英美文学选读第二章笔记Neoclassical period

I.Multle choice

1.The 18th century England is known as the Enlightenment in the history

英國的十八世紀也同時是啟蒙主義時代，或曰理性時代, 啟蒙運動是

進步的知識分子運動，興盛於法國，後來席卷整個歐洲

2.The Pilgrim’s progress is the most successful religious allegory in the

English language

天路歷程是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言，它的主旨是讓人們遵循基

督教教義

3.The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with

the search for spiritual Salvation

4.Among the representative of the Enlightenment, who was the first to

introduce rationlism to England?

Alexander Pope 亞歷山大.蒲柏

作為啟蒙主義時期的代表人物，蒲柏第一個將理性主義引入英國,他將

現行的社會制度奉為理想的制度，但依然能看透那嚴重的道德，政治

及文化上的腐朽沒落

5.An essay on criticism , written in heroic couplet by Pope, is considered

manifesto of English neoclassism

論批評是用英雄雙韻體寫的說教詩, 倡導了古典主義標準，在英國普

及了新古典主義

6.Alexander Pope stongly advocated neoclassicism ,emphasizing that literary

works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason , logic , restrained

emotion, good taste and decorum

蒲柏是當時最偉大的詩人，他大力倡導新古典主義，強調文學作品的優

劣應由古典的秩序尺度，理性，邏輯，情感的克制，高雅的品位及是否

體面，正派來衡量

7.The Dunciad is generally considered to be Pope’s best satiric work

群愚史詩是蒲柏最優秀的諷刺作品，他花了十年心血才將其完成

8.Daniel Defore describes as a typical English middle-class man of

the eighteen century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer

colonist

Moll Flanders 莫爾。弗朗德斯

9.The following comments on Daniel Defoe are true except

A.Robinson Crusoe is his first novel

B.Robinson crusoe is universally considered his masterpiece

C.He was a member of the upper class

D.In his novels, his sympathy for the downtrodden ,unfortunate poor is

shown

10.Bitter satire is a typical feature of swift’s writing. 喬納森，斯威夫特

11.The most important representative work by Jonathan Swift is “Gulliver’s

travels”格利佛遊記

12.Of all the eighteenth-century novelists, Henry Fielding was the first to set

out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comicepic in prose”

and the first to give modern novel is structrue and style

弗爾丁被一些人尊為英國小說之父，因為他為現代小說模式的創立作出很大貢獻,他第一個在理論與實踐上創造了“散文體喜劇史詩”並

第一個為現代小說確立了結構與風格

亨利，弗爾丁

13.In the following writing by Henry Fielding , which brings him the name of

the “prose homer”

The history of Tom Jones, a Foundling

湯姆。瓊斯，一個棄兒的故事，對人性的諷刺，是弗爾丁的代表作，贏得了散文荷馬的盛名

14.Which of the following novels is not written by Henry Fielding?

A.Jonathan wild 喬納森懷爾德

B.Moll Flanders

C.Joseph Andrews 約瑟夫，安德魯

D.Tom Jones 湯姆，瓊斯

15.Samuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later

eighteen century

塞繆爾。約翰遜是十八世紀下半葉最後一位新古典主義文學家，他十分關心人類欲望的虛幻

16.To be so distinguished is an honor, which, being very little accutomed to

favor from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to

acknowledge”

受此厚待，實為殊榮，由於本來實在不習慣於來自大人物的恩寵，故不

知如何接受，也不知應用何種語言表示感謝

The above quoted sentence is presented by Samuel Johnson with an ironic

塞繆爾。約翰遜諷剌

17.In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, Richard Brinsley

Sheridan was the leading figure among the host of playwrights

謝立丹是十八世紀唯一一位重要的戲劇家，他的代表作情敵與造遙學校

被認為是上承莎士比亞，下接蕭伯納的紐帶,他作品永恆的主題是道德

18.Surface虛偽, Sneerwell 嘲笑, Backbite背後誹謗, and Candour 直率are

most likely the name of the characters in Sheridan’s The school for

Scandal

19.“Hold! See whether it is or not before you go to the door---I have a

particular meessage for you if it should be my brother” the two sentences

are found in

the school for scandal

等一等，開門之前先看看究竟是不是，如果是我弟弟，我要特別關照

你幾句話

20.In Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, Thomas Gray reveals his

sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who

despise them and bring havoc on them

寫在教堂的挽歌，托馬斯，格雷抒發了對窮人與無名小卒的同情，並

嘲諷那些輕視窮人並給窮人帶來苦難的“偉人”

II.Reading comprehension 閱讀理解

1.Some to conceit alone their taste confine,

有些人將自已的趣味局限於矯揉造作

And glittering thoughts struck out at every line

每一行中都編造一些炫耀的思索

Pleased with a work where nothing’s just or fit

為一篇毫無可取的作品沾沾自喜

One glaring chaos and wild heap of wit

作品中充拆著混亂和胡亂堆砌的機智

Poets, like painters, thus unskilled to trace

詩人，像畫家一樣，如沒有技巧去追尋

The naked nature and the living grace

赤裸裸的大自然和活生生的優雅

With gold and jewels cover every part

用金子和珠寶綴滿每一個部分

And hide with ornaments their want of art

用裝飾來掩蓋他們藝術上的無能

True oft was thought, but ne’er so well expressed

Questions:

A.Who is the author of this poem? What is the title from which these line

are taken?

