英美文学选读第二章笔记Neoclassical period
I. Multle choice 1. The 18th century England is known as the Enlightenment in the history 英國的十八世紀也同時是啟蒙主義時代， 或曰理性時代, 啟蒙運動是進步的知識分子運動， 興盛於法國， 後來席卷整個歐洲
2. The Pilgrim’s progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language 天路歷程是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言， 它的主旨是讓人們遵循基督教教義
3. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for spiritual Salvation
4. Among the representative of the Enlightenment, who was the first to introduce rationlism to England? Alexander Pope 亞歷山大.蒲柏 作為啟蒙主義時期的代表人物， 蒲柏第一個將理性主義引入英國,他將現行的社會制度奉為理想的制度， 但依然能看透那嚴重的道德，政治及文化上的腐朽沒落
5. An essay on criticism , written in heroic couplet by Pope, is considered manifesto of English neoclassism 論批評是用英雄雙韻體寫的說教詩, 倡導了古典主義標準， 在英國普及了新古典主義
6. Alexander Pope stongly advocated neoclassicism ,emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason , logic , restrained emotion, good taste and decorum 蒲柏是當時最偉大的詩人，他大力倡導新古典主義，強調文學作品的優劣應由古典的秩序尺度，理性，邏輯，情感的克制，高雅的品位及是否體面， 正派來衡量
7. The Dunciad is generally considered to be Pope’s best satiric work 群愚史詩是蒲柏最優秀的諷刺作品，他花了十年心血才將其完成
8. Daniel Defore describes as a typical English middle-class man of the eighteen century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonist Moll Flanders 莫爾。弗朗德斯
9. The following comments on Daniel Defoe are true except A. Robinson Crusoe is his first novel B. Robinson crusoe is universally considered his masterpiece C. He was a member of the upper class D. In his novels, his sympathy for the downtrodden ,unfortunate poor is shown
10. Bitter satire is a typical feature of swift’s writing. 喬納森，斯威夫特 11. The most important representative work by Jonathan Swift is “Gulliver’s travels” 格利佛遊記 12. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists, Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comicepic in prose” and the first to give modern novel is structrue and style 弗爾丁被一些人尊為英國小說之父，因為他為現代小說模式的創立作出很大貢獻,他第一個在理論與實踐上創造了“散文體喜劇史詩”並第一個為現代小說確立了結構與風格 亨利，弗爾丁 13. In the following writing by Henry Fielding , which brings him the name of the “prose homer” The history of Tom Jones, a Foundling 湯姆。瓊斯， 一個棄兒的故事， 對人性的諷刺， 是弗爾丁的代表作，贏得了散文荷馬的盛名
14. Which of the following novels is not written by Henry Fielding? A. Jonathan wild 喬納森懷爾德 B. Moll Flanders C. Joseph Andrews 約瑟夫，安德魯 D. Tom Jones 湯姆，瓊斯
15. Samuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteen century 塞繆爾。約翰遜 是十八世紀下半葉最後一位新古典主義文學家，他十分關心人類欲望的虛幻
16. To be so distinguished is an honor, which, being very little accutomed to favor from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge” 受此厚待，實為殊榮，由於本來實在不習慣於來自大人物的恩寵，故不知如何接受，也不知應用何種語言表示感謝 The above quoted sentence is presented by Samuel Johnson with an ironic 塞繆爾。約翰遜 諷剌
17. In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the leading figure among the host of playwrights 謝立丹是十八世紀唯一一位重要的戲劇家，他的代表作情敵與造遙學校被認為是上承莎士比亞，下接蕭伯納的紐帶,他作品永恆的主題是道德
18. Surface虛偽, Sneerwell 嘲笑, Backbite背後誹謗, and Candour 直率are most likely the name of the characters in Sheridan’s The school for Scandal 19. “Hold! See whether it is or not before you go to the door---I have a particular meessage for you if it should be my brother” the two sentences are found in the school for scandal 等一等， 開門之前先看看究竟是不是， 如果是我弟弟，我要特別關照你幾句話
20. In Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, Thomas Gray reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise them and bring havoc on them 寫在教堂的挽歌， 托馬斯，格雷 抒發了對窮人與無名小卒的同情，並嘲諷那些輕視窮人並給窮人帶來苦難的“偉人”
II. Reading comprehension 閱讀理解 1. Some to conceit alone their taste confine, 有些人將自已的趣味局限於矯揉造作 And glittering thoughts struck out at every line 每一行中都編造一些炫耀的思索 Pleased with a work where nothing’s just or fit 為一篇毫無可取的作品沾沾自喜 One glaring chaos and wild heap of wit 作品中充拆著混亂和胡亂堆砌的機智 Poets, like painters, thus unskilled to trace 詩人， 像畫家一樣， 如沒有技巧去追尋 The naked nature and the living grace 赤裸裸的大自然和活生生的優雅 With gold and jewels cover every part 用金子和珠寶綴滿每一個部分 And hide with ornaments their want of art 用裝飾來掩蓋他們藝術上的無能 True oft was thought, but ne’er so well expressed
Questions: A. Who is the author of this poem? What is the title from which these line are taken? An Essay on Criticism 論批評by Alexander Pope B. What idea does the poem express? Here Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of lanuage but to pay special attention True wit 作者建議批評家不應過分注重外表的文採及矯揉造作的高傲態度，而應發掘出平白樸素的文風裡蘊含的真理
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过(总65页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and othersII Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has beensecurely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charmfor the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of Englishpoetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
the neoclassical period英国文学
◆ Novel writing made a big advance in this century. Along with the economic independence, the eighteenth-century writers enjoyed greater freedom in their creative activities and were now able to devote themselves to whatever interested them and to give utterance to whatever they thought right or proper.
The English enlighteners were bourgeois democratic thinkers.
They set no revolutionary aim before them and what they strove for was to bring it to an end by clearing away the feudal ideas with the bourgeois ideology.
2.fast development of England as a nation At home, Acts of Enclosure Abroad, Afro-Caribbean slave trade and colonialst expansion
