chapter 4.3
第四章 共同基金和对冲基金
Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 4, Copyright © John C. Hull 2009
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★共同基金与对冲基金
都是代表个人或企业投资，是不同投资人的资 金被汇集到一起进行投资，投资资产的选择由 基金经理确定，投资原则是达到某个事先阐明 的目的。 某些国家将共同基金称为单位信托，其目的是 为了满足一些相对较小规模的投资人的需求， 对冲基金是为了吸引一些富有的个人以及类似 养老基金的机构投资者。 对冲基金所受的监管规定要远远弱于共同基金 ，可以实施较大范围的投资策略，运作透明度 相对较差。
Hedge funds (also called alternative investments) are not subject to these restrictions
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Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 4, Copyright © John C. Hull 2009
?把一个飞镖盘布置成一个贴满股票名字的盘子然后让一个黑猩猩去投掷飞镖选择股票那么长期来说这个猩猩胡乱掷出飞镖构建的投资组合的业绩这个猩猩胡乱掷出飞镖构建的投资组合的业绩和一个由投资经理精心选择个股构建的组合的业绩会不相上下
Chapter 4
Mutual Funds and Hedge Funds
Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 4, Copyright © John C. Hull 2009
chapter4 数据集合上的搜(Searching)算法 94页
L j { k i : 1 i jak l n k i k j d fa o l i l r s lt u h k l c k j } a
即kl是所有的先于ki输入并小于kj的值。
则从根到y（y->key=kj）的路径上，结点的关键字集合恰为 Gj∪Lj，且d(kj,T)=|Gj|+|Lj|。
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4.1 动态数据集(Dynamic Set)与抽象 数据类型(ADT)
静态数据集（Static Set）中的数据是固定不变的。 动态数据集（Dynamic Set）则是由不断变动的同类型数据元 素组成的数据集合。
动态数据集（Dynamic Set）可以表示为一个数据元素的数组：
class DynamicSet { int setSize; Object[arraySize] elements; ...
}
更为灵活的存储形式是利用指针和链表（例如线性链表和树 结构），这种存储形式在搜索算法中经常用到。
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搜索问题：在集合中检索出其关键字域的值等于给定值的数 据元素。
已知：动态数据集类型DynamicSet的一个实例set和值x。 求：集合set中一个元素Object element，使element.key = x。
4.2.3 插入与删除操作
动态数据集上的Insert(S,x)、Delete(S,x)操作与查询操作不同， 它们会引起二叉搜索树本身的变化。 插入操作算法Tree_Insert
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Fig.4.3表示把新的数据项14（关键字值为14）作为新结点插 入到二叉搜索树的过程。
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从二叉搜索树中删除一个结点的算法比较复杂，假定待删除 结点指针z不为NULL，有三种情形：
函电4-6章
Firm Offer
The expre Subject to your reply reaching us by (before)… 2. Subject to your reply (acceptance) here within …days 3. This offer is firm (open, valid) for … days.
4.3 Letters for example
4.3.1: China National Import & Export corp. Hebei Road Tianjin, China September 6, 2007 Greenwood Textiles Co. , Ltd 315 Lens Road London, England Dear Sirs We acknowledge receipt of your letter dated 15 June, from which we note that you wish to have an offer from us for 50 metric tons of Peanuts, for shipment to London. In reply, we are making you, subject to your reply reaching us by September 20, Beijing time, the following offer: “ 50 metric tons of Peanuts, F.A.Q.2007 corp., at RMB￥5,300 per metric ton CIF2% London shipment during September/October. All Risks and War Risks for 110% of invoice value will be covered.” We look forward to your early reply. Yours faithfully China National Import & Export corp. Manger
水平集的简介
In correspondence to the registration problem presented in Chapter 3, an energy is
defined that quantifies how well a level set function specifies the object in an image I : Ω → R. The optimal function φˆ is then determined by solving
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Chapter 4 Variational level set segmentation
Implicit boundary representation in level set segmentation
Level set function Zero level set Image domain
Ω ⊂ Rd. Its boundary Γ := ∂Σ is embedded in the level set function φ : Ω → R
with
⎧
⎪⎪⎪⎨< 0
φ(x)
⎪⎪⎪⎩>=
0 0
if x ∈ Σ if x ∈ Ω \ Σ if x ∈ Γ
as the zero level curve, the so-called zero level set Γ = {x : φ(x) = 0}. Here, Σ = Σ ∪ ∂Σ denotes the closure of the set. As illustrated in Figure 4.1, φ is usually defined to be a signed distance function φ(x) := dist(x, Γ), where dist(x, Γ) denotes the Euclidean distance of x to the closest point of Γ.
