自考英美文学读书笔记

Reading Comprehesion (British and American Literature)

Edit By CK

Mid of 2009

Catalog

第一章英国文学 (4)

1.1上古世纪及中世纪英国文学简介 (4)

1.2T HE R ENAISSANCE P ERIOD(文艺复兴时期) (5)

1.2.1Edmund['edm?nd] Spenser(埃德蒙.斯宾赛) (6)

1.2.2Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托夫.马洛) (8)

1.2.3William Shakespeare(威廉.莎士比亚) (9)

1.2.4Francis Bacon(弗兰西斯.培根) (10)

1.2.5John Donne(约翰.邓恩) (12)

1.2.6John Milton(约翰.弥尔顿) (13)

1.3T HE N EOCLASSICAL P ERIOD(新古典主义时期) (13)

1.3.1John Bunyan(约翰.班扬) (14)

1.3.2Alexander[??liɡ'zɑ:nd?] Pope(亚历山大.蒲柏) (15)

1.3.3Daniel['d?nj?l] Defoe[di'f?u] (丹尼尔.笛福) (16)

1.3.4Jonathan['d??n?θ?n] Swift(乔纳森.斯威夫特) (17)

1.3.5 Henry Fielding(亨利.费尔丁) (17)

1.3.6 Samuel['s?mju?l] Johnson(塞缪尔.约翰逊) (18)

1.3.7Richard Brinsley Sheridan(理查.比.谢立丹) (18)

1.3.8 Thomas Gray(托马斯.格雷) (19)

1.4T HE R OMANTIC P ERIOD(浪漫主义时期) (20)

1.4.1William Blake (威兼.布莱克) (20)

1.4.2 William Wordsworth(威廉.华兹华斯) (21)

1.4.3 Samuel Taylor Coleridge(塞.泰.科勒律治) (22)

1.4.4 George Gordon Byron(乔治.戈登.拜伦) (23)

1.4.5Percy Bysshe Shelley (波.比.雪莱) (24)

1.4.6 John Keats(约翰.济慈) (24)

1.4.7 Jane Austen['?:stin] (简.奥斯汀) (25)

1.5T HE V ICTORIAN[VIK'T?:RI?N]P ERIOD维多利亚时期 (26)

1.5.1 Charles Dickens(查尔斯.狄更斯) (27)

1.5.2 The Bronte Sisters(布朗蒂姐妹) (27)

1.5.3 Alfred Tennyson['?lfrid] ['tenisn] (阿尔弗雷德.丁尼生) (28)

1.5.4 Robert Browning（罗伯特.布朗宁） (29)

1.5.5 George Eliot['elj?t] (乔治.艾略特) (29)

1.5.6 Thomas Hardy(托马斯.哈代) (30)

1.6T HE M ODERN P ERIOD(现代主义) (31)

1.6.1 George Bernard Shaw(乔治.萧伯纳) (33)

1.6.2 John Galsworthy['ɡ?:lzw?:ei] (约翰.高尔斯华绥) (34)

1.6.3 William Butler Yeats[jeits]（威廉.巴特勒.叶芝） (34)

1.6.4 T.S. Eliot['elj?t]（T.S.埃略特） (35)

1.6.5 D.H. Lawrence['l?r?ns] (戴维.伯特.劳伦斯) (36)

1.6.6 James Joyce[d?eimz] [d??is]（詹姆斯.乔伊斯） (37)

第二章美国文学 (40)

2.1T HE R OMANTIC P ERIOD(浪漫主义时期) (40)

2.1.1Washington Irving['?:vi?](华盛顿.欧文) (40)

2.1.2Ralph Waldo Emerson[r?lf] ['w?:ld?u]['em?sn] (拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生) (41)

2.1.3Nathaniel Hawthorne[n?'θ?nj?l] (纳撒尼尔.霍桑) (42)

2.1.4 Walt Whitman[w?:lt] ['witm?n](华尔特.惠特曼) (43)

2.1.5 Herman Melville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔) (44)

2.2T HE R EALISTIC P ERIOD(现实主义时期) (45)

2.2.1 Mark Twain(马克.吐温) (46)

2.2.2 Henry James(亨利.詹姆斯) (47)

2.2.3 Emily Dickinson(艾米莉.狄金森) (48)

2.2.4 Theodore Dreiser(西奥多.德莱塞) (49)

2.3T HE M ODERN P ERIOD(现代时期) (50)