in the middle of the 18th century, England as the first powerful capitalist country in the world
The Influence of Enlightenment
【英美文学选读】名词解释笔记总结
01. Humanism（人文主义）Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life，but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance（文艺复兴）The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”，it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry（玄学派诗歌）Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit，the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods，and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism（古典主义）Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art，literature，or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal，and places value on reason，clarity，balance，and order. Classicism，with its concern for reason and universal themes，is traditionally opposed to Romanticism，which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment（启蒙运动）Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality，equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope, Jonathan Swift, etc.06.Neoclassicism（新古典主义）In the field of literature，the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order，logic，restrained emotion and accuracy，and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School（墓地派诗歌）The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present，with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism（浪漫主义）1>In the mid-18th century， a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism，which emphasized reason，order and elegant wit. Instead，romanticism gave primary concern to passion，emotion，and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth，Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero（拜伦式英雄）Byronic hero refers to a proud，mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers，this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corruptsociety. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government，in religion，or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron‘s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism（批判现实主义）Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement——“art for art‘s sake” was set forth by a French poet，Theophile Gautier，the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life，and holds that life should imitate art，not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes，all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art‘s sake，can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues，such as politics and morality，and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era，as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality‘s sake，or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则“为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔。
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过(总65页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and othersII Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has beensecurely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charmfor the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of Englishpoetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
自考《英美文学选读》(英)新古典主义时期(1)
自考《英美文学选读》（英）新古典主义时期（1）Chapter II The Neoclassical Period一。
新古典主义时期概述1. 识记：(1)新古典主义时期的界定(2)政治经济背景(3)启蒙运动的意义与影响2. 领会：(1)启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点(2)新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点3. 应用：启蒙运动，新古典主义，英雄双行诗，英国现实主义小说等名词的解释1. 识记Definitions of literary terms1) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality，equality & science. They called for a reference to order，reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden，Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn the field of literature，the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists，all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer，Virgil，& so on)& those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order，logic，restrained emotion & accuracy，& that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion，unity，harmony & grace in literary expressions，in an effort to delight，instruct & correct human beings，primarily as social animals. Thus，a polite，urbane，witty，& intellectual art developed.3) The heroic coupletIt means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry，which rhyme & are written with five beats each……4) the Realistic NovelThe mid-century was，however，predominated by a newly rising literary form，the modern English novel，which，contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats，gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class，Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ，Samuel Richardson，Henry Fielding，Laurence Sterne，Tobias Creorge Smollott，& Oliver Goldsmith.2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical LiteratureAccording to the neoclassicists，all forms of literature were to be modeled after theclassical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer，Virgil，Horace，Ovid，etc，)& those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws &rules for almost every genre of literature，prose should be precise，direct，smooth & flexible. Poetry should be lyrical，epical，didactic，satiric or dramatic，& each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time，space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented. [Nextpage]二。
英美文学选读 教程大纲 lecture 2
Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period (1660-1798)一、背景知识（Background knowledge）1、历史背景（Historical background）新古典主义时期的英国社会矛盾交织。
王室与议会、不同的教派之间、统治阶级与贫苦的劳动大众之间冲突不断，托利党与辉格党也为对议会和政府的控制而争斗不已。
概言之，那是一个充满了多种矛盾和多种价值观的时代。
18世纪的英国发展迅速，到世纪中叶，英国已成为世界上的头号资本主义强国。
随着经济的迅速发展，中产阶级也随之壮大了起来.2、文化背景（Cultural background）A 随着资本主义的发展，中产阶级的社会价值观和道德观占据了主宰地位。
中产阶级崇尚自制、自立和勤劳。
对他们而言，生活的意义就在于工作、节俭和积累财富。
B 这一时期，启蒙运动在英国全面展开。
该运动的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观启迪社会。
启蒙主义者们宣扬理性、平等与科学，宣称理性是人类的一切思想和行动唯一的、终极的目标。
C 启蒙者们相信当理性作为衡量一切人类行为和关系的标尺之时，一切迷信、压迫和不公正将让位于“终极真理”、“终极正义”和“终极平等”。
D 启蒙者们鼓吹全民教育。
他们认为，大众受到教育才更有可能建成民主社会。
3、新古典主义文学的特征（Features of the Neo-classic literature）A 新古义文学奉古希腊、罗马的经典作品和当代法国作品。
B新古典主义作家自觉地追求均衡、统一与和谐表达的优雅，从而形成了雍容、雅致、诙谐、睿智的文风。
C这一时期的文学说教意味浓厚，成为流行一时的大众教育的手段。
各种文学体裁均遵循某些固定的条律和规则。
D包括当时流行的模拟史诗、传奇、讽刺诗、讽刺短诗在内的各体诗歌结构工整，遣词雅致、语气庄严、注重说教。
小说则不同于传统的贵族传奇文学，以现实的笔触摹写普通人民的生活。
二Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福（1660～1731），英国小说家，英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被誉为“欧洲小说之父”。
英美文学选读(美国文学部分)
《英美文学选读》（美国文学部分）American LiteratureChapter one : The romantic periodI. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature:1.Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.2. Emerson’s transcendentalism:The over-soul—it is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.3.His toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It ex ercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.II. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured and sinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and na?ve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the witch’s Sabbath, they become what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.III. The symbolism of Melville’s Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass :1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass” and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and ***ual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse (i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.3.He uses the first person pronoun “I” to stress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader.Chapter two : The realistic periodI. The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn in Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark TwainHuck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in essence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell. And when the “King” sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master. After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decide to rescue Jim. AndHuck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing.Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization.II. Daisy Miller by Henry James1. Theme: The novel is a story about American innocence defeated by the stiff, traditional values of Europe. James condemns the American failure to adopt expressive manners intelligently and point out the false believing that a good heart is readily visible to all. The death of Daisy results from the misunderstanding between people with different cultural backgrounds.2. The character analysis of Daisy: She represents typical American girl, who is uninformed and without the mature guidance. Ignorance and parental indulgence combine to foster he assertive self-confidence and fierce willfulness. She behaves in the same daring naive way in Europe as she does at home. When someone is against her, she becomes more contrary. She knows that she means no harm and is amazed that anyone should think she does. She does not compromise to the European manners.3. The character analysis of Winterbourne: He is a Europeanized American, who has live too long in foreign parts. He is very experience and has a problem understanding Daisy. He endeavors to put her in sort of formula, i.e. to classify her.III. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser:1. Theme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.2. The character analysis of Carrie: She follows the right direction to a pursuit of the American dream, and the circumstances and her desire for a better life direct to the successful goal. But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely. She is a product of the society, a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest.3. The character analysis of Hurstwood: He is a negative evidence of the theory of the survival of the fittest. Because he is still conventional and can not throw away the social morals, he is not fitted to live in New York.Chapter Three: The Modern PeriodI. Ezra Pound and his theory of Imagism1. The principles: a. direct treatment of the thing; b. to use absolutely noword that does not contribute to the presentation; c. to compose in the sequence of the musical; d. to use the language of common speech and the exact word; e. to create new rhythms; f. absolutely freedom in the choice of subject.2. Imagism is to present an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. An imagistic poem must present the object exactly the way the thing is seen. And the reader can form the image of the object through the process of reading the abstract and concrete words.II. Frost and his poetry on nature:Frost is deeply interested in nature and in men’s relationship to nature. Nature appears as an explicator and a mediator for man and serve as the center of reference of his behavior. Peace and order can be found in Frost’s poetical natural world. With surface simplicity of his poems, the thematic concerns are always presented in rich symbols. Therefore his work resists easy interpretation.III. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his The Great Gatsby1. Theme: Gatsby is American Everyman. His extraordinary energy and wealth make him pursue the dream. His death in the end points at the truth about the withering of the American Dream. The spiritual and moral sterility that has resulted from the withered American Dream is fullyrevealed in the article. However, although he is defeated, the dream has gave Gatsby a dignity and a set of qualities. His hope and belief in the promise of future makes him the embodiment of the values of the incorruptible American Dream .2. The character analysis of Gatsby: Gatsby is great, because he is dignified and ennobled by his dream and his mythic vision of life. He has the desire to repeat the past, the desire for money, and the desire for incarnation of unutterable vision on this material earth. For Gatsby, Daisy is the soul of his dreams. He believe he can regain Daisy and romantically rebels of time. Although he has the wealth that can match with the leisured class, he does not have their manners. His tragedy lies in his possession of a naive sense and chivalry.IV. Ernest Hemingway’s artistic features:1. The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure:They have seen the cold world ,and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever is the result is, the are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.2. The iceberg technique:Hemingway believe that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth the is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.V. The character analysis of Emily in A Rose for Emily:Emily is a symbol of old values, standing for tradition, duty and past glory. But she is also a victim to all those she cares and embrace. The source of Emily’s strange ness is from her born pride and self-esteem, the domineering behavior of her father and the betrayal of her lover. Barricaded in her house, she has frozen the past to protect her dreams. Her life is tragic because the defiance of the community, her refusal to accept the change and her extreme pride have pushed her to abnormality and insanity.。
环球时代 英美文学讲义 第二章
Chapter Two The Renaissance PeriodLiterary termsBrief descriptionRenaissance （文艺复兴） Humanism （人文主义） Spenserian stanza （斯宾塞诗节） Conceit（奇特的比喻） Metaphysical poetry （玄学派诗歌） Sonnet（十四行诗） Blank verse （无韵体诗） Meter （格律） Allegory （寓言） Stanza （诗节）University Wits （大学才子） Foreshadowing （预兆） Soliloquy （独白）Narrative Poem （叙述诗）(1) The word “Renaissance ” means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. (2) The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. (3) The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.(1) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. (2) It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.(1) Spenserian stanza is the creation of Edmund Spenser. (2) It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter （六音步）, rhyming ababbcbcc. (3) Spenser’s The Faerie Queene was written in this kind of stanza.(1) Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. (2) Conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.(1) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. (2) With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. (3) The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. (4) The imagery is drawn from actual life.(1) Sonnet is the one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe. (2) A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. (3) Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.(1) Blank verse is verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. (2) It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.(1) The word “meter ” is derived from the Greek word “metron”,meaning “measure”. (2) In English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. (3) The analysis of the meter is called scansion（格律分析）.(1) Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something, especiallya long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself. (2) Allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. Characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice. (3) Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress,Golding's Lord of the Flies and Melville’s Moby Dick are three examples of this kind.(1)Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan. (2) The stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.(1) University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called “university wits”. (2) Thomas Greene, ThomasKyd, John Lily and Christopher Marlowe were among them. (3) They paved the way, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare.(1) Foreshadowing, in drama, means a method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come. (2) In Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet”, Romeo’s expression of fear in Act 1, Scene 4 foreshadows the catastrophe to come: I fear too early; for my mind misgives; Some consequence yet hanging in the stars…(1) Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud. (2) In the line “To be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Act 3, scene 1 of Shakespeare’s “Hamlet”. In this soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or not life is worth living, and speaks of the reasons why he does not end his life.