初三英语Chapter 4 Fishing with birds Reading 2上海牛津版知识精
初三英语Chapter 4 Fishing with birdsReading 2某某牛津版知识精讲【同步教育信息】一. 本周教学内容：［学习过程］一、本讲主要内容（一）课文语言点归纳（二）课后练习总结二、本周知识总结与归纳（一）课文语言点归纳1. on the side of the river2. with something somewhereWang Daming sits on the side of the river cooking a meal, with a large bird on his head. 3. of average heightHe is thin, and of average height, but he is very fit.4. be used to do sth. be used to sth/doing sth used to do sthTheir large feet are used to push them quickly through the water.She is used to getting up early in the morning.Grand ma used to be a teacher. And now she is retired.5. requireDaming doesn’t require nets or a fishing rod to catch fish.require doing sth=require to be donerequirement n.We have a lot of requirement of food.6. set off=set outDaming sets off on his bamboo raft with his birds.7. reach the right placereach=get to=arrive in (at)8. so that=in order thatA piece of grass is tied around the neck of each bird, so that it can not swallow the fish.9. be frightenedThe fish are frightened by this.frighten v. frightening adj.10. hang v. (hung, hung )At night, a light is hung from the front of the raft.11. enable sb to do sthThis enables the fisherman to see better, and also attracts the fish.12. attract v. attraction n. attractive adj.13. remove sth fromThe fish are then removed from the birds’ mouths by the fisherman.14. the rest… the rest are divided between Daming’s family and the birds.15. be interested in= be interested to doFew young people are interested in doing such type of work in the modern world.16. no more=not… any longerIn fifty years, perhaps there will be no more cormorant fisherman in the world.（二）课后练习总结C1 Find these words in the article. Then read the words around them and choose the best meaning.1. fitA. healthy, able to work hardB. fat from eating too muchC. brown, with dark skin2. control (his raft)A. carry it on his backB. make it go where he wantsC. build it from pieces of wood3. requireA. makeB. sellC. need4. bangsA. movesB. hitsC. jumps into5. is hungA. is fixedB. is thrownC. is switched6. removed fromA. put intoB. dropped fromC. taken out ofC2 Find the words in Column A in the article, and then match them with the meaning in Column B.A B1. of average height a. new, recent2. elderly b. done for many years in the same way3. sets off c. helps, allows4. traditional d. not tall and not short5. modern e. starts (to go somewhere)6. enables f. older than about 60D1 Each of these sentences has one incorrect word or number. Cross out the mistake and write down the correct word or number. Look back at the article carefully to check your answers.1. Wang Daming sometimes sits with a large fish on his head. bird2. Daming is over 56 now, but he works every day. 653. Cormorants are large, black birds, about a kilometer long. metre4. Cormorants use their wings to push them through the water. feet5. Daming often goes fishing in the morning. afternoon6. He ties a piece of grass around the neck of each fish. bird7. At night, he has a fire on his raft so that he can see better. light8. The fish are removed from the fishermen’s mouths. birds’D2 What do the words in italics below refer to? Look back at the article to find out. Choose the right answers.1. That is done for him…A. Catching fishB. Using a net or fishing rod2. The fish are frightened by this.A. the jumping and bangingB. a large cormorant3. This enables the fisherman…A. The raftB. The light【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟）一、根据提示写单词1. I’m neither tall nor short for my age.2. We started our journey early in the morning.3. My uncle goes fishing on a very small thing like a boat.4. I took out my books from my bag.5. This is a bird that catches fish.6. This is a plant that we can use to make rafts.7. This is a long piece of wood.8. This is a long piece of wood with string for catching fish.9. Why don’t we fix this picture on the wall?10. We live in a very new flat.11. I hit my squash racket against the wall.12. Cormorant fishing is a very old way to catch fish.二、单项选择A）选择与句中画线部分意思相同或相近的词或短语。
