初中过去完成时讲解
过去完成时定义
过去完成时(past perfect)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态。它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。
基本结构
主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done) ①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词.
②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词.
③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词? 肯定回答：Yes,主语+had.
否定回答：No,主语+had not .
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词）？
基本用法
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before，by the time +从句等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。
例如： By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。
例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。
例如： Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。
（5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
例如： He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的
例如： When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before 和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。
例如： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .
我们本来希望能来看看你。
（8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。
例如：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。
时间状语 before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than，yet，already 等。
过去完成时-语法判定
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
（ 1 ）宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before.
2 ）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去
时。如：
Where did you study before you came here?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
（ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went t o Beijing.
过去完成时的主要用法
1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：
When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。
（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）
2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。
如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ) 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。
如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about fiv e years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。
如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ h ad worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）
5. 过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…(刚……就……), It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。
e.g：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
这是他那一年第三次失业了
四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：
I have learned 1000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
— John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。
— Where had he been?
他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）
过去完成时专项练习
1．He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.
A. where I had been
B. where I had gone
C. where had I been
D. where had I gone 2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?
A. did, do
B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done
3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。
A. learned
B. was learning
C. had learned
D. learnt 4. She ______lived here for ______ years.
A. had, a few
B. has, several
C. had, a lot of
D. has, a great deal of
5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.
A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked 6. She said she __________ the principle already
A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen
7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war.
A. has hidden, from
B. had hidden, from
C. has hidden, with
D. had hidden, with
8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________.
A. has completed university
B. has completed the university
B. had completed an university D. had completed university 9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year.
A. for
B. in
C. by
D. at
10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.
A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano C. has learned, the pia no D. learns ,piano. 11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was te n?
A. did, do
B. did, did
C. has, done
D. had done 12 .He ___ in the facto ry for three years before he joined the Army.
A. has worked
B. works
C. had worked
D. will work 13. By the end of la st week, they ____ the bridge.
A. has completed
B. completed
C. will complete
D. had completed 14. Ben
hates playing _____ violin, but he likes playing ____ football.
A. a…the
B. the… the
C. / …the
D. the…/ 15. By the time he was 4, he ______ a lot of German words.
A. had learned
B. has learned
C. learned
D. learns 16 .Jim turned off th e lights and then _____ the classroom.
A. was left
B. had left
C. has left
D. left 17.They _________ in Guang zhou since 2000.
A. lived
B. had lived
C. have lived
D. were livin
18. The train from Beijing_______ ten minutes ago.
A. has arrived
B. was arriving
C. arrived
D. had arrived 19. The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived.
A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned 20. Fe rgie_______ the project in one hour.
A. have finished
B. will finish
C. finishes
D. has finished 21. The man __ ______ his coat and went out.
A. put on
B. had put on
C. will put on
D. was putting on 22 My mother ______ in that factory at the age of 18.
A. had worked
B. has worked
C. worked
D. works 23. Dad ________ whil e he _______ TV.
A .fell asleep…watch B. was falling asleep…watched C. fell asleep……was watching D. had fallen asleep…watched
一.用动词的适当形式填空
1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.
2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die).
3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave )
4. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen_______ (arrive).
5. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.
6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.
7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.
8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake.
9. When the chairman _________ (finish) speaking, he _________ (leave)the hall.
10.The Reads _____ (have) lunch when I ____________(get) to their house.
11.When I ______________(arrive) at the station, he ____________________(leave )12.We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.
13. I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework.
14. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do)
15.She ____________(not go) to Qingdao because she ________________ (be) ther
e before. 16. He ______________(not tell) you the news yet.
17. He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher.
18. I ______________(be) to Shanghai before.
19. She told me she _________________(be) to Sanya three times.
20.She _____________(play) the guitar while her sister_______________(sing).
1．I had sold the ticket when she came.（改否定句）
2.She had sung a song to us before she danced.
（改否定句）
3.They began to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.（否定）
4.By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. （改一般疑问）
5.Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived.
（改一般疑问）
6.By the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off.
