cultural heritage, and its success boosts the Chinese game developers’ confidence in 10.______(domestic) produced cultural content.答案1.to experience2.based3.faithful4.scenes5.a6.with7.popularity8.driving9.that 10.domestically。
现代汉语重点(2)
现代汉语重点第五章语法第一节语法概说二、语法的性质1、语法的性质有哪些P3语法具有比较明显的抽象性、稳固性和民族性。
（1）抽象性①语法是从众多具体的语法单位里抽象成其中共同的组合式、类型及如表达语义的规则。
②语法指的是抽象出来的公式，舍弃了个别的、具体的容，一种语言里具体的词多得很，但其部的组合规则和格式是很有限的。
③语法学的任务是描写、解释组成词、短语和句子的规则和格式。
④例：汉语里的“看、说”可以说成“看看、说说”从中抽象出一条词的变化规律：有些动词可以重叠表示少量或短时。
（2）稳固性①稳固性：任事物在历史的长河中都在不断发展变化，而语法的变化就显得缓慢得多。
②语法的稳固性并不限制语法的演变，新的语法规则总会逐渐产生出来。
③例：主语位于谓语之前，是自古以来就有的语法习惯。
（3）民族性①每种语言都有明显的民族特点，不仅表现在语音和词汇上，同时也表现在语法上。
②研究语法要注意不同的语言的共性和个性，不能因有共性而忽略了语法的民族特点。
③例：比如“两本书”在汉语里有量词的习惯，“two books”在英语中却没有量词，这就是语法的民族性。
三、语法单位和句法成分P4（具体看课本和笔记，分析具体用法）第二节词类（上）一、划分词类的依据1、划分词类的依据有哪些P7是词的语法功能、形态和意义，主要是词的语法功能。
（1）词的语法功能①词的分布功能：主要是指实词在语句里充当句法成分的能力，即词的职位。
能作主语、宾语，就是能居主位、宾位。
把词分为两大类：实词和虚词。
实词指有词汇意义和语法意义、能充当句法成分的词；没有词汇意义仅有语法意义、不能充当句法成分的词叫虚词。
②词的组合能力：A、实词与另一些诗词的组合能力。
例：“新的机遇”正确，“不机遇”错误B、虚词依附实词表示语法意义的能力。
例：“我的书”“高兴地说”“听得津津有味”（2）词的形态变化①构形形态：主要为重叠例：“看看”“红红的”②构词形态：主要为加词缀例：“凿”加词缀“子”变为“凿子”（3）词的意义词的意义是具有参考作用的，这里的词的意义不是指具体的某一个词的意义，而是指概括了的某一类的词的意义。
语法考点实战篇(2)非谓语动词
语法考点实战篇（2/10）：非谓语动词考查【概念与原理】语法书里，非谓语动词分得很细：现在分词、过去分词、动名词、不定式，又有什么被动式、完成式……看起来很复杂，其实简单地说：所谓非谓语动词，就是把对从句的简化！（见《三分钟语法课22~26》）原则上，从句的核心三要素是：连词+主语+谓语（LSV）。
所谓简化，就是省略连词和主语（LS），只留下“谓语动词（V）”——这时，该动词就成了“非谓语”，因为它作为谓语已经不完整了——没有助动词、没有主谓一致等等。
简化的过程，有这么几种具体情况：1、从句谓语部分原本有个系动词的，去掉连词、主语和系动词，剩下什么就是什么。
We went to the village (which / that) was recommended by Lucy.We went to the village recommended by Lucy.My sister is studying honours physics, since she is determined to become an astronaut.My sister is studying honours physics, determined to become an astronaut.While he was lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep.Lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep.Although he was a doctor by training, Asimov became a writer.Being a doctor by training, Asimov became a writer.2、从句谓语部分原本没有系动词的，简化为-ing分词；。