chapter4聚能效应
AG sin AB
v0 arcsin( ) 2U e
(4-2-10)
如果爆轰波是按平面波的形式以爆速D沿轴向传播，则 ue=D/cosα (4-2-11)
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4.2 聚能射流形成理论
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4.2 聚能射流形成理论
射流与杵体的质量mj、ms，可以利用质量守恒与动量 守恒求得。由质量守恒，有 药型罩的闭合流动(v2)在罩轴线方向上应满足动量守恒 条件，即
4.2.1定常理论
Birkhoff等人(1948)首先系统地阐述了聚能装药射流形 成理论。他们假设：
（1）在药型罩压合过程中，爆轰波产生相当大的压力， 以致药型罩材料的强度可以忽略不计。 （2）在爆炸高压下药形罩金属为理想(无粘性)不可压 缩流体。
（3）药形罩各处的压垮速度u相同，且在压垮过程中u 保持不变。
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4.1 基本概念
爆轰产物的飞散方向
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4.1 基本概念
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4.1 基本概念
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4.1 基本概念
在射流形成的过程中，罩材料在非常短的时间内产生 非常强烈的变形，其最大应变可达10以上，应变率可 达104～107/s。由于变形时罩材料的迅速叠加，据计算 其峰值压力约达200GPa，衰减后的平均值也达20GPa。 锥形药型罩材料被压合到轴线上形成的射流以很高的 速度向前运动，其头部速度可超过10km/s。由于沿射 流长度方向上存在速度梯度，射流将被拉伸，最后直 至断裂形成柱形颗粒。
4.3.2 战斗部外形和侵彻体形状
典型的EFP战斗部由金属壳体、高能炸药和金属药型 罩组成。壳体不仅为炸药和药型罩提供保护作用，另 外壳体质量可增加炸药冲击压力的作用时间，从而增 加传递给药型罩的总能量。
高中英语4.3LearningaboutLanguage
Section ⅢLearning about Language & Using Language课时训练Ⅲ基础夯实Ⅰ.单词拼写1.She doesn’t want to make a big emotional (承诺)to Steve at the moment.2.He tried to sound (漫不经心的),but I knew he was worried.3.Our washing machine needs a new (发动机).4.Put the fish in the (微波炉)and it’ll only take 5 minutes.5.It was such a hot night that I had a cold shower to (使振作) myself.6.The (核的) accident affected our country even though we were hundreds of miles from the reactor.7.I have a(n)(倾向)to talk too much when I’m nervous.8.There is a (普遍的) use of chemicals in agriculture.9.The (平均的)cost of making a movie has risen by 15%.10.Today there are less than 100 copies of the book still in (存在).Ⅱ.选词填空put up with under no circumstances on behalf of on an average and so on on the whole1.I don’t know how you can their endless quarrels every day.2.He made a speech at the conference his school.3.You can do things for your health in the way of diet,exercise,notsmoking .,the damage to the hous e is not serious and it could be repaired.Ⅲ.用括号内所给词的适当形式填空1.The city is searching for the ways to reduce air (pollute).2.We’ve seen enormous (grow) in the number of businesses using the Web.3.The cooker isn’t working because of an (electricity) fault.4.Professor Taylor is generally recognized as one of the state’s most respec ted (educate).5.The school sees its job as preparing students to make a (contribute) to society.e a computer to help with the spelling and (present) of the report.7.We’ve had a few (agree),but we’re still good friends.Ⅳ.翻译句子1.我谨代表全家感谢大家。
第4章 数据仓库和OLAP
4.1 数据仓库基本概念
中间层：OLAP服务器
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– 联机分析处理（Online Analytical Processing, OLAP）是数据仓库系统前端分析服务
的分析工具，能快速汇总大量数据并进行高效查询分析，为分析人员提供决策支持。 • 使用OLAP相关模型将多维数据上的操作映射为标准的关系操作，或者直接实现多维 数据操作 • OLAP操作可以与关联、分类、预测、聚类等数据挖掘功能结合，以加强多维数据挖 掘
物理模型设计
– 需要在充分了解数据和硬件配置的基础上确定数据的存储结构、索引策略、 数据存放位置等信息
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4.2 数据仓库设计
物理模型设计-存储结构
– 充分考虑所选择的存储结构是否适合数据的需要 – 考虑存储时间和存储空间的利用率
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4.2 数据仓库设计