(1) A Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story. (2) It may consist of a series of incidents, as in Homer’s “The Iliad” and “The Odysseus”, and John Milton’s “Paradise Lost”.Name of the WriterWorks Brief descriptionPhilip Sidney (1554-1586) （菲利普·锡尼爵士） (1) He stands for the spirit of the Elizabethan Age. (2) In many ways he represents the Renaissance ideal of “the complete man”.Arcadia 《阿卡狄亚》 Astrophel and Stella 《阿斯特罗菲尔与斯特拉》Defense of Poetry 《为诗歌辩护》 (1) Arcadia is a prose romance filled with lyrics. (2) It is regarded as a forerunner of the modern world. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)（埃德蒙·斯宾塞） (1) He is acclaimed as “the poets’ poet” in English literature. (2) His poetry is noted for such qualities as a perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a splendid imagination, a lofty moral purity and seriousness, and a dedicated idealism. (3) He created the Spenserian stanza. (4) His masterpiece is the Faerie Queene.The Faerie Queene 《仙后》 The Shepherd Calendar 《牧羊人日记》 (1) The Faerie Queene is Spenser’s masterpiece, a great poem of its age. (2) The fairy queen in the poem stands for both the Queen Elizabeth and glory. (3) In the poem Spenser speaks of 12 virtues of a perfect gentleman. (4) This allegorical poem is distinguished for its rich content and exquisite style. (5) The poem is written in the form of the Spenserian Stanza. (6) The Red-cross Knight in the poem represents the Church of England. The Shepheardes Calender records and expresses the poet’s laments over the loss of Rosalind. Thomas More (1478-1535)（托马斯·莫尔） (1) He is the greatest of the English humanists. (2) He authored “Utopia”Utopia 《乌托邦》 (1) Utopia describes an ideal commonwealth in which property is shared in common and poverty does not exist. (2) The name “Utopia” is derived from two Greek words meaning “no place”. Christopher Marlowe (1564---1593)（克里斯托弗·马洛） (1) As the most gifted of the “University Wits”, Marlowe authored six plays Tamburlaine 《铁木耳大帝》 (1) Tamburlaine is a play about an ambitious and cruel Tartar conqueror in the fourteenth century who rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king. (2) It voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.within his short lifetime. (2) The most important ones are: Tamburlaine , Dr. Faustus , The Jew of Malta . (3) Marlowe’s greatest literaryachievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama. (4) Marlowe’s second achievement consists in his creation of theRenaissance hero for English drama. Such hero is always individualistic and fullof ambition, facingbravely the challenge from both gods andmen. Such a heroembodies Marlowe’s humanistic ideal of human dignity and capacity. With the endless aspiration for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero embodies the true Renaissance spirit.Dr. Faustus 《浮士德的悲剧》The Jew of Malta 《马耳他的犹太人》 The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 《多情的牧羊人致情人》 (1) Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring forknowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil. (2) It celebrates the human passion for knowledge and happiness. (3) It alsoreveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order. (4) And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of man’s condition.The Jew of Malta expresses man’s desirefor wealth.(1) “The Passionate Shepherd to HisLove” is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature. (2) It is composed in the tradition of the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherdenjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. (3) Strong emotion is conveyed through thebeauty of nature when lovers are not disturbed by worldly concern. (4) The rhyme scheme of the poem is aabb. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)（威廉·莎士比亚） (1) He is the greatest of all Elizabethan dramatists. (2) His literary career falls into four periods. He wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets. (3) His sonnets represent the finest poetic craftsmanship of Henry VI 《亨利六世》 Richard III 《理查德三世》 Henry IV 《亨利四世》Henry V 《亨利五世》Henry VIII 《亨利八世》A Midsummer Night's Dream(1) Hamlet is the greatest tragedy of Shakespeare’s. (2) Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind. (3) His famous monologue is “To be or not to be”.(1) Othello is a tragedy of humanism. (2) Hisinner weakness is made use of by the outside evilforce.(1) Macbeth is a tragedy of all ambitiousElizabethan poetry. (4) The themes of his sonnets are about love, friendship, the destructive effects of time, the quickness of physical decay, and the loss of8 beauty, vigor, and love. 《仲夏夜之梦》 The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》 As You Like it 《皆大欢喜》 Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》Othello 《奥赛罗》 King Lear 《李尔王》 Mecbeth 《麦克白》 Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 The Tempest 《暴风雨》Sonnet 18adventurers who become the prey of theirambition. (2) Macbeth’s lust for power stirs ups his ambition and drives him to incessant crimes.