（改一般疑问）
7..He had broken his arm when I saw him.（对划线部分提问）
8.When he had read the note, he ate it. （对划线部分提问）
9..Jack didn’t go to the cinema because he had seen the film. （对划线部分提问）
10.We had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child. （对划线部分提问）
11.She had written the book by the end of 1960.
（对划线部分提问）
12.We cooked the dumplings. We ate them up. （用过去完成时连接两句）
13.Jim’s father mended the car. It was broken. （用过去完成时连接两句）
14.We had our tests. Then we had a long holiday.( 用过去完成时连接两句) After we ________________________, we _____________________________ 15.He showed us the picture. Then he showed us around the house. 用过去完成时
连接两句)
Before he _______________________, he______________________________.
一.用动词的适当形式填空
1. had painted... moved
2. had made ... died
3. had studied…left
4. had run away..arrived
5. had turned off …went
6. went …had made
7. said …had read 8 failed …had made 9. (had) finished …left
10. were having/had had …got 11. arrived ..had left 12.. had learned
13. (had) finished 14. had ..done 15 didn't go …had been 16. hasn't told
17 had …given 18. have been 19. had been 20. was playing …was singing
初中现在完成时态讲 解带练习
一.现在完成时的含义及用法 1.现在完成时表示过去发生的动作,并对现在有影响。 2.现在完成时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 现在完成时的基本句型： 肯定式： 主语 + 助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词. 否定式: 主语 + 助动词have/has + not + 动词的过去分词. 疑问式： 助动词Have/Has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词? 用法①现在完成时表示过去发生的动作,并对现在有影响。 Someone has broken the window. (窗户现在是坏的) I have already lost the key. (我现在没有钥匙) I haven’t read that book yet . (不了解书的内容) I have just cleaned my hands. (手是干净的) 此时，现在完成时常与already(已经), yet(已经), just(刚刚),ever(曾经)等词连用，通常放在助动词之后，过去分词之前。 already: 常用于肯定句中. yet: 用于否定句，翻译为还没。疑问句尾.翻译为已经 1.你已经找到你的书了吗? 2.他们在这个城市建了许多房子. 3.Judy还没到达.
4.你吃过早饭了吗? 用法② 现在完成时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 She has learned English for 5 years. He has lived in Beijing since ( 自从)he was born . Have you stayed here since ( 自从) 3 o’clock? for+ 时间段 since+时间点 , since+ 句子 ①Mr. Brown has had his TV _____15 years. ②I’ve taken driving lessons _______last month. ③My sister has had her cell phone _____a month . ④My friends haven’t visited me _______ my birthday. ⑤We haven’t used our car _____a long ti me . ⑥She hasn’t had a good cup of coffee ____ years. ⑦Tom has worn glasses _______he was 7 years old. 二.have been 与have gone 的用法比较 have been to “到过，去过”，表示曾经到过某处，但现在人不在那儿。 have gone to“去了”，表示已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已在那儿了。 have been in“呆在某处一段时间了” 三.实义动词分为: 瞬间动词、延续动词
英语过去完成时练习全集及解析 一、初中英语过去完成时 1．She said when she got to the cinema, the film ________ for 5 minutes. A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. had been on 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：她说当她到达电影院的时候，电影已经开始五分钟了。根据got 可知，电影开始五分钟属于在过去某时间前已经存在的状态，应该用过去完成时，所以排 除A和C。开始begin，电影已经开始了五分钟是存在的状态，要用延续性的动词，所以要 将瞬间动词begin改为be on，故选D。 【点评】此题考查动词的时态问题以及瞬间动词和延续性动词的区别。 2．Simon ________ the piano for ages when he gave his first concert. A. has played B. is playing C. had played D. will play 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：西蒙举行第一次音乐会时，他已经弹了很多年钢琴了。根据时间 状语when he gave his first concert.可知此处用过去的时态，表示先弹钢琴弹了很多年，然 后开了音乐会，表示过去的过去，应该用过去完成时：had+动词的过去分词，故答案为C。 【点评】考查过去完成时。掌握过去完成时的意义（过去的过去）和构成：had+动词的过去分词。 3．By the time I finished my homework，my mother ． A. slept B. has been asleep C. was asleep D. had been asleep 【答案】 D 可知此处应为过去完成时，故选 D. 和“ finished” 【解析】【分析】由上文“By the time ” 【点评】考查过去完成时。 4．By the end of 2012, many buildings built in our city. A. have been B. have C. had been D. will 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：到2012年底，我们的城市里已经建成了很多大楼。Buildings是build这一动作的承受者，该用被动语态。而被动语态是由“be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。根据By the end of 2012可知该用过去完成时，所以选C。