物理模型设计-存储结构
表4-4 销售事实表存储结构关系模型
城市 销售商类型
起始地区键 地区维表
地区代码 到达地区键 成本
所在省 所在城市 所在街道
图4-4 产品销售数据仓库的事实星座模型
4.2 数据仓库设计
逻辑模型设计
– 进一步的完善和详细化设计，扩展主题域 – 奠定数据仓库的物理设计的基础
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– 通过实体和实体之间的关系勾勒出整个企业的数据蓝图和规划 • 分析主题域，确定要装载到数据仓库的主题 • 粒度层次划分，通过估计数据量和所需的存储设备确定粒度划分方案 • 确定数据分隔策略，将逻辑上整体的数据分割成较小的、可以独立管理 的物理单元进行存储 • 定义关系模式，概念设计阶段时基本的主题已经确定，逻辑模型设计阶 段要将主题划分成多个表以及确定表的结构
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在不同的存储设备上
跨文化交际教案chapter 4 interculture communication
Chapter IV Intercultural CommunicationⅠTeaching Objectives1.To identify the definitions of intercultural communication, interpersonal communication,intracultural communication, cross-cultural communication, international communication, interethnic communication, interracial communication, interregional communication.2.To understand the four fundamental values of western ethics.3.To understand the different ethics that belongs to the different part of the world.4.To understand the definition and main components of intercultural communication.ⅡLeading inⅢT eaching ProceduresStep 1Have students listen to the lead-in case What is Wrong?Ask students warming-up questions:●What is going wrong in this case?●Have you ever misunderstood someone who came from a different culture?●What is intercultural communication?●What intercultural communication skills do you know? Please list some of them.Step 2Culture and CommunicationThe metaphor of the journey and the map can help us understand the relationship between culture and communication. Cultures are both the maps of a place (the rules and conventions) and the journeys that take place there (actual practices).Intercultural communication definedForms of Intercultural communicationa. Interpersonal Communicationb. Intracultural Communicationc. International Communicationd. Interethnic Communicatione. Interracial Communicationf. interregional Communication4.3.1 Interpersonal communicationInterpersonal communication is a form of communication that involvesboth to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretationsIntracultural communication is defined as communication between and among membersGenerally, people who are of the same race, political persuasion, and religion or who share the same interests communicate intraculturally.4.3.3 International communication4.3.4 Interethnic communication4.3.5 Interracial communicationInterracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from4.3.6 Interregional communicationInterregional Communication refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.Intercultural communication ethics4.4.1 Western ethicsBeing free to act consistent with one’ own principles.●Impartiality; giving each person his or her legitimate due or portion of the whole.●Accountability for the consequences of one’s actions, including a failure to act.●Partiality to those who cannot protect themselves and to whom we are in special relationships.4.4.2 African ethicsrights.4.4.3 Buddhist ethicsValue is placed which are to be pursued for the betterment of the person if not in this life, then in the next.4.4.4 Hindu ethicsHinduism strives for the for including individualism, to merge with the absolute.4.4.5 Islamic ethicsTraditional Islamic perspectives on ethics are based on its religious concepts. There are different rules of ethical conduct for women and for men.Step3Raising Intercultural Awareness:采访外国人：教师布置学生就某些特定问题采访一些外国人，并引导学生比较不同的受访者做出的回答，以及他们对采访和采访问题所表现出的态度和反应。
Chapter 4 Principles of Spatial Interaction
What is transportation?