2.3.1 Ezra Pound(埃兹拉.庞德) (50)

2.3.2 Robert Lee Frost(罗伯特.弗洛斯特) (51)

2.3.3 Eugene O’Neill(尤金.奥尼尔) (52)

2.3.4 F.Scott Fitzgerald(司各特.菲兹杰拉德) (52)

2.3.5 Ernest Hemingway(欧内斯特.海明威) (53)

2.3.6 William Faulkner(威廉.福克纳) (54)

第一章英国文学

1.1上古世纪及中世纪英国文学简介

古英文学范围：450-1066，罗马征服英国

古英诗分为两类：宗教类和世俗类

Beowul(贝奥武夫)，古英国民族史诗例子

赞扬骑士或其它英雄的浪漫史：中世纪

乔叟的坎特伯雷集：第一次描写中世纪英国社会现实

乔叟介绍来自法国的押韵诗节，来代替英国的头韵诗节

乔叟：英国诗歌之父

乔叟把角色提到一个立体的高度，有个人独特的气质

中世纪的英国文学是一个空洞的(barren)时期

1、The period of old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year

of the Norman Conquest of England.

2、Generally speaking, the Old English poetry that has survived can be divided

into two groups: the religious group and the secular['sekjul?]世俗的 one. 3、Beowulf[?be???w?lf] 贝奥武夫（一个英雄名）

, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic史诗 of the Anglo-saxons.['??ɡl?u's?ks?n][pl. ]盎格鲁撒克逊族(古英国人的一个种族)盎格鲁撒克逊语(又名古代英语Old English)

4、Romance浪漫史 which uses narrative['n?r?tiv]叙述的 verse诗句 or prose散文

to sing knightly骑士的 adventures or other heroic[hi'r?uik]deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval[?medi'i:v?l] period.

5、The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a

comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created

a whole gallery走廊 of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely

Geoffery Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales.['d?efr?] ???????乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集

6、C haucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas [raim]押韵诗节 of various

types to English poetry to replace the old English alliterative verse ?`l?t?r?t?v]adj.头韵的, 头韵体的

7、C haucer was called the father of English poetry.750

1.2The Renaissance Period(文艺复兴时期)

文艺复兴时期：中世纪自现代的中间转折期（14世纪到17世纪中叶）

文艺复兴时期，古罗马和希腊文学的重新发现

文艺复兴时期的本质：人道主义

文艺复兴的重大改革：圣经的传播

文艺复兴的宗教改革：阶段斗争

英国文学家认为Petrarch彼德拉克是文学的根源

文艺复兴早期，诗歌和戏剧是最突出的形式，代表人物Ben Johnson, William Shakespeare.

伊丽莎白戏剧是文艺复兴的主流

文艺复兴影响英国比较慢，不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆，还因为英国的内乱 文艺复兴的本质是人文主义者摒弃封建主义，推动新思想的一场运动

文艺复兴是英国的文学黄金时期

1、The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to modern world.

Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries.

2、The Renaissance, which means rebirth or revial, is actually a movement

stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology占星术, the religious reformation and the economic expansion.

3、Humanism is the essence['esns]本质 of Renaissance.人道主义是文艺复兴时期的

本质

4、One of the major results of Reformation was the fact that the Bible in English

was placed in every church and services were held in English so that people could understand.

5、T he religious reformation was actually a reflection of the class struggle

waged by the new rising bourgeoisie[?bu??wɑ:'zi:]资产阶级 against the feudal 封建的 class and its ideology[?aidi'?l?d?i]观念学

6、Petrarch['petr:k] was regarded as the fountainhead根源 of literature by

English writers.英国作家认为彼特拉克是文学的根源

7、In early stage of the Renaissance, poetry and poetic[p?u'etik]drama were the

most outstanding literary forms and they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.本-琼森1300

8、Eliabethan[i?liz?'bi:θ?n] drama is the mainstream of the English Renaissance.

伊丽莎白时代的戏剧是英国文艺复兴的主流。

1.2.1Edmund['edm?nd] Spenser(埃德蒙·斯宾赛)

代表作：仙后

12本书的12种品德

Spenser：英雄中的英雄，亚瑟

Spenser的红十字骑士代表神圣

仙后的结局：骑士和Una结婚

Spenser：诗人中的诗人

1、Spenser’s masterpiece is The Faerie Queene.仙后

2、Spenser speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman, and plans 12 books,

each one with a different hero distinguished for one of the private virtues.