【英语】初中英语过去完成时试题(有答案和解析)及解析 一、初中英语过去完成时 1．——Jim, did you take out the trash just now? ——No. By the time I came home it . A. have been taken out B. had taken out C. had been taken out 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】take out拿出，带出，by the time直到，came home是过去时，扔垃圾是发生在came之前的动作，过去完成时表示的是过去的过去。又有be+动词过去分词构成被动语态。had been+过去分词，含有被动语态的过去完成时。句意：Jim，刚才是你把垃圾扔了吗？不，我回来的时候垃圾已经被扔了。故选C。 【点评】考查被动语态及过去完成时的用法。 2．—Peter, _______ you _______ your homework? —Not yet, I'll do it at once. A. have; finished B. Did; finish C. Will; finish 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：——皮特，你完成作业了吗？——还没有，我马上做。根据Not yet, I'll do it at once.可知此处问你的作业完成了吗，所以句子时态用现在完成时，现在完成时的结构have+done，故选A。 【点评】此题考查句子时态。要根据上下文的联系确定句子时态。 3．Jake _____his key in the office so he had to wait until his wife _______ home. A. has forgotten … comes B. forgot… come C. had left… came D. had left…would come 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：杰克把他的钥匙丢在办公室了，因此他不得不等到他的妻子回家。结合语境可知前文描述的是过去某时前已经完成的动作，故用过去完成时态。下文指的是过去某时的动作，故用一般过去时态。选C。 【点评】英语中的时态主要是借助于时间状语与上下文语境来进行判断。解答此类题型，首先要注意句子中的时间状语，如果没有则要通过分析上下文，结合语境来判断句子的时态。 4．By the end of 2012, many buildings built in our city.
过去完成时用法小结 一、过去完成时适用场合 1. 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间常用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句表示，也可以暗含在上下文中。 I had finished my homework before supper.我在晚饭前就把作业做完了。 The play had already started when we got to the theatre. 我们到剧场时戏已经开始了。 By the end of June they had treated over 10,000 patients. 到六月底他们已经治疗了一万多病人。 2. 过去完成时还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或还要持续下去，常与for，since等词连用。如： He had served in the army for ten years before he retired last year. 他在部队干了十年，去年退役了。 He told me that he had known her since he was a child. 他告诉我他从小就认识她。 He had learned English for eight years before he went to England for further study. 他在去英国深造前，已学了八年英语。 3. 在一段情景连贯的文字中，先发生的事放在后面叙述时，要用过去完成时。如： Tom flew home, but his father had already died. 汤姆乘飞机回家，他的父亲却已经去世了。 4. 过去完成时也用于hardly...when...（刚…就…）, no sooner...than... （刚…就…）, It was the first time + that分句等一些固定句型中。
现在完成时 一、现在完成时构成 构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have. 现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下： 1、现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。 My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。 I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。 She has arrived. 她到了。 2、表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet等。如： I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。 We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。 They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。 She has been with us since Monday.
①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来） ③since+时段+ago ④since+从句（过去时） ⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时） Mary has been ill?for three days. I have lived here?since 1998. 注意： since和for的区别 since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there for后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。3、表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说： He has come here for 2 weeks. × The old man has died for 4 months. × They have left only for 5 minutes. × 4、has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in)?的区别 Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场，可能在路上和已经到) Where is your father?He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方） My father has been to Shanghai. Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方） My father has been in Shanghai?for two months. /since two months ago. 5、现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in，但可以和already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。不能与when连用。
过去完成时(past perfect)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。 它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。 基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他. ②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他. ③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他 肯定回答：Yes,主语+had. 否定回答：No,主语+had not . ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词+其他） 基本用法 。 （1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 例如：By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since 构成的时间状语连用。 例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. ~ 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed.