--- it refers to the movement of commodities , people and ideas from one place to another. --- the transfer of ideas and information is sometimes called ―communication‖.
What elemຫໍສະໝຸດ nts influncence the route-location decision?
--- the decision is influenced by positive , negative and uncertainty features. 1. The positive impetus : --- the increase in transport demand; --- the route will be profitable economically to the user; substantial advantages will accrue （产生） to the affected area.
What elements influncence the route-location decision?
2. Negative effects: --- involve the role of barriers, be they economic, physical, cultural or varying combinations of these. 3. Uncertainty effects: --- by the nature of uncertainty ,no precise percentages can be attached to a future outcome.
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第四章合成树脂与塑料“聚合物制备工程”2014～2015年度2nd semester内容介绍
通用塑料4.1 概论4.2 聚乙烯4.3 聚丙烯4.4 聚苯乙烯4.5 聚氯乙烯4.6 ABS4.7 聚甲基丙烯酸酯
工程塑料4.8 聚甲醛4.9 聚碳酸酯4.10 聚苯醚4.11 聚酰亚胺4.12 特种工程塑料通用热固性树脂4.13 酚醛树脂4.14 环氧树脂4.15 不饱和聚酯树脂
•酚醛树脂（Resole Phenolics、Novolac Phenolics）•氨基树脂（Amino Plastics ）－－脲醛树脂（Urea-Formaldehyde Resin）、
•醇酸树脂(Alkyd Resin)•环氧树脂（Epoxy resins ）•不饱和聚酯树脂（Unstaturated polyesters）•聚氨酯（Polyurethanes, PU)•聚酰亚胺(双马来酰亚胺bismaleimides and thermoset polyimides) •氰酸酯树脂（cyanate ester）•苯并噁嗪树脂（Polybenzoxazines）•苯并环丁烯(BENZOCYCLOBUTENES) •有机硅（Polysiloxanes ）
热固性缩聚物主要品种4.13 酚醛树脂•1905年Backeland发明酚醛树脂
•1910年提出关于酚醛树脂“加压、加热”固化的专利－－酚醛树脂的实用化
•目前依然大量使用：模塑料、耐热材料、烧蚀材料、纤维、泡沫、阻燃材料等等Bakelite (1907)
酚醛树脂种类•热塑性酚醛树脂：酸催化包括普通线型、高邻位热塑性酚醛树脂•热固性酚醛树脂：碱催化•各种改性酚醛树脂：硼、磷、硅等等改性酚醛树脂