An Essay on Criticism 論批評by Alexander Pope

B.What idea does the poem express?

Here Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial

use of conceit or the external beauty of lanuage but to pay special

attention True wit

作者建議批評家不應過分注重外表的文採及矯揉造作的高傲態

度，而應發掘出平白樸素的文風裡蘊含的真理

C.What is the great significance of the poem?

The poem, as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary

criticism, experted great influence upon Pope’s contemporary writers

in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoclassicist

tradition in England

蒲柏的這篇詩作，是對文學批評理論的全面研究，對同時期作家

們產生了深遠影響，倡導了古典主義標準，在英國普及了新古典主

義

2.My gentleness and good behaviour had gained so far on the Emperor and

his court, 我的和藹，善良的行為博得了皇帝和朝臣的歡心，

and indeed upon the army and people in general.

軍隊和人民也普遍喜歡我，

That I began to conceive hopes of getting my liberty in a short time.

所以我尌抱著在短時間內可以獲得自由的希望，

I took all possible methods to cultivate this favorable disposition

我想盡一切辦法來討好他們

A.Identify the title and the author

Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels 喬納森。斯威夫特/格列佛遊記

B.Briefly interpret this passage

My good manner and deeds had made such a good impression on

the emperor and his subjects that I began to hope that I could be

set free soon, I tried my best to develop my good image

3.Let not Ambition mock their useful toil

別讓雄心嘲諷他們實用的勞作

Their homely joys and destiny obscure

他們的天倫之樂和默默無聞的命運

Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile

也別讓輝煌帶著輕蔑的微笑來聽

The short and simple annals of the poor

窮人們那簡短而又平凡的生平

Questions:

A.Identify the title and the author

Thomas Gray:Elegy written in a Country Churchyard

寫在教堂墓地的挽歌, 托馬斯。格雷

B.What’s the meaning of the passage

Ambitious有野心的people should not mock the poor people’s labour

and their human life. Important people should not laugh at the short

history of the poor

III.Question and answers

1.What is neoclassicism

A.With the introduction of the Enlightenment Movement啟蒙運動

into England, a revival of interest in the old classical work was in full

swing , this tendency is known as neoclassicism

B.According to the neoclassicist , all forms of literature were to be

modeled after the classical works of an ancient Greek and Roman

writers(Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc) and those of the

contemporary French ones

新古典主義者們認為所有文學作品都應效仿古希臘羅馬的著作，

（如荷馬，維吉爾，霍拉斯，奧維德等），以及法國當時的經典著

作

C.They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic restained

emotion and accuracy and that literature should be judged in terms of

its service to humanity

他們相信理想的藝術應基於秩序，邏輯，確切及情感控制的基礎

上，而文學作品的價值評判標準應該看它是否為人文主義服務

2.Robinson Crusoe is univerally considered as Daniel Defoe’s masterpiece.

Discuss why it became so successful when it was published

A.Robinson Crusoe is supposedly based on the real adventure of an

Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninbabited island for

five years, actually , the story is an imagination

B.In Robinson Cruse, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a native

and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by

numerou trials in his eventful life

C.In the novel, Robinson is a real hero and he is an embodiment of the

rising middle-class virtues in the mid-eighteeth century England

D.Robinson crusoe is an adventure story very much in the spirit of that

time,because of the above reasons, when it was published , people all

like that story , and it became an immediate success

3.What is the symbolic meaning of the Vanity Fair in Bunyan’s “the pligrim’s

progress”?

Vanity fair sells all kinds of merchandise such as houses, lands ,honors, titles , lusts,pleasures, It symbolizes the society where every thing becomes goods and can be bought by money

4.What is the implication of the title of the play”school for scandal”?

The title School for Scandal is a satiric term, the society of the rich people was a school in which they were learning to create and spread scandals to ruin others’ reputations 毁灭别人的名声

造谣学校，谢立丹

IV.Topic discussion

Briefly discuss “Enlightenment Movement”

1.Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectural movement, which

flourished in France and swept through the whole western Europe.