过去完成时定义 过去完成时(past perfect)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态。它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。 基本结构 主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done) ①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词. ②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词. ③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词? 肯定回答：Yes,主语+had. 否定回答：No,主语+had not . ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词）？ 基本用法 （1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before，by the time +从句等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 例如： By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。 例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 例如： Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。 （5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 例如： He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 （6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的 例如： When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。 She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
过去完成时 （1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句(在复合句中，由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句)来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 例；By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨天晚上9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since 构成的时间状语连用。 例；I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在车站已经等了20分钟,一辆公共汽车终于来了。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说他自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补充以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 例；Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天就去世了。他以前是我的好朋友。 I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 例；I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she had lost.她发现她失去了的钥匙。 （5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 例；He said that he had known her well.他说他早就很了解她了。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before.我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。（6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，“发生在过去的过去”，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的 e.g：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。 She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after 的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 e.g：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。 （7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。 e.g：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我们本来希望能来看看你。 （8）过去完成时还可用在hardly when no sooner than It was the first
过去完成时 一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。 ----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|----------------------------> 那时以前那时现在 构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. 二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。 如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。 如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。 如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left.
完成时态 1. 用法：①过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果：强调结果 E.g： Yesterday I finished my homework, that’s to say, I have finished my homework now. ②过去已经开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态：强调继续 E.g.:： I have lived here since 1990. 2. 现在完成时的构成have\has+过去分词 3. 现在完成时的四个基本句型 肯定句He has finished the work. 一般疑问句Has he finished the work? 否定句He has not finished the work. 两回答Yes ,he has. No, he hasn’t. 特殊疑问句What has he done? 4. 在下列情形下用现在完成时 (1)九词语 ①already已经肯定句中或句尾 e.g.: I have already found my pen. = I have found my pen already. ②yet已经否定句和疑问句句尾
I have not finished the work yet. Have you bought a computer yet? ③ever曾经句中 e.g.： Have you ever seen pandas? ④never从不句中 e.g.： I have never been to Beijing. ⑤just刚刚句中 e.g.： I have just done my work. ⑥before以前句尾 e.g.： I have never been there before. ⑦so far到目前为止 e.g.： So far he has learnt 200 words. ⑧how long多久 e.g.： How long have you lived here? ⑨how many times多少次 e.g.： How many times has he been to Beijing? (2)两词组 have
定义 过去完成时(past perfect)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态。它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。 基本结构 主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done) ①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词. ②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词. ③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词? 肯定回答：Yes,主语+had. 否定回答：No,主语+had not . ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词）？ 基本用法 （1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 例如：By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。 例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。 （5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 例如：He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 （6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的
