自考英美文学选读_The Neoclassical Period
英美文学选读 第四讲The Neoclassical Period
正大光明 公正无私 帮助別人 成就自己
1
1
Period ( 17th—18th Century, 1660~1798 )
1.
Background knowledge 2. Features of the neoclassical literature
p2
1. Background knowledge 1) Historical and cultural backgrounds (1) The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one. There was constant strife between the monarch君主 and the parliament议会 , between the Tories英国托 利派；王党保守党 and the Whigs英国历史】辉格 党(今自由党前身)党员 over the control of the parliament and government, between opposing religious sects宗教派别, between the ruling class and the laboring poor, etc. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence分歧 of values.
p5
(4)
The Enlightenment Movement was in full swing in England during this period. The purpose of this movement was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason, equality and science, claiming that reason should be the only, and the final cause of any human thought and activities.
自考英美文学选读-(中英文对照)
Part one: English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
自考-《英美文学选读》作家和作品
A Tale of a Tub 桶的故事
The Battle of the books 书籍的战争
The Drapier’s Letter 德拉皮尔的信
Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游记
A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议
5. Henry Fielding
The great poems: Paradise Lost (1665)
Paradise Regained (1666)
Samson Agonistes (1671) 力士参孙
The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义 8个
1. John bunyan:
Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的结合
The Book of Urizen 尤来森之书
The Book of Los 洛斯之书
The four Zoas四个左义斯
Milon弥尔顿
Tiger
2. Willian Wordsworth(Lake Poets)
The Victorian Period 6
1. Charles Dickens
Sketches by Boz 勃兹速写
Life in Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿
Nicholas Nickleby 尼克拉丝尼克尔比
The Pickwick Paper 皮克威克外传
The History of Amelia阿米利亚
6．Samuel Johnson
Poems: London , The Vanity of human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻
自考英美文学选读(英国篇
The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期Beowulf 《贝奥武夫》：第一部最古老、最长的较完整的文学作品The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》小说集，描写了各行各业中的人物形象Italy 三方面：painting+sculputre+literature主要作家：William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》（1）手法：pun 双关（“Not on thy sole,but on thy soul,harsh Jew /Thou mak ’st thy knife keen.”“狠心的犹太人,你不是在鞋口上磨刀,而是在你的心口上磨刀”）（2）主人公名字：安东尼奥Antonio 巴萨尼奥Bassanio 鲍西亚Portia 犹太人Jews 夏洛克Shylock 生平2long poems 154sonnets38playsVenus and Adonis 《维纳斯与安东尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece 《鲁克丽丝受辱记》四大喜剧A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》（1）手法：soliloquy 独白（“To be,or not to be —that is the question ”）（2）The first and the most popular play of Shakespeare十四行诗（18）（1）起源Italy引入英国的人Wyatt 华埃特（2）经典名句：“Shall I compare thee to a summer ’s day?”我可能把你和夏天相比拟？（3）修辞：Personification 拟人手法（4）主题：美好夏日通常短暂，但诗歌之美却能永存。
英美文学选读英国部分第二章新古典主义时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE) 第二章新古典主义时期（The Neoclassical Period）一、背景知识（Background knowledge）1、历史背景（Historical background）新古典主义时期的英国社会矛盾交织。
王室与议会、不同的教派之间、统治阶级与贫苦的劳动大众之间冲突不断，托利党与辉格党也为对议会和政府的控制而争斗不已。
概言之，那是一个充满了多种矛盾和多种价值观的时代。
18世纪的英国发展迅速，到世纪中叶，英国已成为世界上的头号资本主义强国。
随着经济的迅速发展，中产阶级也随之壮大了起来。
2、文化背景（Cultural background）（1）随着资本主义的发展，中产阶级的社会价值观和道德观占据了主宰地位。
中产阶级崇尚自制、自立和勤劳。
对他们而言，生活的意义就在于工作、节俭和积累财富。
（2）这一时期，启蒙运动在英国全面展开。
该运动的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观启迪社会。
启蒙主义者们宣扬理性、平等与科学，宣称理性是人类的一切思想和行动唯一的、终极的目标。
（3）启蒙者们相信当理性作为衡量一切人类行为和关系的标尺之时，一切迷信、压迫和不公正将让位于“终极真理”、“终极正义”和“终极平等”（4）启蒙者们鼓吹全民教育。
他们认为，大众受到教育才更有可能建成民主社会。
3、新古典主义文学的特征（Features of the neo-classic literature）（1）新古典主义文学奉古希腊、罗马的经典作品和当代法国作品为创作之圭臬。
（2）新古典主义作家自觉地追求均衡、统一与和谐表达的优雅，从而形成了雍容、雅致、诙谐、睿智的文风。
（3）这一时期的文学说教意味浓厚，成为流行一时的大众教育的手段。
（4）各种文学体裁均遵循某些固定的条律和规则。
（5）包括当时流行的模拟史诗、传奇、讽刺诗、讽刺短诗在内的各体诗歌结构工整，遣词雅致、语气庄严、注重说教。
自学考试英美文学选读要点中英文概要
1234代价,与敌人同归于尽。
51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer. 弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。
52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强,意志薄弱,经不起考验,暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values. 总之, 这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighte nment or the Age of Reason. 英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代, 或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fin al cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a referenc e to order, reason and rules. 启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, becamea very popular means of public education. 其实, 当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
自考英美文学选读(00604)