Phenol-formaldehyde resins II -acid conditionsCH2OHOHCH2
OH+CH2O
OH
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"Novolac""Cure" with addedhexamethylene tetramine
CH2
CH2CH2
CH2
OHOHHOHO
NNNN
"hexamethylene tetramine"
热塑性酚醛树脂Novolac PhenolicsPhenol-formaldehyde resins I -alkaline conditionsOHCH2O+
CH2CH2OHHOCH
2
OHOH
excessResole
Heat "cure"CH2CH2OCH2CH2
CH2CH2
OHOH
OHOHHO
HOCH2CH
2
热固性酚醛树脂Resole Phenolics主要合成工艺
•间歇釜式聚合为主•悬浮聚合：中试，线型酚醛颗粒－模塑料•乳液聚合：酚醛粉末
聚合工艺1—一级反应器；2—二级反应器；3—闪蒸釜；4—真空蒸发器；5—冷却器；6—冷却输送成片机；7—含酚水收集器
塔式连续法生产流程
管式连续法1—原料计量；2—原料混合器；3—泵；4—前期反应器；5—冷却器；6—上层水分离器；7—后期反应器；8—蒸发器；9—树脂刮片机；10—树脂细碎机
酚醛树脂的产品类型以及应用领域酚醛树脂脂Novolak型
Resole型
固体
溶液
固体溶液
粉状（模塑料、摩擦塑料、磨具、耐火材料等）片状（造型材料）
水溶液（浸渍各类短纤维增强材料等）等）
水乳液（浸渍各类短纤维增强材料等）
乙醇溶液（层压板、摩擦材料等）
粉状（电绝缘模塑料等）开环酚醛树脂－苯并噁嗪树脂环氧树脂是分子中含有两个或两个以上环氧基团的高分子化合物，它由具有环氧基的化合物与多元羟基化合物进行缩聚生成。
合成环氧树脂的方法主要包括：①多元酚、多元醇、多元酸、多元胺等化合物和含环氧基的化合物如环氧丙烷缩聚而得；②链状或环状双烯类化合物的双键和过氧酸经环氧化得到。
制备环氧树脂的原料有四类：①能引入环氧基的化合物，如环氧氯丙烷、双环氧化烷；②能形成环氧基的化合物，如过氧化物、过氧化醋酸；③含两个或两个以上活泼氢的化合物或预聚物，如多元醇、多元酚、多元羧酸以及多元胺；④含两个或两个以上不饱和双键的化合物或预聚物，如丁二烯、戊二烯及异戊二烯的预聚物。
4.14 环氧树脂（双酚A型环氧树脂为主,占90％）
环氧树脂合成原料：双酚A；环氧氯丙烷（过量9 倍）；碱催化（NaOH）。溶液聚合（苯为溶剂）, 聚合度0-12；淡黄色透明粘稠液体或固体。
双酚A与环氧氯丙烷加成开环
碱催化下脱除HCl，闭环
环氧树脂合成
环氧树脂合成主要影响因素：环氧氯丙烷/双酚A摩尔比分子量软化点10 : 1 370 9℃2 : 1 45143℃1.4 : 1 79184℃1.33 : 1 80290℃1.25 : 1 1133100℃1.2 : 1 1420112℃1、摩尔比的影响环氧树脂合成主要影响因素：2、碱的影响碱－闭环，回收环氧氯丙烷分2次加入
3、温度：一般50度，温度升高，有利于高分子量环氧树脂制备
4、加料顺序：先将双酚A溶于碱液中，然后加入环氧氯丙烷，可制备分子量较大的树脂；将双酚A的碱液加入到环氧氯丙烷中，可制备中等分子量的树脂；先将双酚A溶于环氧氯丙烷，再滴加碱液，生成树脂的分子量最小。环氧树脂合成反应条件：低分子量环氧树脂
中分子量环氧树脂高分子量环氧树脂NaOH浓度：10％
NaOH浓度：10％
低分子量环氧树脂生产流程1-溶解锅；2、9-齿轮泵；3-反应锅；4-碱液高位计量槽；5-苯高位槽；6-冷凝器；7-受器；8-回流脱水锅；10-过滤器；11-苯树脂溶液沉降贮槽；12-脱苯锅；13-苯地下贮槽；14-蒸汽泵