3、The hero of heroes, who possesses all of these virtues, is Arthur亚瑟, and

he is to play a role in each of the 12 major adventures.1600

4、The Redcross knight in Book I stands for St.George, the patron saint of

England; he also represents Holiness.

5、The Faerie Queene ends with a happy wedding between Redcross knight and

Una.1700

6、Spenser has been known as “the poets’ poet”

7、Five main qualities of spenser’s poetry:

A perfect melody. ['mel?di]旋律完好的旋律

A rare sense of beauty; 少有的美感

A splendid imagination; 辉煌的想像力

A lofty moral purity and seriousness高尚的道德洁净性和认真性

A dedicated idealism.热诚的理想主义

1.2.2Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托夫·马洛)

代表作：共写了六个剧本，最重要的是, Tamburlain, Dr. Faustus, Jew of Melta, Edward II

Tamburlain描写一个有野心的征服者,从牧师成为了国王

Dr. Faustus是基于一个德国的传说，一个魔术师为了追求真理，把自己的灵魂卖给了魔鬼

马洛最大的成就：完善了无韵诗，并使之成为了英国戏剧的主要媒介

马洛第二个成就：文艺复兴英雄的创造

马洛：英国戏剧的先行者

“有激情的牧羊人”是英国文学最美的歌词

1、As the most gifted of the “university wits”, Marlowe composed of six plays

within his short lifetime. Among them the most important are:Tamburlaine, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta, Edward II爱德华.

2、Tamburlaine is a play about an ambitious and pitiless 有野心的并且无情的

conqueror ['k??k?r?]征服者 in the 14th century who rose from a shepherd['∫ep?d]牧师 to an overpowering king.2200

3、Dr.Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician [m?'d?i∫?n]

魔术师 aspiring [?s'pai?ri?]追求 for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.

4、The theme of Dr.Faustus:

A It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness;

B It also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspirations[??sp?'rei∫?n]志向 in a hostile moral order;

C And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of man’s condition.

5、Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama.

6、Marlowe’s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.

7、Marlowe was best known as the pioneer[?pai?'ni?] of English drama.

8、The short poem “The passionate shepherd to his love” is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics歌词 in English literature.2800

1.2.3William Shakespeare(威廉·莎士比亚)

代表作：A两个叙述诗：维纳斯和安东尼斯

B 六个喜剧：夏日晚上的梦，威尼斯商人，小题大做，只要你喜欢，

第十二夜，温莎女子

C两个悲剧：罗密欧和朱利叶，朱利叶丝

D最伟大的四大悲剧：Hamlet, Othello, King lear, Macbeth 莎士比亚：伟大的剧作家和诗人，38个剧本，154个十四行诗，2个长诗

莎士比亚关键二十年：1591-1611

莎士比亚用独白（soliloquies）提示人物内心

18个十四行诗是莎士比亚最美的十四行诗

“To be or not to be”到自莎士比亚的村庄（Hamlet）

Shakespeare认为这样一个原则：君主统一是必须的

“To be or not to be” means to live on or to die; to suffer or to take action.

许多人把“威尼斯商人”看作是基督徒的虚伪，对犹太人的不公正

1、William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights剧作家 and poets the world has ever know. With his 38 plays, 154 soonets十四行诗 and 2 long poems,

he has established his giant position in world literature.

2、From about 1591 to about 1611, Shakespeare was in the prime of(正值壮年) his dramatic carrer.

3、In 1593 and 1594, Shakespeare published two narrative poems叙述诗, Venus and Adonis维纳斯和安东尼斯 and The Rape of Lucrece鲁克斯受辱记.

4、Shakespeare’s comedies include: A Mid-summer Night’s dream, The Merchant of Venice['venis]威尼斯, Much Ado[?'du:] About Nothing小题大做, As you like it, Twelfth night, The merry wives of windsor['winz?]温莎(姓氏)

5、Shakespeare’s tragedies include: Remeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar. ['d?u:lj?s] ['si:z?]朱利叶斯(男子名)暴君

6、The soliloquies [s?'lil?kwi](pl. -quies)自言自语、独白in Shakespeare’s plays fully reveal the inner conflict of his characters.