应用必背单元Chapter 1 The Ren aissa nee Period (2)Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period (6)Chapter3 The Romantic Period. (9)Chapter 4 The Victorian Period (14)Chapter 5 The Modern Period (18)Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period1. 文艺复兴的主要作家及其作品1) Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene2) Christopher Marlowe: Dr Faustus Tamburlaine3) William Shakespeare: Henry IV; The Merchant of Venice; Hamlet; Othello;King Lear; Macbeth; Romeo and Juliet.4) John Donne: The Songs and Sonnets; The Sun Rising; Death, Be Not Proud5) John Milton: Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained; Samson Agonisttes2. 文艺复兴The Renaissanceis a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.3. 人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissanceon its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.4. 玄学诗The term “metaphysical poetry”is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself.5. 莎士比亚的诗歌的主题、意向Shakespeare, as a humanist of the time, is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold andmoney. In his plays, he does not hesitate to describe the cruelty and anti-natural character of the civil wars, but he did not go all the way against the feudal rule. Shakespeare is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money.Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.A. Shakespeare's views on literature:Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality. Shakespearealso states that literary works which have truly reflected nature and reality can reach immortality.B. The characteristics of Shakespear'se characters:Shakespear'es major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types. Each character has his or her own personalities; meanwhile, they may share features with others.C. The characteristics of Shakespear'se plot:Shakespear'es plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. Shakespeare seldom invents his own plots; instead, he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.D. The characteristics of Shakespear'se language:It is necessary to study the subtlest of his instruments—the language. Shakespearecan write skillfully in different poetic form, like the sonnet, the blank verse, and the rhymed couplet. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.3. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧：Shakespear'es greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole action. Each hero has his weakness of nature. With the concentration on the tragic hero, we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense. Hamlet the melancholic scholar; Othello 's inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old King Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth 's lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.4. 邓恩诗歌的主题、意向<The Songs and Sonnets>. Love is the basic theme. Donne holds that thenature of love is the union of soul and body. The perfection of human lovers will not be made with souls alone. This thought is quite contrary to the medieval love idea which merely put stress on spiritual love. Donne's interest lies in dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love.5. 戏剧《威尼斯商人》的主题和主要人物的性格分析In his romantic comedies, Shakespearetakes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play. The most important play among the comedies is The Merchant of Venice. The sophistication derives in part from the play between high, outgoing romance and dark forces of negativity and hate. The traditional theme of this play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.Compared with the idealism of other plays, The Merchant of Venice takes a step forward in its realistic presentation of human nature and human conflict. Though there is a ridiculous touch on the part of the characters restrained by their limitations, Shakespeare's youthful Renaissance spirit of jollity can be fully seen in contrast to the medieval emphasis on future life in the next world.6. 哈姆雷特的性格分析Hamlet has none of the single-minded blood lust of the earlier revenger. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so questioning, and so contemplative that action, when it finally comes, seems almost like defeat, diminishing rather than adding to the stature of the here. Trapped in a night mare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father's death, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspendedbetween fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger.The hero Hamlet in Shakespeare's play Hamlet is noted for his hesitation to take his revenge, his melancholy nature of action only to deny possibilities to do anything. He came to know that his father was murdered by his uncle who became king. He hated him so deeply that he wanted to kill him. But he loved his widowed mother who later married his uncle, and he was afraid to hurt his mother. And also, when everything was ready for him to kill his uncle, he forgave him for his uncle was praying to God for his crime. Thus he lost the good chance. Hamlet represented humanism of his time.7. 诗歌《失乐园》的结构、人物性格、语言特点的分析Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost, intending to expose the ways of Satan and to“justify the ways of God to men.”At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Milton 's fundamental concern with freedom and choice; the freedom to submit to God's prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love.Eve, seduced by Satan's rhetoric and her own confused ambition-as well as the mere prompting of hunger- falls into sin through innocent credulity. Adam falls by consciously choosing human love rather than obeying God. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. But man's fall is the sequel to another and more stupendous tragedy, the fall of the angels.The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton 's creed. His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Biblical revelation means that an all-knowing God was just in allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and, of their free will, to choose sin and its inevitable punishment. And, thereby, it opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period1. 新古典时期的作家及其作品1) John Bunyan ：<The Pilgrim's Progress>2) Alexander Pope：<An Essay on Criticism> <The Dunciad> <The Rape of theLock> <An Essay on Man>3) Daniel Defoe：<Robinson Crusoe>4) Jonathan Swift ：<A Tale of a Tub> <The Battle of the Books> <The Drapier'sLetters> <Gulliver's Travels> <A Modest Proposal>5) Henry Fielding：<The History of Jonathan Wild the Great> <The History ofTom Jones a Foundling> <The History of Amelia>6) Samuel Johnson：<To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chester field>7) Richard Brinsley Sheridan：<The School for Scandal>8) Thomas Gray ：<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>2. 启蒙运动The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. They seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings. Thus a polite, elegant, witty, and intellectual art developed.3. 新古典主义In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to neoclassical period, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers(Homer etc) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.4. 英雄双行诗Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible; Poetry should be lyrical 抒情的)，epical(叙事诗的,英雄的,有重大历史意义的)，didactic, satiric or dramatic, andeach class should be guided by its own principles; Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets(iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time,space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.5. 英国现实主义小说The modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. Thus —the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century —is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class.6. 《天国历程》中“名利场”的寓意The Pilgrim's Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English Ianguage. Its purpose is to urge people to abide（遵守，坚持）by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor（r寓意，隐喻）—life as a journey—is simple and familiar.7. 蒲伯的文学（诗歌）批评观点及其诗歌特色An Essay on Criticism, the poem, as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism, exert great influence upon Pope's contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoclassicist tradition in England. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence and therefore makes easy reading. Pope satirized all sorts of false learning and pedantry in literature, philosophy, science and other branches of knowledge.8. 鲁滨逊漂流记的特点The all-powerful influence of material circumstances or social environment upon the thoughts and actions of the hero or the heroine is highlighted. The struggle of the poor unfortunate for mere existence, mixed with their desire for great wealth, comes into conflict with the social environment which prevents them from obtaining the goal under normal circumstances and thus forces them into criminal actions or bold adventures.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile naturalenvironment. He is the very prototype（n雏形，范例，原型）of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies（v 赞美，美化）human labor and the Puritan（W青教徒）fortitude（n 刚/坚毅，不屈不挠）,which save Robinson from despair and are a source of pride and happiness9. 《格列佛游记》的社会讽刺As a whole, the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life-socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.The exaggerated smallness in Part1 works just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. the similarities between human beings and the Lilliputians and the contrast between the Brobdingnagians and human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3, though seemingly a bit random, furthers the criticism of the western civilization and deals with different malpractices and false illusions about science philosophy, history and even immortality. The last part, where comparison is made through both similarities and differences, leads the reader to fundamental question: What on earth is a human bein、g10. 菲尔丁“散文体史诗Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose". He adopted" the third—person narration," in which the author becomes the "al—l knowing God." He "thinks the thought " of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviours but also the internal workings of their minds. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.11. 格雷诗歌的主题与意象It is more or less或多或少）conn ected with the mela ncholy eve nt of death of Richard West, Gray's intimate friend. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the common folk with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc（n/v 破坏，混舌L ） on them.His poems, as a whole, are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present. His poems are characterized by an exquisite sense of form. His style is sophisticated and allusive. His poems are often marked with the trait （n 特征，特点）of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.Chapter3 The Romantic Period1. 浪漫主义时期的作家及其作品1) William Blake: Songs of Experience Songs of Innocence2) Marriage of Heaven and Hell3) William Wordsworth: The Prelude Composed upon Westminster Bridge4) Lyrical Ballads I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud5) The Solitary Reaper6) Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Kubla Khan The Rime of the Ancient Mariner7) George Gordon Byron: Don Juan Childe Harold ' s Pilgrimage8) Song for the Ludites9) Percy Bysshe Shelley: To a Skylark Men of England10) Ode to the West Wind11) John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale Ode on a Grecian Urn12) Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice2. 浪漫主义Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essenceit designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes, and valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual 's experiences.3. 浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析A. In poetry writing, the romanticists employed new theories and innovated newtechniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.B. The romanticists not only extol the faculty off imagination, but also elevate theconcepts of spontaneity and inspiration.C. They regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominantsubject.D. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.4. 浪漫主义(所选作品)的主题、意象分析A. To Wordsworth, nature acts as a substitute for imaginative and intellectual engagement with the development of embodied human beings in their diverse circumstances. It's nature that gives him“strength and knowledge full of peace.Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.B. Byron puts into Don Juan his rich knowledge of the world and the wisdom gained from experience. It presents brilliant pictures of life in its various stages of love, joy, suffering, hatred and fear. The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme of appearanceand reality, ie. what things seem to be and what they actually are. Byron's satire on the English society in the later part of the poem can be compared with Pope's; and his satire is much less personal than that of Pope's, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the whole hypocritical society. And the diverse materials and the clash of emotions gathered in the poem are harmonized by Byron's insight into the difference between life's appearance and its actuality.5. a. The Romantic MovementIt expressed a more or less negative attitude towards the existing social & political conditions that came with industrialization & the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. The Romantics felt that the existing society denied people theiressential human needs, so they demonstrated a strong reaction against thedominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers & philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state & emphasized the special qualities of each individual's mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer.b. The Gothic novelIt is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic movement, its principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader's emotion. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.(2) Characteristics of Romantic literature in English history.The Romantic period is an age of poetry Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth & Coleridge were the major representativesof this movement. They explored new theories & innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy: they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls & the society. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity & inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter.Wordsworth is the closest to nature.To escape from a world that had became excessively rational, as well as excessively materialistic & ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times & places, where thequalities they valued could be convincingly depicted. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets & dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules who tended to glorify Rome & rational Italian & French neoclassical art as superior to the native traditions. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people & their everyday life for subjects, Romantic writers are always seeking for the Absolute, the Ideal through the transcendenceof the actual. They have also made bold experiments in poetic language, versification & design, & constructed a variety of forms on original principles of structure & style.6. 