一步法中等分子量环氧树脂制造工艺流程环氧树脂二步法中、高分子量环氧树脂制造工艺流程
1—溶液贮罐；2—过滤器；3—溶解槽；4—反应釜；5—薄片器环氧值（Epoxy value；E)环氧值（E）：100克树脂中含有的环氧基的当量数。工业上常用此值来表示环氧树脂分子量的大小。如环氧树脂6101，通常表示为E-44，该环氧树脂的环氧值为0.44。
分子量：100：0.44= MW : 2；分子量MW=454环氧当量（Epoxy Equivalence；Q)环氧当量（Q）：1个环氧基所对应的环氧树脂的克数。可利用环氧基与氯化氢定量进行加成反应测得。环氧值与环氧当量的关系：Q=100/E
环氧树脂的交联环氧树脂预聚体本身是热塑性的线型大分子。工业上合成的环氧树脂预聚体是淡黄色至青铜色的粘
稠液体或脆性固体，不能直接用作材料使用，必须在使用时加入固化剂，在一定温度下使之交联固化生成体型交联的高聚物，才具有使用价值。
环氧树脂的亲核取代反应R3NOCH2ORN+RRRCH2CHCH2OOR
N+RRRCH2CHCH2OOROCH2ORN+RRRCH2CHCH2OORCH2CHCH2ORO环氧树脂预聚体的固化剂很多，主要有以下几类：¾Lewis酸: Lewis酸中有BF3、AlCl3、SnCl4和ZnCl2等。
¾有机多元胺:有机多元胺中有乙二胺、己二胺、间苯二胺、伯胺、仲胺、叔胺和多乙烯多胺（二乙烯三胺、三乙烯四胺等）。¾有机多元酸和酸酐:有机多元酸和酸酐中主要有邻苯二甲酸酐、顺丁烯二酸酐和均苯四酸二酐等。¾合成树脂:某些合成树脂也可做固化剂如酚醛树脂、脲醛树脂和糠醛树脂等，例如低相对分子质量的聚酰胺树脂是亚油酸或桐油酸二聚体与脂肪族多元胺（乙二胺、二乙烯三胺）反应,生成的一种琥珀色的粘稠状树脂。
环氧树脂固化剂环氧树脂与二元胺的反应
活性胺基活性胺基
活性胺基交联
以二元胺为固化剂的固化机理：CH2 CH CH2 + H2N R NH2 + CH2 CH CH2
OO
CH2 CH CH2 N R N CH2 CH CH2 + HHOHOH2CH2 CH CH2
O
CH2 CH CH2 N R N CH2 CH CH2 CH2OHOHHO CHCH2CH2CH OHCH2
用胺做固化剂时其用量一般为环氧树脂质量的10%～15%；用酸酐做固化剂时其用量一般为环氧树脂质量的10%～20%；用低相对分子质量的聚酰胺做固化剂时用量一般是环氧树脂：聚酰胺=1：1 (质量比)。为了提高胶粘强度,可以用几种固化剂混用。如将低相对分子质量的聚酰胺、间苯二胺和4,4‘-二氨基二苯甲烷混合使用,其热变形温度有所提高，胶粘剂的耐热性能较好。
环氧值胺分子中所含活泼氢数胺的相对分子质量×=G用胺做固化剂时固化剂用量按下式计算：
间歇聚合工艺过程1—苯酚高位槽；2--甲醛高位槽；3--计量装置；4--冷凝器；5--反应釜；6--冷凝水接收罐；7--真空缓冲罐；8--树脂贮槽；9--树脂接收装置；10--粉碎机；11--冷却运输车（架）；12--冷却运输或冷却运输造粒
4.15 不饱和聚酯树脂Unsaturated Polyesters
不饱和聚酯树脂，一般是由不饱和二元酸二元醇或者饱和二元酸不饱和
二元醇缩聚而成的具有酯键和不饱和双键的线型高分子化合物。通常，聚酯化缩聚反应是在190～220℃进行,直至达到预期的酸值(或粘度)，在聚酯化缩反应结束后，趁热加入一定量的乙烯基单体，配成粘稠的液体，这样的聚合物溶液称之为不饱和聚酯树脂。
2008年我国UPR年产量达到145万吨2008年，UPR进口5.2万吨，出口1.8万吨全年市场消费总量达148万吨