7、Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare. The theme of this poem is: A nice summer’s day is usually transient['tr?nzi?nt]短暂的, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespeare has a faith in the permernence of poetry.

8、”To be, nor not to be—that is the question” is a line taken from Hamlet 村庄.

1.2.4Francis Bacon(弗兰西斯·培根)

代表作：Of studies, Novum Organum(新工具)

Bacon认为学术的长进是教育的一个重要阶段

Bacon认为，人类的理解力包括三个方法：对历史的记忆，对诗歌的想像和创造，对人类理性的哲学

Bacon的诗：简短，致密，有力

Bacon在Of studies中提出：某些书是需要尝的，某些书需要吞，某些书需要咀噬和消化

Of studies是Bacon的58行诗

Bacon写的Novum Organum(新工具)是用拉丁文写的一套方法（methodology） Bacon?s Of Studies reveals to us his matute attitude to learning.

Of studies: 读书使人充实,讨论使人有准备,写作使人严谨(exact)

培根的散文集是英国文学的典范

1、The Advancement of Learning is a great tract on education.学术的长进是教育的一个重要阶段

2、According to Bacon, man’s understanding consists of three parts:A history to man’s memory; B poetry to imagination and creation; C and philosophy to man’s reason.

3、Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity['brev?t?]简短, compactness[k?m'p?ktnis]致密性、密度 and powerfulness.

4、“Studies serve for delight, for ornament['?:n?m?nt]修饰, and for ability” is

a line taken from Bacon’s Of Studies.

5、In his essay of Of studies, Bacon said: “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.”

6、Of Studies is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays.

7、The theme of the Of Studies: It analyzes[] what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies,

and how studies exert[]施加influence over human character.

8、Novum Organum ['?:ɡ?n?m]新工具is written by Francis Bacon.

9、Novum Organum is a successful treatise['tri:tiz]论文written in latin on methodology[meθ?'d?l?d??]一套方法.

1.2.5John Donne(约翰·邓恩)

代表作：Sermons(说教) ，日出

特点：metaphysical school(形而上学流派)

基本主旨：爱情

John Donne在The Sun Rising中question the sun?s authority

1、The term “metaphysical[?met?'fizik?l]玄妙的、形而上学的 poetry”is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.

2、Though John Donne’s poems were not well accepted in his life time, the early 20th century saw a renewed interest in him and other metaphysical poems.

3、John Donne is the leading figure of the metaphysical school.

4、The songs and sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most his early lyrics. Love is the basic theme.

5、Donne’s great prose works are his sermons说教, which are both rich and imaginative.

1.2.6John Milton(约翰·弥尔顿)

代表作：失乐园，力士参孙（Samson Agonist）

失乐园是分为12本书的史诗，原始故事取至圣经

力士参孙：基于希蜡模式的戏剧诗

主旨：意愿自由

John Milton?s The Parodise Lost tell us to beg to God for mercy or admire his power is more shameful.

John Milton的作品分为三类：早期的的诗歌作品，中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大的诗歌著作

英国浪漫主义时期的作家John Milton的名作“失乐园”，取至圣经旧约(Testament)

1、Paradise Lost is a long epic史诗 divided into 12 books. The original story is taken from the Bible.

2、In 1671 appeared Milton’s last important work Samson Agonistes力士参孙, the most powerful dramatic poem on the Greek model.

3、The freedom of the will is the keystone基本原理 of Milton’s creed纲领.

4、Paradise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.

5、Milton’s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: A the early poetic works B the middle prose pamphlets C the last great poems.

1.3The Neoclassical Period(新古典主义时期)

新古典主义时期是在1660年斯图亚特王朝对英国政权的回归和1798年英国诗人沃兹沃斯，科尔里奇的热情民歌诗的发布之间的时期

18世纪的英国：启蒙时期，理性时代

谢里丹：剧作家的领导形象

启蒙运动是进步的知识分子的运动

1、Neoclassical Period[ni:??'kl?s?k(?)l] is the one in English literature between the return of the Stuarts[stju?t]斯图亚特王朝to the English throne in 1660 and the publication of lyrical 热情的Ballads['b?l?d]民歌by Wordsworth沃兹沃斯（英国诗人）and Coleridge['k?ulrid?]科尔里奇（英国诗人）in 1798.