小说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要人物的性格分析Austen's main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Because of this, her novels have a universal significance. She is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men & women in love. Stories of love & marriage provide the major themes in all her novels.1) Structure, characterization & language styleThe structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the highest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. At the heart of the novelist's exploration of the marriage, property & intrigue lies the exhilarating suspense of the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy, & Jane Austen's delicate probing of the values of the gentry. The moments of high comedy in the novel are always related to deeper issues. Elizabeth's rejection of the odious Mr. Collins suggests her independence & self-esteem, but when Collins is accepted by her friend Charlotte Lucas, we see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to a void the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood. Conversely, in the elopement of Lydia & Wickham, we are shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. The comic characters in Pride & Prejudice are: Mr. & Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins & that monstrous snob Lady Catherine de Burgh, who make us laugh even as they parody erroneous views of marriage & class.5. 应用Characteristics of Jane Austen's novels1) Austen's novels describe a narrow range of society & events: a quiet, prosperous, middle class circle in provincial surroundings, which she knew well from her own experience2) Her subject matter is also limited, for most of her novels deal with the subject of getting married, which was in fact the central problem for the young leisure-class lady of that age, who had no other choice in her life but to find a good husband.3) Austen's interest was in human nature; in her depiction of human nature, instead of being fascinated by great waves of elevated emotion, by passion or heroic experience, she focused on the trivial & petty details of everyday living, which became very interesting through her truthful & lively description.4) Austen's novels are brightened by their witty conversation & omnipresent humor. Her language shines with an exquisite touch of lively gracefulness, elegant & refined, but never showy.6. 简奥斯丁对英国文学的伟大贡献：A ．Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in Englishliterature. She creates six influential novels.B．Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personalrelationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns abouthuman belief career and salient social events. This is what makes her important in English literature.C．Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of for, to its maturity becauseof her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and heraccurate portrayal of human individuals.D．She describes the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.7. Wordsworth 的写作风格1) The Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry, notablythe uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, the strongsympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular,dramatized examples of them, and the fusion of natural description withexpressions of inward states of mind.2) According to subjects, Wordsworth's short poems can be classified intotwo groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.3) To Wordsworth, nature acts as a substitute for imaginative and intellectualengagement with the development of embodied human beings in theirdiverse circumstances. I'ts nature that gives him“strength and knowledgefull of peace.4) Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest.The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathyalways goes to the suffering poor.5) Wordsworth's deliberate simplicity ad refusal to decorate the truth ofexperience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no otherpoet has ever equaled.8. Romantic poets 与Romantic Age 的不同处：The poetic ideals announced by Words worth and Coleridge provided a major inspiration for the brilliant young writers who made p the second generation of English Romantic poets. Wordsworth and Coleridge both became more conservative politically after the democratic idealism. The second generation of Romantic poets are revolutionary in thinking. They set themselves against the bourgeois society and the ruling class.9. Songs of innocence 与Songs of ExperieneeA. Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy andinnocent world, though not without its evils.B. Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, disease, warand repression with melancholy tone.C. The two books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis andconclusion differ.Chapter 4 The Victorian Period1. 维多利亚时期的主要作家与作品1) Charles Dicke ns: Oliver Twist; The Pickwick Paper; David Copper field.;Dombey and Son; A Tale of Two Cities; Bleak House; Hard Times; GreatExpectation; Our Mutual Friend.2) Emily Bronte: Wutheri ng Heights.Charlotte Bron te: Jane Eyre3) Alfred Tennyson: Ulysses; In Memoriam; Break, Break, Break;Dora; Crossing the Bar; Morte d' Arthur; The Gardener's Daughter; ThePrin cess4) Robert Browning: The Ring and the Book; My Last Duchess5) George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss: Middlemarch: Daniel Deron da; Romola6) Thomas Hardy: Under the Greenwood Tree; Far From the MaddingCrowd: The Return of the Native; The Mayor of Casterbridge: Tess of theD 'Urbervilles1. 