(1) King Lear is based on an old British legend. (2) The old King Lear is a self-willed ruler who suffers from treachery and infidelity on account of his irresponsibility and vanity. (3) The climax of the play is Act III, Scene 4 where images of such animals as bear, wolf, fox, dog, monkey, rat and worm stand out. These images reflect the jungle law of the age of primitive accumulation. (4) In King Lear , Shakespeare has not only made a profound analysis of the social crisis in which the evils can be seen everywhere, but also criticized the bourgeois egoism. (5) Shakespeare points out that a king or ruler must be responsible to his people. (1) The Merchant of Venice is a play eulogizing the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, idealizing Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and exposing the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew represented by Shylock. (2) But people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Christian’s hypocrisy and their false standards, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews. (3) The allusion “pound of flesh” comes from this comedy. (1) Sonnet 18 is one of Shakespeare’s most beautiful sonnets. In the poem he has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves. A nice summer’s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poetry. (2) The rhyme of the poem is abab cdcd efef gg. Francis Bacon(1) The Advancement of Learning is a(1561-1626)（弗兰西斯·培根） (1) He is a philosopher, a scientist and the first English essayist. (2) He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. (3) He is best known for hisEssays that is the first example of that genrein English literature.Essays 《培根论说文集》 Of Studies 《谈读书》 The Advancement of Learning 《论学问的进步》Novum Organum (TheNew Instrument) 《论新工具》great tract on education. (2) Here Bacon highly praises knowledge, refuting the objections to learning and outlining the problems with which his plan is to deal. (3) Also he answers the charge that learning is against religion.(1) Novum Organum (The New Instrument ) is a successful treatise written inLatin on methodology. (2) The argument is forthe use of inductive method of reasoning inscientific study.(1) Of Studies is the most popular ofBacon’s essays. (2) It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character. (3) Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, the essay reveals to us Bacon’s mature attitude towards learning.John Donne (1572-1631)（约翰·邓恩） (1) He is the leading figure of the “metaphysical school”. (2) The most striking feature of Donne’s poetry is his frequent use of conceit. (3) He is a religious poet obsessed with death. (4) The Songs and Sonnets is probably his best-known lyrics. Love is the basic theme. Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body."The Sun Rising" 《升起的太阳》 The Holy Sonnets 《神圣体十四行诗》 The Songs and Sonnets 《歌谣与十四行诗》 "Death, Be Not Proud" 《死亡，你别骄傲》 The Flea 《跳蚤之歌》 A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 《分别：莫忧伤》 (1) The Songs and Sonnets is probably his best-known lyrics. (2) Love is the basic theme. John Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body. (1) In A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning John Donne resents too much display of emotion when two lovers part. (2) In this poem we are familiarized with John Donne’s famous conceit: the two lovers (he and his wife) are likened to the two points of a compass. The wife stays at home. She is the fixed foot and the husband “roams” around, but never deviates from the center. (3) In a word, John Donne seems to emphasize the importance of Platonic love. John Milton Paradise Lost (1) Paradise Lost is the greatest of John(1608-1674)（约翰·弥尔顿） (1) As a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer, Milton holds an important place in the history of English literature. (2) He produced three epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.《失乐园》Paradise Regained 《复乐园》Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》 Milton’s epics. (2) It is the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. (3) The story is taken from the Bible. The theme of the epic is man’s disobedience and the loss of Paradise, with its prime cause ---- Satan who rebels against God’s authority and tyranny.Paradise Regained is a long narrative poem telling how man, in the person of Christ, withstands the tempter and is established once more in the divine favor.(1) Samson Agonistes is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English. (2) In this epic Milton presents to us a picture of how Samson, the Israel’s mighty champion, brings destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. (3) The whole poem strongly suggests Milton’s passionate longing like Samson’s that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. In this sense, Samson is Milton.John Bunyan (1628-1688)（约翰·班扬）(1) He is a religious novelist whose style was modeled after that of the English Bible. (2) His language is concrete and vivid. (3) His masterpiece, The Pilgrim’s Progress, is the most successful religious allegory. The Pilgrim's Progress 《天路历程》 (1) The Pilgrim’s Progress is John Bunyan’s masterpiece. It is the most successful religious allegory. (2) It tells of the experience of a devout Christian the Pilgrim with a neighbor named Faithful in a world full of vice and wickedness. (3) It is a prose allegory depicting the pilgrimage of a human soul in search of salvation. (4) The novel is not only about something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time. (5) Its predominant metaphor is the metaphor of life as a journey. (6) The most famous scene in the novel if Vanity Fair.。