新古典主义时期是在1660年斯图亚特王朝对英国政权的回归和1798年英国诗人沃兹沃斯，科尔里奇的热情民歌诗的发布之间的时期。

2、The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment启蒙时代or the age of Reason理性时代

3、In the theatrical[θi'?trik?l]戏剧的world, Richard Brinsley Sheridan谢里丹was the leading figure among a host of playwrights剧作家.

1.3.1John Bunyan(约翰·班扬)

代表作：The pilgrim?s progress(天路历程)

天路历程：最成功的宗教寓言

天路历程的主旨：寻求精神上的救世主

天路历程的文学形象：宗教的，忠诚的，柔韧的

天路历程中“vanity fair”：浮华世界，名利场

英国新古典主义时期的作家John Bunyang写的“天路历程”的主旨：告诉人们要遵守基督教义，通过与自身弱点和邪恶的斗争来拯救自己

1、The Pilgrim?s Progess香客、朝圣者(天路历程) is the most successful religious allegory['?liɡ?ri]寓言in the English language.

2、The Pilgrim?s Progess by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for spiritual salvation[s?l'vei∫?n]精神上的救世主

3、Christian, Faithful and pliable['plai?bl]柔韧的are the literary fi gures in John Bunyan?s The pilgrim?s progress.

1.3.2Alexander[??liɡ'zɑ:nd?] Pope(亚历山大·蒲柏)

代表作:批评论Rape of Lock(夺发记)

批评论:用英雄对联形式写的说教诗

Pope: 第一个介绍理性主义到英国的人

英国新古典主义时期的作家Alexander Pope在Rape of Lock(夺发记)中描写了贵族愚蠢的，空洞的生活

1、As a representative of the Enlighternment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism理性主义to England.

2、Alexander Pope is well known for the style of biting satire. His best satiric work is The Dunciad群愚史诗.

3、Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711.

4、Pope was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism新古典主义, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum[di'k?:r?m]礼节

.5、An essay on Criticism is a didactic[d?'d?kt?k]说教的poem written in heroic[hi'r?uik] Couplets对联.

6、”Words are like leaves; and where they most abound, Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found”

Question:

A.Identify the poem and poet.

Alexander Pope, An assay on Criticism

B.What idea do the two lines express?

On fruit trees, where leaves are plentiful, fruit will be few. Similary, in a piece of writing, where too many fine words are used, good sense will be much reduced.

C.Summarize the theme of this poem

Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of Conceit独断or the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to True Wit which is best set in a plain style.

1.3.3Daniel['d?nj?l] Defoe[di'f?u] (丹尼尔·笛福)

代表作：鲁滨逊漂流记

鲁滨逊是一个真实的18世纪中产阶级人物：帝国的创建者和殖民的先行者1、Robinson Crusoe鲁滨迅漂流记, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered Daniel Defoe?s masterpiece.

2、Robinson here is a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century middle-class man. He is the very prototype['pr?ut?taip]原型of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist['k?l?nist]殖民者.

3、笛福的创作特点

Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible and fascinating['f?sineiti?]迷人的. His sentences are sometimes shot, crisp脆的and plain, and sometimes long and rambling漫游的, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration[n?'rei∫?n]叙述. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial[k?'l?ukwi?l]口语的and mostly vernacular[v?'n?kjul?]方言. There is nothing artificial in his language, it is common English at its best.

1.3.4Jonathan['d??n?θ?n] Swift(乔纳森·斯威夫特)

代表作：格列佛游记

特点：微讽刺

1、In 1726, Swift wrote and published his greatest satiric work, Gulliver?s Travels. [`ɡ?l?v?(r)]格列佛游记

2、In the third voyage['v???d?]航海to the Flying Island of Gulliver’s Travels, Jonathan Swift satirizes['s?t?ra?z] the western civilization including false illusions[i'lu:??n,i'lju:-]幻觉about science, philosophy, history and even immortality不朽.

3、Bitter satire is a typical feature of Swift’s writings.

1.3.5 Henry Fielding(亨利·费尔丁)

代表作：Tom Joes

Fielding: 英国小说之父

Fielding: 第一个在散文中加入喜剧的片段

Fielding: Prose Homer

英国新古典主义作家Henry Fielding在理论实践中，第一个创造了“散文体喜剧史诗”

1、Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel”, for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.