I like the woman who lives next door.I like the woman living next door.Since I did n’t have enough money to go on vacation, I stayed home.Not having enough money to go on vacation, I stayed at home.3、如果从句的谓语中有情态动词，就用to-不定式。
现代汉语语法2
2.强调偏项（强调前边词语的修饰性或领属性） 历史事实——历史的事实 斗争经验——斗争的经验 我们国家——我们的国家 朝鲜朋友——朝鲜的朋友 朝鲜朋友——朝鲜的朋友 孩子脾气——孩子的脾气 孩子脾气——孩子的脾气 一斤鱼——一斤的鱼 一斤鱼——一斤的鱼 NB：强调修饰性或领属性必须有平行格式。
上例短线前后格式就是平行格式。
狭义的：历史比较语法 （亲属语言的比较） 比较语法学 广义的：包括多种形式的比较 eg.汉外、古今、普方
某一语言某一时期的语法 描写语法学 断面的、静态的描写
规范语法，源于拉丁语法 形态：词形变化 传统语法 范畴：语法意义的类 体系：层级系统 区分词法和句法（句 子成分分析法 特点 以规则为纲
ｃ、ｄ表示）： ｃ、ｄ表示）： 表示
♦ ａ
ｂ ｃ ｄ └┘因果 └────────┘ 因果 ♦ └┘假设 └────┘ 假设 ♦ └┘目的 └┘ 目的
功能原则 结构原则 意义原则
功能原则
功能原则
♦ ♦ ♦ 并列
♦ 丨丨丨
转折 并列
因为物价低和稳， 因为物价低和稳，
♦ 我们的工资一般还不高，丨但是因为就业 我们的工资一般还不高， ♦ 的人多了，丨丨丨 的人多了，
♦ 3．语法的性质 – 抽象性
• 语法是语言的结构规则。结构规则是有限的， 而人们说写出的句子则是无限的。有限的规则之 所以能够生成无限多的句子，是因为语法具有抽 象性特点。
– 稳固性
语法的稳固性是相对语音、词汇而言的。其稳 固性主要表现在历史继承性和不可渗透性两个方 面。 • 语法的历史继承性，可以从汉语的发展中很明 显地看出。 •
– 民族性
• 人类思维的规律是一致的，但不同民族表达同一 思维的语法形式却不尽相同。
现代汉语语法专项训练(2)
现代汉语专项训练第一部分实词虚词练习1．选出下面一句话中加点的词的词性正确的一组：()2．明天．．去爬山。
．．早晨我和．李光、王平同学?在．学校集合3．A．副，连，代，连，动?B．副，介，代，介，名?C．名，连，名，介，动?D．名，介，名，动，名2．对题目《①谁②是③最④可爱⑤的⑥人》词性分析正确的一项是：() A．①名词②助词③形容词④动词⑤代词⑥代词B．①名词②动词③副词④形容词⑤代词⑥名词C．①代词②助词③介词④动词⑤助词⑥名词D．①代词②动词③副词④形容词⑤助词⑥名词3．对下列加点的词词性判断正确的一项是：()①他画．的画．得奖了。
②他的态度不对．，对．他要教育。
A.①动词?名词?②形容词?介词B.①名词?名词?②形容词?介词?C.①动词?名词?②动词?副词?D.①动词?动词?②副词?介词4．填入句中横线上的词恰当的一项是：()?有些女人的预算里还有一蛋圆形的镜子，一雪白的毛巾，或者一结得很好看绒线的小囝帽。
A.面款? 顶?B. 只? 方?个?C. 面? 方? 顶?D. 块? 款? 种?B.5．下列词语都属同类的一组是：()C.A．北国?天骄?衣钵?隐衷?B．消极?敷衍?痛快?惊诧? C．间或?凄然?大抵?简直?D．什么?人们?这里?高处D.6．对“下”的词性的分析，正确的一组是：()E.老虎正要下．山，老猎人躲在石岩下．，抡起虎叉，突然给了老虎一下．。
F.A.①动词②方位词③量词 B.①介词②方位词③量词G.C.①动词?②助词③量词 D.①介词?②助词③量词7．选出对加点词的词类依次判断正确的一项：()一个人为．自己所热爱．．重重，也会百折不挠地去．．的目标而．奋斗时，即使困难克服它。
A.动词?形容词?连词?代词?B.介词?动词?连词?名词?C.动词?形容词?副词?名词?D.介词?动词?副词?名词?8．下面四句话中，“跟”字的词性依次列出四种，其中正确的一项是：()①跟．着好人学好事②我跟．他是同桌③我跟．他学唱歌④那鞋的跟．高得没法穿A．①动②介③连④名? B．①介②动③动④名? C．①动②介③连④形? D．①动②连③介④名9．选出与"红花绿叶"中的"绿"的词性相同的一项：()A.春回大地群山绿?B.春风又绿江南岸?C.一汪绿水慰平生?D.红了樱桃绿了笆蕉10．选出下列带点词词性不同的一项：()A.电灯突然．．亮起来了。