宪章运动The worse ning liv ing and work ing con diti ons, the mass un employme nt fin ally gave rise to the Chartist Moveme nt. The En glish workers got themselves orga ni zed in big cities and brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the gover nment, with hun dreds of thousa nds of people's sig natures. The moveme nt swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.2. 功利主义Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happ in ess. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class in dustrialists, whose greed drove them to exploit ing workers to the utmost and brought greater sufferi ng and poverty to the work ing mass.3. 批判现实主义The Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests and is used as。
自考英美文学选读00604考前串讲（3）
自考英美文学选读00604考前串讲（3）英美文学考前串讲（3）Chapter2The Neoclassical PeriodI.Choose the right answer:1.____brings Henry Fielding the name of the"Prose Homer".A.The Pilgrim’s ProgressB.Tom JonesC.Robison CrusoeD.Colonel JackAnswer:B(P122)2.Alexander Pope worked painstakingly on his poemsand finally brought to its last perfection______Drydenhad successfully used in his plays.A.the heroic coupletB.the free verseC.the blank verseD.the Spenserian stanzaAnswer:A(P92)3.Of all the18th century novelists___was the first to set out,both in theory and practice,to write specially a"comic epic in prose."A.Henry FieldingB.Daniel DefoeC.Jonathan SwiftD.John BunyanAnswer:A(P120)4.____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.A.Genesis AB.The Holy WarC.The Pilgrims progressD.ExodusAnswer:C(P85)5.In which of the following works can you find the proper names "Lilliput","Brobdingnag","Houyhnhnm"and"Yahoo"?A.The Pilgrim’s ProgressB.The Faririe QueeneC.Gulliver’s travelsD.The School of ScandelAnswer:C(P108)6."As shades more sweetly recommend the light,So modest plainness sets off sprightly wit;For works may have more wit than does’em goodAs bodies perish through excess of blood."In the above lines,Pope tries to sat that_______.A.more wit will make better poetryB.plainness is more important than wit in poetryC.too much wit will destroy good poetryD.plainness will make wit dullAnswer:C(P93-94)7.The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope is written in the formof a mock______,which describes the triviality of high society in a grand style.A.epicB.elegyC.sonnetD.odeAnswer:A(P92)8.Which of the following is NOT a typical feature ofSamuel Johnson’s languag e style?A.His sentences are long and well structured.B.His sentences are interwoven with parallel words.C.He tends to use informal and colloquial words.D.His sentences are complicated,but his thoughts are clearly expressed. Answer:C(P132)9."The boast of heraldry,the pomp of power,And all that beauty,all that wealth e’er gave,Awaits alike the inevitable hour.In the above quoted passage,Thomas Gray intends to saythat great family,power,beauty and wealth___________.A.will never make people lead to the same destination----paths of glory.B.will inevitably make people realize their glorious dreamsC.are the very best things to lead people to their gloriesD.will never prevent people from reaching their final destination---grave. Answer:D(P154)10.____has been regarded by some as"Father of the English novel"for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.A.John BunyanB.Henry FieldingC.Daniel DefoeD.Johnathan SwiftAnswer:B(P121)11.____was very much concerned with the theme of the vanityof human wishes and tried to awaken men to this follyand hoped to cure them of it through his writing.A.Samuel JohnsonB.Jonathan SwiftC.Richard Brinsley SheridanD.Thomas GrayAnswer:A(P132)12.____was the only important dramatist of the18th century,in his plays,morality is the constant theme.A.Alexander PopeB.Richard Brinsley SheridanC.Samuel JohnsonD.George Bernard ShawAnswer:B(P136)13.As the representative of the Enlightenment,Pope was oneof the first to introduce___to England.A.RationalismB.CriticismC.RomanticismD.RealismAnswer:A(P91)14.The Rivals and____are generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.A.The School for ScandalB.The DuennaC.Widower’s HousesD.The Doctor’s DilemmaAnswer:A(P137)15.____is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy(道德沦丧)of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the18th century England.A.The RivalsB.Gulliver’s TravelsC.Toms JonesD.The School for ScandalAnswer:D(P138)16.The poem"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"by Thomas Grayis regarded as the most representative work of_____.A.The Metaphysical SchoolB.The Graveyard SchoolC.The Gothic SchoolD.The Romantic SchoolAnswer:B(P152)17._______,written in heroic couplet by Pope,is consideredmanifesto of English Neoclassicism.A.An Essay of Dramatic PoetryB.An Essay on CriticismC.The Advancing of learningD.An Essay on FreedomAnswer:B(P93)18.