2、Of all the 18th century novelists Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specially a “Comic epic in prose”, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.

3、Tom Jones, the full title being The History of Tom Jones, is generally considered Fielding?s masterpiece.

4、Tom Jones brings its author the name of the “Prose Homer”

5、费尔丁的语言特色

Fielding?s language is easy, unlaboured不费力的and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogues and other theatrical[θi'?trik?l]devices such as suspense, coincidence and unexpectedness.

1.3.6 Samuel['s?mju?l]Johnson(塞缪尔·约翰逊)

代表作：英语字典

Johnson: 18世纪最后的新古典主义启蒙家

英国的新古典主义的作家Samuel Johnson是撰写字典的第一人

1、Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman---A Dictionary of the English language.

2、Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the last 18th century.

3、约翰逊的语言风格

Johnson?s style is typically neoclassical, but it is at the opposite extreme from Swift?s simplicity[sim'plisiti] or Addison?s neatness. His language is characteristically general, often Latin-ate and frequently polysyllabic[?p?lisi'l?bik]多音节的. His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel ['p?r?lel]并行的words and phrases. However, no matter how complex his sentences are, the thought is always clearly expressed; and though he tends to use “learned words”, they are always accurately['?kjurit]used. Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.

1.3.7Richard Brinsley Sheridan(理查·比·谢立丹)

代表作：情敌，造谣学校

Sheridan：18世纪唯一的戏剧家

Sherian的情敌和造谣学校是shakespeare和Bernard Shaw的重要连接

Sherian的主旨：道德

造谣学校的角色：Backbite, sneerwell, Lady Teazle.

英国新古典主义的作家Richard Brinsley Sheridan的“造谣学校”，被认为是继Shakespeare以后最好的喜剧作品

1、Sheridan was the only important English dramatist['dr?m?tist] of the 18th century.

2、Sheridan?s plays, especially The Rivals竞争者（情敌）and The School for Scandal造谣学校, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw伯纳德小丛林[b?:'nɑ:d,, and as ture classics['kl?sik]in English comedy.

3、In Sheridan?s plays, morality is the constant theme.

4、Backbite, Sneerwell, and lady Teazle are characters in the play The School for Scandal by Richard Brinsley Sheridan.

1.3.8 Thomas Gray(托马斯·格雷)

代表作：Elegy written in a country churchyard(墓园挽歌)

英国的新古典主义作家Thomas Gray的墓园挽歌: Tell us that great family,wealth, and beauty will not prevent people from reaching their final destination-grave.

1、Thomas Gray?s masterpiece, Elegy['elid?i]挽歌Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽词was published in 1751.

2、The theme of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard?

In the poem of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy'mel?nk?li]忧郁(症)

.

1.4The Romantic Period(浪漫主义时期)

浪漫主义时期：1798（Worsworth抒情歌谣的发表）----1832（Scott的死） 浪漫主义的重要文学形式：诗

浪漫主义时期主要作家：Austen, Scott

William Hazlitt对Shakespeare, 伊丽莎白戏剧作出了批评

Austen的主旨：爱情和结婚

浪漫主义时期是一个诗歌的时代（poetry）

1、English Romanticism[r?'m?ntisiz?m], is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge?s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott?s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the parliament.

2、The literary form which is fully developed and the most flourishing during the Romantic Period is poetry.

3、William Hazlitt is a great critic on Shakespeare, Elizabethan drama, and English poetry.

4、The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.

5、The major theme of Austen?s novel is love and marriage toward which she holds on a practical idealism---love should be judged by reason and disciplined by self-control.

1.4.1William Blake (威兼·布莱克)

代表作：天堂与地狱的婚姻，天真之歌，经验之歌

天堂与地狱的婚姻标志Blake的成熟

天真之歌和经验之歌是以儿童为中心

Blake用可怕的对称性，建议上帝创造两个对立面的和谐性

“天真之歌”中的很多诗在“经验之歌”中有姐妹篇，如羔羊对应猛虎

英国的浪漫主义时期的作家William Blake，在经验之歌和天真之歌中，都有Chimney Sweeper(烟冲打扫者)的诗文，在此诗文中，Blake可怜那些被卖去当