过去完成时用法讲解 一、概念：表示过去的过去，其构成是had +过去分词。 二、用法： 1. 表示某一动作在过去某一时刻之前已完成。例如: He had gone to bed by 10:00 last night. (昨夜十点钟之前他已上床去睡了。) 2. 与一般过去时搭配，表达某一动作在过去的动作发生时已完成。例如： The train had started when I got to the station. (当我到达车站时火车已开走了。) # The minute I saw a lady getting off the bus, I knew it was she, for I had seen her before. (我一看到正在下公共汽车的那位女士就知道是她，因为我以前看见过她。) 解说：使用过去完成时在简单句里表达某一动作在过去的某一时刻已完成时，该过去的时刻常以“by +过去时间”的短语来表达。例如下面的说法是不正确的： He had gone to bed at 10:00 last night. 若是要说“at 10:00 last night”就必须用一般过去时“He went to bed...”。请再观察下面的句子试比较：It had rained yesterday. (误) It rained yesterday.(正) 或许你会说：“昨天下了雨，可是今天已放晴了，下雨已是过去的事，而且已经下完了，所以就用过去完成时……。”这就是最令同学们对一般过去时和过去完成时感到混淆和困惑的。实际上只要我们了解下面的两点原则就可以消除这种现象。 1. 由过去的时间作状语来修饰动词的句子都使用一般过去时。 ; 2. 除非从谈话的先后关系和上下文关系对过去的动作完成的基准点可以确定以外，应该避免在简单句中使用过去完成时。 三、过去完成时常用的连词有：before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as等。例如： He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 四、在什么情况下使用过去完成时 1. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词引导的宾语从句中，一般用过去完成时。例如： She said (that) she had never been to Paris. … 2. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 3. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 典型例题： The students ________ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ____ in the office. A. had written, left ， B. were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D。“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此“忘了书”这一动作发生
【初中英语】过去完成时做题技巧 一、初中英语过去完成时 1．— Jim, why didn't you go to Beijing by train? — Bad luck! When I got to the station, the train ________. A. left B. had already left C. has already left D. has been left 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：——吉姆，你为什么不坐火车去北京呢？——真倒霉！我到车站时，火车已经开走了。根据When I got to the station 可知，到那是过去时，离开是过去的过去，使用过去完成时，had done，故选B。 【点评】考查时态，注意过去的过去是过去完成时的用法。 2．—Peter, _______ you _______ your homework? —Not yet, I'll do it at once. A. have; finished B. Did; finish C. Will; finish 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：——皮特，你完成作业了吗？——还没有，我马上做。根据Not yet, I'll do it at once.可知此处问你的作业完成了吗，所以句子时态用现在完成时，现在完成时的结构have+done，故选A。 【点评】此题考查句子时态。要根据上下文的联系确定句子时态。 3．By the time I ________ on the TV, Beckham ________ two goals． A. turned; have scored B. turned; had scored C. had turned; have scored D. had turned; had scored 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：当我打开电视的时候，贝克汉姆已经进了两个球。本句是时间状语从句，by the time到…时候为止，用于一般过去时，可排除CD选项。从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，需用“had+过去分词”结构，可排除A；根据句意结构，可知，故选B。 【点评】考查动词时态辨析题。 4．By the time I finished my homework，my mother ． A. slept B. has been asleep C. was asleep D. had been asleep 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】由上文“By the time ”和“ finished”可知此处应为过去完成时，故选D. 【点评】考查过去完成时。 5．When I got to school, I realized I ______ my backpack at home.
现在完成时精讲和专练 I.定义： 表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，也可以表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态 II.现在完成时的结构 简略答语: 注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。 如：I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。 III.现在完成时的标志 1.现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响, 现在完成时通常和，ever, never, twice（once…）, so far（到目前为止）, since，for，in the past/last few years（在过去几年）, already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚), before（以前）, recently（近来）等词连用 说明：already与yet都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，并用于句末。例如： I have already finished my homework. I haven’t finished my homework yet. Have you finished your homework yet? They have left. (他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里) I have had my lunch. (我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿) I can’t find my watch now. I think I have already lost it. 2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手。 ①for+时段②since+过去一个时间点（过去从句）为标志 注意：1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能与when连用 IV.现在完成时的用法
初二英语过去完成时知识点总结附解析 一、初中英语过去完成时 1．I got to the party late. By the time I arrived, some people ______ home already. A. went B. would go C. had gone D. have gone 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：我到聚会晚了。在我到达之前，一些人已经回家了。结合语境可知下文描述的是过去某时已经完成的动作，用过去完成时态。故选C。 【点评】英语中的时态主要是借助于时间状语与上下文语境来进行判断。解答此类题型，首先要注意句子中的时间状语，如果没有则要通过分析上下文，结合语境来判断句子的时态。 2．— How long has the train been away? — Sorry. I don't know. By the time I got here, the train ________. A. has left B. was leaving C. had been away D. had left 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：——火车离开多久了？——很抱歉。我不知道。我到这儿的时候，火车已经离开了。由By the time I got here可知该用过去完成时，所以选C。 【点评】考查动词时态。 3．—We all went to the cinema except you last night. Why didn't you come? —Because I that movie twice. A. have watched B. had watched C. was watching D. would watch 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】“看过电影”这一动作发生在“没去影院”之前，是过去的过去，用过去完成时，故选B。句意是：—昨天晚上除了你之外我们都去电影院了，你为什么没来？—因为这部电影我已经看过两次了。 【点评】本题考查过去完成时的用法，表示过去的过去。 4．—How long you TV by the time I called you? —For about two hours A. had; watched B. have; watched C. did; watch D. were; watching