______is a typical feature of Swift’s writings.A.Elegant styleB.Causal narrationC.Bitter satire/doc/5618125901.html,plicated sentence structureAnswer:C(P107)19.In the following writings by Henry Fielding,which brings him the name of the"Prose Homer"?A.The Coffee---House Politician.B.The Tragedy of Tragedies.C.The History of Tom Jones,A Foundling.D.The History of Amelia.Answer:C(P120)20."Hold!See whether it is or not before you go to thedoor----I have a particular message for you if it should be my brother." The two sentences are found in________.A.The School for ScandalB.The RivalsC.The CriticD.The Scheming LieutenantAnswer:A(P139)21.In terms of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,which is wrong?A.The author employs metaphor in this poem.B.The author excessively expresses his personal melancholy.C.Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown.D.He mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them.Answer:B(P152-153)22.The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver’s Travels are________.A.horses that are endowed with reason.B.pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC.giants that are superior in wisdom.D.Hairy,wild,low and despicable creatures,who resemble human beings not only in appearancebut also in some other ways.Answer:A(P108)II.Read the quoted part and answer the questions:1."Words are like leaves;and where they most abound,Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found.False eloquence,like the prismatic glass,Its gaudy colors spreads on every place;The face of Nature we no more survey,All glares alike,without distinction gay."Questions:1)Identify the author and the passage;2)Name the devices used in the passage with examples;3)Explain"Words….found".4)What is the mainly implied idea of the passage?参考答案：1)The passage is from Pope’s"An E ssay on Criticism".(P94)2)In the passage the author used"Simile"the device,e.g."Words are like leaves"and"false eloquence,like the prismatic glass’etc.3)The sentence means:Where/When too many words are used,they seldom express much sense.4)The passag e implies authors shouldn’t stress too muchthe artificial use of Conceit or the external beauty of language,they should pay special attention to True Wit,which is best set in the plain style.(just as too many leaves will cover the fruits,too gaudy/showy glass will hide the face the Nature,too false and eloquent language will hide the Wit in the articles.)2."Let not Ambition mock their useful toil,Their homely joys,and destiny obscure;Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smileThe short and simple annals of the poor.The boast of heraldry,the pomp of power,And all that beauty,all that wealth e’er gave,Awaits alike the inevitable hour.The paths of glory lead but to the grave."Questions:1)Identify the author and the works;2)What does"the inevitable hour"?3)Explain the first stanza;4)What does the whole passage imply.参考答案：1)This is Thomas Gray’s"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard".托马斯·格雷的《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》(P154)2)"The inevitable hour"means time of death.(P156)3)The first stanza means:The men with ambition and high positionshouldn’t laugh at the ordinary people for their simple life and hard work.4)In the passage,the poet reflects on the death----no matter how poor or wealthy,or how important and humble,every is equal before death,the author givesmuch sympathy to the poor and unknown(P153)III.Questions and answers:1.Please analyze the Neoclassical period and the characters of the literature.参考答案：1)The Neoclassical period is about1660-1798,also known as"the Age of Enlightenment"or"the age of Reason".2)Its background was:a.It was an age full of conflicts and difference of values;b.It was an age of fast development for English to becomethe first powerful capitalist country in the world;c.It was an age of economic development,in which bourgeois/middle class grew rapidly.3)In essence,the Neoclassical Period was a progressive intellectual movement.4)The Enlighteners believed in self-restraint,self-reliance and hard work;They celebrated reason/rationality,equality and science.They advocated universal education,which could make peoplerational and prefect,they believed.5)In literature,The Enlightenment Movement brought about arevival of interest in the ancient Greek and Roman classical works;theworks at the time,heavily didactic and moralizing;having fixed laws and rules for every type of the literature;among which prose and the modern English novel predominated the age.(At the end of the age sentimentalism and Gothic Novel appeared.)6)The age was an important age with the remarkable authors Pope,Defoe,etc.2.Please cite examples from"Gulliver’s Travels"to explain brieflyhow did Swift criticized and allude to the government andthe society.