启蒙运动是进步知识分子的运动，兴盛于法国，后来席卷整个欧洲

2.the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from the 14th century to

the mid-17th century . 这次运动是是15,16世纪文艺复兴的延续与发展

3.the purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world with the

light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的宗旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启蒙整个世界

4.it celebrated reason of rationality,equality and science. It advocated

universal education.literature at the time became a very popular means of public education

启蒙主义运动赞颂理性，平等和科学，还倡导全民普及教育，文学已经成为大众教育的良好工具

V.重点难点举例点评

1.what is” the Enlightenment movement”?

The Enlightenment movement was a progressive intellectural movement which flourished in France and swept the whole Western Europe at the time. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world wih the light of modern philosophical and

artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality(理性),equality

and science, and they also advocated universal education

2.What is the symbolic meaning of the “Vanity Fair” in Bunyan’s “The

Pilgrim’s progress”?

Vanity Fair sells all kinds of merchandise such as houses, lands,

honors,titles,lusts and pleasures. It symbolizes the society where everything

becomes goods and can be bought by money

3.What is the significance of “Gulliver’s Travels” in social criticism?

Gulliver’s Travel is one of the most effective and bitter criticisms an d satires of all aspects in The then english and european life---socially , politically,religiously, philosophically,scientifically and morally. Its exploration into human nature is profound

乔纳森。斯威夫特的格列佛游记是一部讽刺杰作，作者从社会生活，政治。

宗教，哲学，科研与道德方面对当时英国和欧洲社会进行了讽刺，并对人生进行了深刻的探索

4.in terms of Elegy written in a Country churchyard, which is wrong?

A.The author employs metaphor(隐喻，暗喻) in this poem

B.The author excessively过分expresses this personal melancholy 忧虑

C.Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown

D.He mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havor on them

VI.历年考题

1.when he writes, in” An Essay on Criticism “ , A vile conceit in pompous

words expressed is like a clown in regal purple dressed. Alexander pope means that the wit 才智is best set in a plain style

用华丽的词藻表达邪恶的自负，尌象一个身着皇帝紫袍的小丑。表达了作者

建议文学评论家不应过于注重外表的文采及矫揉造作的态度，他认为应从朴素的文风里发掘其蕴含的真理

2.you may have met the term “Yahoo” on internet, but you may also have met it in English literature . It is found in Johnathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travel

乔纳森。斯威夫特的作品，格列佛游记中第四部分里，格里佛来到一个由马统治的国度，这些马理智而高尚，而人形的yahoos 却行为卑劣，两者形成鲜明对比

3.the shepherd in Virgil grew at the last acquainted with love, and found him a native of the rocks. The speaker here

Ironic

维吉尔笔下的那个羊倌，最终得以见到爱神，却发现他竟是一个蛮荒之人约翰逊致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信中语言精美而彬彬有礼，但却暗含了一种因怒气与抗议而产生的讽刺的口吻，上述两句表达了作者对爵士沽名钓益的反感及他坚决不与虚伪的爵士和解的态度

4.surface , sneerwell，backbite and candour are most likely the name of the characters in

Sheridan’s The school for scandal

5.Of all the 18th century novelist Henry fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically comic epic in prose, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style

菲尔丁被一些人尊为英国小说之父，因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。在所有十八世纪的小说家中他第一个在理论和实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史传，并第一人为现代小说确立了结构与风格

6.The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift i n Gulliver’s Travels are Horses that are endowed with reason

乔纳森。斯威夫特的格列佛游记第四部分，格列佛来到了智马国，由马统治的国度。马被赋予了理性

7.Here are four lines from a literary work:others for language all their care express /and value books, as women men ,for dress” the work is

有的人隻專注於詩的語言

迷戀書本，尌象女人男人迷戀衣飾

Alexander Pope’s Essay on criticism

亞歷山大。蒲柏論批評

8.The phrase “to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and to seek

salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of scocial evils” may well sum up the implied meaning of ________

The Pilgrim’s Progress

天路歷程是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是讓人們遵循基督教義，並通過不斷戰勝自身弱點與身外的邪惡來獲得拯救

9.Daniel Defoe’s novel “Robinson Grusoe was a great success partly because the protagonist was a real middle-class hero. Discuss Crusoe, the protagonist of the novel, as an embodiment of the rising middle-class virtures in the mid-eighteenth century England

A.Social background: The 18th century England witnessed the growing

importance of the bourgeois or middle-class

a.The industrial revolution

b.The expansion of international markets

c. Values /virtues品德/ moral standard 道德標準/ different from those of

the feudal aristocratic (封建貴族) class---courageous, full of energy, hard working, practical resourceful, self-reliant, etc

d. literature should give /provide a realistic presentation of the life of the

common people; it should meet the demand/interest of the middle-class people

B.Robinson Crusoe embodies the virtue of the middle class people

a.Crusoe as an adventurous/courageous man full of energy and

courage(example from the text)

b. Crusoe as a practical man

c. Crusoe as resourceful (足智多謀)/self-reliant man

d.Crusoe as a patient/persistent man and others