参考答案:1)In the first part of the"Gulliver’s Travels",Swift described the tricks and practices in the competition held before royal members to allude to the fact that the successof the officials was not for their wisdom and excellence but fortheir skills in the games;2)In the part4of the book,Swift made horses with reason and good qualities.The citizens who are"hairy,wild,low and despicable brutes,who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in almost every way"to criticize/satirize all respects of the English and European life,and urge people to consider the nature of the human and life.(P108-109)3.People always say that:"As a member of the middle class,Defoe spoke for and to the members of his class".How do you understand this sentence?Please explain it with the character of him.参考答案：1)In most of his works,Defoe gave his praise to the hard-working,sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the lower-class people.Robinson Crusoe was such a character.2)Robison goes out to sea,gets shipwrecked and marooned/landed on a lonely island,struggles to live for24years there and finally is saved by a ship and returns to England.Duringthe period Robinson leads a harsh and lonely life and survives by growing corps,taming animals,etc.growing from a naive young man into a hardened man.3)With a great capacity for work,inexhaustible energy(精力充沛),courage and persistence in overcoming difficulties（在克服困难方面持之以恒）,in struggling against nature,Crusoe becomes the prototype/representative of the empire builder,the pioneer colonist.（他是大英帝国缔造者的完美典范，同时也是殖民者的先驱）．4)In the novel,Defoe glorified human labor and the puritan fortitudewhich the middle class praised highly,so he can be regarded as aspokesman of the bourgeois.(P98-100)。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
The Daniel Defoe’s works
• “The Shortest Way with the Dissenters” in1702, “The True-born Englishman” in 1701.In 1704,he founded “The Review” , a political, literary periodical and carried it to 1713. He wrote four other novels: Captain Singleton (1720), Moll Flanders(1722), Colonel Jack(1722)and Roxana(1724), apart from the second and the third part of Robinson Crusoe .A Journal of the Plague Year.
The background of neoclassical period
• Political: The English society of the
neoclassical period was a turbulent one .Of the great political and social events there were the Restoration of King Charles|| in 1660, the Glorious Revolution in which King James|| was replaced by his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William, in 1689.In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.
Industry Revolution
The picture about Industry Revolution
The age of Enlightenment or the age of Reason
• The eighteenth-century England is also known as the age of Enlightenment or the age of Reason. The Enlightenment movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
Daniel Defoe
• Daniel Defoe was born in London in a butcher’s family ,he never went to university, but he received a good education in one of the best Dissenting academies. Daniel Defoe found himself interested in business. He started as a small merchant and all his life his business underwent many ups and downs, and yet he was never beaten. His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall. He died in 1731.
The background
• Economic: The eighteenth century saw the fast
development of England as a nation. Abroad, a vast expansion of British colonies in America, India, the West Indies. And at home in the country, Acts of Enclosure were putting more land into fewer privileged rich landowners and Industrial Revolution made England become the work-shop of the world ,her manufactured goods flooding foreign markets far and near.
What is neoclassicism?
• In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. • The neoclassicists believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct humans beings, primarily as animals. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.
What’s the purpose of Enlightenment Movement?
• Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical(哲学) and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality, and science.
The great enlighteners
• The great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.
Picture
The book is worth to read
Robinson Crusoe
• Robinson Crusoe ,an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time is university considered his masterpiece. Robinson Crusoe , supposedly based on the real adventure of an Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island Juan Fernandez for five years , is in fact , a work of sheer imagination.
Picture about Industrial Revolution
The major force ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้f the Revolution
• Along with the fast economic development, the British bourgeois or middle class also grew rapidly .It was the major force of the revolution and mainly composed of city people: traders, merchants, manufactures, and other adventures such as slave traders and colonists.
•
Thank you for your attention !
The Neoclassical Period
• What we now call the neoclassical period is the one in English literature between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1978.